Морозов В.Г., Фетисов Ю.К. Молекулярная физика. Курс физики. Часть 1
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q
x
x
x
/
2
· T (x)
q
x
= −κ
dT
dx
,
κ
S
x ∆Q
S
τ ∆Q
¯ε
x ¯ε(x −λ)
¯ε(x + λ)
q
x
= −
1
6
hvin [¯ε(x + λ) − ¯ε(x −λ)] .
x
hvi n
x
nhvi
(1/6)nhvi x
¯ε = (i/2) kT i
T (x + λ) −T (x −λ) ≈ 2λ (dT/dx)
q
x
= −
i
6
k n hviλ
dT
dx
.
κ =
i
6
k n hviλ.
κ =
1
3
hviλ% c
v
,
% = mn c
v
λ = 1/nσ
κ =
i
6σ
k hvi.
σ
d
λ
d ≈ λ
u
0
u
0
→
d
F
→
F
S
u
0
/d d
F = η
u
0
d
S.
η
∆S ~u
x
y
y
+
λ
y
−
λ
u
→
ΔF
→
Δ
S
∆y
∆u
x
∆F
∆F = η
∆u
x
∆y
∆S = η
du
x
dy
∆S.
u
x
(y) p
x
= mu
x
∆F ∆S
hvi
τ ∆S
λ
τ
∆N = (1/6) nhviτ ∆S.
∆P
+
∆P
+
= ∆N m u
x
(y + λ).
m ∆P
−
∆P
−
= ∆N m u
x
(y − λ).
∆F ∆S
∆F =
1
τ
∆P
+
− ∆P
−
=
∆N
τ
m [u
x
(y + λ) − u
x
(y − λ)] .
∆N
u
x
(y + λ) − u
x
(y − λ) ≈ 2λ
du
x
dy
.
η =
1
3
mnhviλ.
λ n
n
1
m
1
n
2
m
2
D = (1/3) λ
1
hv
1
i λ
1
m
1
m
2
n
1
n
2
v
1
m
1
D =
1
3σ
12
n
2
s
8kT
πm
1
.
pV = (M/µ)RT p = nkT
r
U(r)
r
0
0
d
U(r)
r
U(r)
r > r
0
r < r
0
r ≤ d
d §
d r
0
d ≈ 10
−10
r
0
≈ 10
−9
U(r) =
a
r
12
−
b
r
6
,
a b
kT
kT ≤ |U(r
0
)|
p V
p ∼ (1/V )
V
p
0
V
ж
V
г
T
1
T
2
T=T
c
T>T
c
a
b
c
K
a
a → b
b
b → c
c
V V
V < V
V
V −V
T < T
c
T
c
T
c
T = T
c
K
a → b
ν
b
V − b V
b
V − b
p+p p p
f
p = f N N
f N
n f
f n
N
p ∼ n
2
n = N/V
p =
a
V
2
,
a
p
V − b
p + p T
V p T
p +
a
V
2
(V −b) = RT,
ν
V V/ν
V ν
p +
aν
2
V
2
V
ν
− b
= RT.
p +
aν
2
V
2
(V −bν) = νRT.
a b
a = 0, 545
·
4
2
, b = 3, 04 · 10
−5
3
.
b V, a/V
2
p,
abcde