Middleton W.M. (ed.) Reference Data for Engineers: Radio, Electronics, Computer and Communications
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35-42
Parameter
525-Line, 625-Line,
59.94-Fieldsis 50-Fieldsis
No. of samples, total line
Luminance signal
(Y)
Each color-difference signal
(CB,
CR)
864
432
858
429
Sampling structure
Form
of coding
Number
of
samples per digital active line
Luminance signal
Each color-difference signal
Orthogonal (line, field, and picture repetitive).
CB
and
CR
samples cosited with odd
Y
samples in
line.
~ ~~~
Uniformly quantized PCM, 8
or
10 hits per
sample,
for
the
Y,
C,,
and
CR
signals.
720
360
Sampling frequency
Luminance signal
Each color-difference signal
Multiplexed parallel data
interface clock rate
Serial interface clock rate
13.5 MHz
6.75 MHz
27.0 MHz
270 MHz
the start-of-active-video (SAV) timing reference. The
timing reference signals are contiguous with the video
data, when present, and continue through the vertical-
blanking interval. The EAV and SAV timing references
are the digital horizontal-synchronization signals and
occur on
every
line. The interval starting at EAV and
ending with SAV is the digital horizontal-blanking
period.
Any interface clock intervals not required to carry
video information may be used to carry ancillaq
TABLE
10.
QUANTIZATION LEVELS
FOR
COMPONENT TELEVISION
AT
THE
4:2:2
LEVEL
Parameter
Correspondence between video signal levels and
quantization levels
Luminance signal
Each color difference signal
Quantization level assignments
Quantization
8 bit systems: 220 quantization levels with the
black level corresponding to level 16 (loH) and the
peak white level corresponding to level 235 (CB,)
10
bit systems: 877 quantization levels with the
black level corresponding to level 64 (040H) and
the peak white level corresponding to level 940
(~ACH)
8 bit systems: 225 quantization levels
symmetrically distributed about level 128 (80,)
corresponding to the zero level
10 bit systems: 897 quantization levels
symmetrically distributed about level 5 12 (200,)
corresponding to the zero level
8 bit systems: 254 of 256 levels (digital levels 1
through 254) of the eight-bit word are used to
express quantized values. Data levels
0
(00,)
and
255 (Fh) are reserved to indicate timing
references.
10 bit systems: 1016
of
1024 levels (digital levels
4 through 1019)
of
the ten-bit word are used to
express quantized values. Data levels
0
(00,)
through 3 (03H) and 1020 (3FCH) through 1023
(3Fb) are reserved to indicate timing references.
35-43
V
T
=
Transmitter
R
=
Receiver
A,A
=
Data line
B.B
=
Retum line
Fig.
29.
Positive binary signal convention.
information.
In
each system, a specific interface clock
interval is designated line-word
0
for the purpose of
reference only. All the other sample words per total line
are therefore numbered 1 to
N,
where
N
is one less than
the ratio of the interface clock frequency to the line
frequency. For example, in SMPTE 125M, the ratio of
the 27-MHz interface clock frequency to the 15.734-
kHz line frequency is 858. The sample words are,
therefore, numbered
0
to 857.
The EAV and SAV references consist of a four-word
sequence in the following format:
3FF
000
000
XYZ
The first three words are a fixed preamble. The fourth
word contains information providing even field (field 2)
identification, the state of vertical blanking, and the
state
of
horizontal blanking.
Because
of
the existence of both 8-bit and
10-bit
equipment, for detection purposes all values in ranges
000-003 and 3FC-3FF must be considered equivalent
to
000
and 3FF, respectively.
In each system, the half-amplitude point of the
leading or falling edge
of
the analog horizontal-sync
signal (OH) is described as coincident with a specified
sampling point.
Ancillary Data Signal Format
Ancillary data may be inserted in any portion of the
data stream not occupied by timing-reference signals or
video data. Two categories of the ancillary data, hori-
zontal ancillary data (HANC) and vertical ancillary data
(VANC), are defined for different portions of the data
stream. The same three-word header
is
used to identify
both HANC and VANC ancillary data, although 8-bit
representation
of
the header is permitted for VANC
only.
Horizontal ancillary data is permitted in all horizon-
tal intervals. It is not permitted in the active portion of
the lines. HANC data is of 10-bit format, and each
block of HANC data is preceded by the three-word
ancillary-data header,
000
3FF 3FF. The ancillary
header may occur multiple times during each hori-
zontal-blanking period if different blocks of data are
transmitted.
All permitted data identification words and data
formats will protect the values
000
to 003 and 3FC to
3FF.
e
+
e
+
e
+
e
+
e...
e
+
e
+
e
+
e
+
o...
e
+
o
+
e
+
o
+
e,,,
e
+
0
+
0
+
o
+
e*,.
e
+
e
+
e
+
e
+
e...
e
+
e
+
e
+
0
+
e.,.
e
+
e
+
e
+
e
+
e,,*
e
+
e
+
e
+
0
+
e*,*
0
=
cosited
C,
,
Y,
C,
sample
+
=
isolated
M
sample
Fig.
30.
Siting
of
video
samples.
Vertical ancillary data is permitted only in the active
portion of specified lines of the vertical interval.
In
some systems, certain lines are reserved for digital
vertical-interval time code (DVITC) and video index.
VANC data is of the 8-bit format, and each block of
VANC data is preceded by the three-word ancillary-data
header,
000
3FF 3FF. The ancillary header may occur
multiple times during each line period if different
blocks of data are transmitted.
Advanced Television Systems
ATV
Systems-The abbreviation ATV refers to
television systems that provide improved audio and
video quality or enhance the current television systems.
The term ATV embraces both enhanced definition
television (EDTV) and high definition television
(HDTV). The term HDTV is generally accepted as
referring to systems which provide approximately twice
the resolution of the current NTSC services in both the
horizontal and vertical dimensions. The term EDTV is
generally accepted as referring to systems which pro-
vide improved resolution when compared to the current
NTSC services but which do not qualify as HDTV
systems. The audio performance of an ATV system
should approximate that of current CD technology.
An interface signal format has been defined for a
525-line, 59.94-fields/s, wide-screen (wide screen as-
pect ratio
=
16:9
=
1.7777:l) digital color television
system. The system is an upscaled version of SMPTE
125M, modified to accommodate the requirements for
the wide aspect-ratio images. The standard NTSC
aspect-ratio image is 4:3
=
1.3333:l. The ratio of
1.7777 to 1.3333 is 1.3333
=
413. Therefore, the
values in Table 9 and those in Table 11 have the
relationship of 413.
HDTV-At least three different HDTV production
systems have been developed for possible use in NTSC
countries. The three systems are the 1125/60/2:1,
1050/59.94/2:1, and 787.5/59.94/1:1 systems, where
the first value is the number of lines per frame, the
second value is the number of fields per second, and the
third quantity
(X:Y)
is
the interlace factor. All three
systems feature a wide-screen aspect ratio (16:9
=
1.7777:l).
An interface signal format has been defined for the
1125-1ine, 60-fields/s, 2: 1-interlaced digital color
35-44
REFERENCE
DATA
FOR ENGINEERS
TABLE
11.
ENCODING
PARAMETERS FOR WIDE-SCREEN COMPONENT
TELEVISION
AT
4:2:2
PRODUCTION LEVEL*
525-Line,
59.94-Fields/s
Parameter 625-Line,
50-Fields/s
Coded signals
Coded signals
No.
of
samples, total line
Luminance signal
(r)
Each color-difference signal
(C,,
CR)
Sampling structure
Sampling frequency
Luminance signal
Each color-difference signal
Multiplexed parallel data
interface clock rate
Form of coding
No.
of samples, total line
Luminance signal
(r)
Each color-difference signal
(C,,
CR)
y,
CB,
CR
Y
=
0.701
G
+
0.087
E
+
0.212
R
CB
=
(E
-
Y)/(1.826)
CR
=
(R
-
Y)/(1.576)
2200
1100
Orthogonal (line, field, and picture
repetitive).
Cs
and
CR
samples cosisted
with odd
Y
samples in line.
74.250 MHz
37.125 MHz
148.50 MHz
Uniformly quantized PCM, 8
or
10
bits
per sample, for the
Y,
C,,
and
CR
signals
Sampling structure
Number of samples per digital active line
Luminance signal
Each color-difference signal
Sampling frequency
Luminance signal
Each color-difference signal
Multiplexed parallel data
interface clock rate
Serial interface clock rate
~ ~~
1920
960
Form of coding
Number
of
samples per digital active line
Luminance signal
Each color-difference signal
*
Reference 15.
1144
572
1152
576
Orthogonal (line, field, and picture repetitive).
C,
and
CR
samples cosited with odd
Y
samples in
line.
18.0 MHz
9.00 MHz
36.0 MHz
360 MHz
Uniformly quantized PCM, 8 or
10
bits per
sample, for the
Y,
CB,
and
CR
signals.
960
480
TABLE
12.
ENCODING
PARAMETERS FOR WIDE-SCREEN
HDTV
1125/60
COMPONENT
TELEVISION
AT
4:2:2
PRODUCTION
LEVEL*
Parameter 1 125/60/2: 1 System
BROADCASTING STANDARDS
35-45
TABLE
13.
ENCODING PARAMETERS
FOR
COMPONENT 1050-
AND
1250-LINE TELEVISION
AT
4:2:2
LEVEL*
2288
1144
Parameter
2304
1152
Coded signals
No. of samples, total line
Luminance signal
(Y)
Each color-difference signal
(Ca,
Ca)
Parameter
Sampling structure
787.5-line,
59.94-fieldsis
Sampling frequency
Luminance signal
Each color-difference signal
Multiplexed parallel data
interface clock rate
Serial interface clock rate
Coded Signals
No.
of samples, total line
Luminance signal
(Y)
Each color-difference signal
(C,,
CR)
Sampling structure
Sampling frequency
Luminance signal
Each color-difference signal
Multiplexed parallel data
interface clock rate
Serial interface clock rate
Form of coding
Form
of
coding
y,
CBv
CR
1596
798
Orthogonal (line, field, and
picture repetitive).
CB
and
CR
samples cosited with odd
Y
samples in line.
75.336 MHz
37.668 MHz
150.672 MHz
1506.72 MHz
Uniformly quantized PCM,
8
or
10
bits per sample, for the
Y,
C,.
and
CD
signals.
~~~
Number
of
samples per digital active line
Luminance signal
Each color-difference signal
Number of samples per digital active line (square pixels system)
Luminance signal
Each color-difference signal
*
Reference 17.
1280
640
HDTV electronic production system. The suggested
parameter values are given in Table 12.
An interface signal format has been defined for the
1050-line, 59.94-fields/s, 2: 1-interlaced digital color
HDTV television system. Since the 1050-line system is
1050-Line,
59.94-Fieldsis
1250-Line,
50-Fieldsis
72.0 MHz
36.0 MHz
144 MHz
1440 MHz
Uniformly quantized PCM,
8
or 10 bits per
sample, for the
Y,
C,,
and
CR
signals.
1920
960
a doubled, upscaled version of the 525-line system
described in SMPTE 125M, the digital-system parame-
ter values that apply to the 1050-line system could also
apply to a 1250-line, 50-fieldsis,
2:
I-interlaced system.
The suggested parameter values are given in Table 13.
An interface signal format has also been defined for a
787.5-line, 59.94-fields/s, 1:
1
progressive scanned dig-
ital color HDTV television system. The suggested
parameter values are given in Table 14.
plexing for Digital Encoding of Colour Television
Signals.
MIL-C-24308C, Connectors, Electrical, Rectangular,
Nonenvironmental, Miniature, Polarized Shell, Rack
and Panel, General Specifications for
References INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
References Cited in Text
FOR
BROADCASTING
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Engstrom. ‘‘Study of Television Image Character-
istics.”
Proceedings
of
theIRE,
Vol. 21, 1933, pp.
1631-1651.
Wheeler and Loughren. “Fine Structure of Televi-
sion Images.”
Proceedings
of
the IRE,
Vol. 26,
Baron,
S.,
and Pursell,
S.
“Digital Video Process-
ing Systems.” CBS Laboratories Report, Stam-
ford, 3 April 1972, pp. 17-18.
Ibid., pp. 37-39.
Pratt, William.
Digital Image Processing.
John
Wiley and Sons, 1978, pp. 96-98.
SMPTE T14.391.
SMPTE T14.392.
SMPTE 125.
SMPTE 244.
Baron,
S.
“Dynamic Range of Digital Video
Signals.
”
SMPTE Working Group
on
Digital Vid-
eo, 12 August 1977.
CCIR Report 624.
SMPTE 125M.
SMPTE 244M.
SMPTE 244.
Baron,
S.
‘‘Proposed Studio Component Digital
Representation and Bit-Parallel Digital Interface
for 525-line Wide Screen Standard.” August
1991.
SMPTE 240M.
SMPTE 517.391.
SMPTE S17.392.
1934, pp. 1246-1265.
Normative References
SMPTE S17.394 Standard for Digital Component Vid-
eo Signal Wide Screen.
SMPTE 170M Studio Standard for Composite Video
Signal, System M/NTSC.
SMPTE 125M Bit-Parallel Digital Interface for Compo-
nent Video Signals.
SMPTE 240M Signal Parameters, 1125/60 High-Defi-
nition Production System.
SMPTE 244M Bit-Parallel Digital Interface for Com-
posite Video Signals.
SMPTE RP-XXWM Recommend Practice for Video
Index
CCIR Recommendation 60 1
:
Encoding Parameters of
Digital Television for Studios.
CCIR Report 624: Characteristics of Television Sys-
tems.
CCIR Recommendtion 656: Interfaces for Digital Com-
ponent Video Signals in 525-line and 625-line Tele-
vision Systems.
CCIR Report 962: The Filtering, Sampling, and Multi-
CCIR
Documents
The CCIR (International Radio Consultative Com-
mittee)
is
a branch of the International Telecommunica-
tions Union (ITU),
a
specialized agency of the United
Nations. Thus the CCIR
is
a treaty organization related
directly to the United Nations. The CCIR is concerned
with generating documents dealing with the prepara-
tion, transmission, and reception of all kinds of infor-
mation using radio signals, with the term “radio” being
taken in the broadest sense. The CCIR has established
several Study Groups, each dealing with specific as-
pects of radio communications. Each Study Group is
further subdivided into smaller groups, each of which is
assigned responsibility for the documents in a special-
ized area of interest. The scopes of the various groups
are described below.
The Study Groups of interest in radio and television
broadcasting are Study Group 1 0-Sound Broadcasting
Service, and Study Group 1 1-Television Broadcasting
Service. Also related and of interest to broadcasters is
the work of the CMTT (Joint Committee on Television
Transmission), a group set up jointly by the CCIR and
the CCITT (International Telephone and Telegraph
Consultative Committee). The latter organization
is
a
branch of the ITU that deals with telegraph and
telephone transmission systems. The CMTT is con-
cerned with the transmission of signals over long
distances through facilities that include a mixture of the
responsibilities of the CCIR and CCITT.
The CCIR and CMTT produce documents of various
kinds. Categories include Recommendations and Re-
ports (the two most important),
as
well as Questions,
Study Programs, Decisions, Resolutions, and Opin-
ions. The documents are reviewed every four years.
During this interval, there are two or three preliminary
meetings of the Study Groups and their subgroups, to
review proposals submitted by members. These propo-
sals may take the form of modifications to existing
documents, or the submission of entirely new docu-
ments. The agreements of the Study Groups after the
last preliminary meeting are reviewed and approved at
the final, or Plenary, Assembly
of
the CCIR, convened
each four years.
The CCIR Plenary Assembly documents are pub-
lished within a year of the Plenary in thirteen volumes,
one for each Study Group. The volumes are bound in
paper, with a green cover traditionally used for the
English text. Hence, they are colloquially known as the
“Green Books.” They are available from the Interna-
tional Telecommunication Union in Geneva, Switzer-
35-47
land and, in the United States, from the National
Technical Information Service (see the earlier subsec-
tion “International Sound-Recording Standards” for
the address).
The work of the CCIR is organized into the following
groups and committees:
Study Group 10-Broadcasting Service (Sound)
Study Group 10A-1, Amplitude-modulation sound
Study Group 10A-2, Sound broadcasting in the
Study Group 10B, Frequency-modulation sound
Study Group 1 OC, Audio-frequency characteristics
broadcasting
tropical zone
broadcasting
of sound broadcasting signals
Study Group
I I
-Broadcasting Service (Television)
monochrome and colour television
Study Group 11A, Characteristics
of
systems for
Study Group 1 1 B
,
Ancillary television services
Study Group llC, Control, measurement and inter-
national exchange of television programmes
Study Group 11D, Picture quality and parameters
affecting
it
Study Group 1 lE, Planning of television networks,
protection ratios, television receivers and anten-
nas
Study Group 1 lF, Digital methods
of
transmitting
television information.
Joint Working Group IOllIF, Exchange
of
recorded
Joint Working Group IOIllG, Exchange of recorded
Joint Working Group 10/11H, Use of film in television
Joint Working Group lOl111, Utilization and synchroni-
sound programmes
television programmes
zation of different programme supports
Selected
CCI
R
Recommendations
Listed below are some of the more important Recom-
mendations (“Rec”) issued by the CCIR in the broad-
casting, recording, and transmission fields.
Rec 265-6, Standards for the international exchange
of programmes on film for television use
Rec 407-4, International exchange of sound pro-
grammes recorded in analogue form
Rec 408-5, Standards of sound recording on magnet-
ic tape for the international exchange of pro-
grammes
Rec 450-1, Transmission standards for FM sound
broadcasting at VHF
Rec 469-5, Analogue television tape recording. Stan-
dards for the international exchange
of
television
programmes on magnetic tape
Rec 470-2, Television systems
Rec 500-4, Method for the subjective assessment of
Rec 501-2, Appraisal of programmes on colour film
the quality of television pictures
intended for television use
Rec 562-3, Subjective assessment of sound quality
Rec 60 1-2, Encoding parameters of digital television
Rec 602-1, Exchange of television recordings for
Rec 642-1, Limiters for high-quality sound-
Rec 646, Source encoding for digital sound signals in
Rec 647-1, A digital audio interface for broadcasting
Rec 648, Digital recording
of
audio signals
Rec 649, Measuring methods for analog audio disk
and tape recordings
Rec 653-3, Teletext systems
Rec 656, Interfaces for digital component video
signals in 525-line and 625-line television sys-
tems
Rec 657-1, Digital television tape recording. Stan-
dards for the international exchange
of
television
programmes on magnetic tape
Rec
709,
Basic parameter values for the HDTV
standard for the studio and for international
programme exchange
Rec 710, Subjective assessment methods for image
quality in high definition television
Rec 71 1, Synchronizing reference signals for the
component digital studio
Rec 713, Recording of HDTV images on
film.
Rec 714, International exchange of programmes
electronically produced by means of high defini-
tion television
Rec 7 15, International exchange of ENG recordings
for studios
programme evaluation
programme signals
broadcasting studios
studios
IEC
Publications
The International Electrotechnical Commission
(IEC) publishes standards on a wide range
of
electrical
and electronic subjects. IEC publications may be pur-
chased through ANSI in New York. The headquarters
address of the IEC is:
International Electrotechnical Commission
3, rue de VarembC
PO
Box
131
-
1211 Geneva 20
Switzerland
TELEFAX
(3-41
22) 7333843
Important to this chapter are the IEC publications
produced by Technical Committee
60,
Recording.
Some of these are listed below:
Pub. 94, Magnetic tape sound recording and repro-
Pub. 347, Transverse track video recorders
Pub. 386, Method of measurement of speed fluctua-
tions in sound recording and reproducing equip-
ment
Pub. 461, Time and Control code for video tape
recorders
ducing systems
Pub. 503, Spools for 1 in (25.4 mm) video magnetic
Pub.
558,
Type C helical video tape recorders
Pub. 574-10, Audio cassette systems
Pub. 602, Type B helical recorders
Pub. 698, Measuring methods for television tape
machines
Pub. 7 12, Helical-scan video-tape cassette system
using 19 mm (314 in) magnetic tape, known as
U-format
Pub. 735, Measuring methods for video tape proper-
ties
Pub. 756, Time base stability of non-broadcast video
recorders
Pub. 767, Helical-scan video tape cassette system
using 12.65 mm
(0.5
in) magnetic tape on type
beta format
Pub. 774, Helical-scan video tape cassette system
using 12.65 mm
(0.5
in) magnetic tape on type
VHS
Pub. 841, Audio recording-PCM encoderldecoder
system
Pub. 843, Helical-scan video tape cassette system
using
8
mm magnetic tape-Video 8
Pub. 883, Measuring method for chrominance
signal-to-random noise ratio for video tape
recorders
Pub. 1016, helical-scan digital component video
cassette recording system using 19 mm magnet-
ic tape (format
D-I)
In addition to the recording specifications shown
above, IEC also publishes the work of related technical
groups, including TC 12,
Radiocommunications (in-
cluding
SC-l2A,
Receivers),
TC-84,
Equipment and
systems in the field
of
audio, video and audiovisual
engineering,
and of
JTC-
1,
ISOIIEC Joint technical
committee
for
information technology.
tape
IS0
Recommendations
The International Organization for Standardization
(ISO)
has primary responsibility for the standardization
of mechanical systems. IS0 publications are available
through ANSI in New York. The headquarters address
for
IS0
is:
International Organization
for
Standardization
1,
rue de VarembC
Case postale
56
CH-1211
Geneva
20
Switzerland
The standardization of electrical and electronic systems
is primarily the province of the IEC. Standards for
motion picture films are drafted by
IS0
Technical
Committee 36-Cinematography.
A
partial list of IS0
TC
36 documents for television broadcasting appears
below:
IS0 23:1976, Camera usage of 35 mm
motion-picture film
IS0 251976, Camera usage of 16 mm
IS0 26:1985, Projector usage of 16 mm
IS0
490:1978, Magnetic stripes and magnetic
motion-picture film
motion-picture films for direct front projection
recording head gaps for sound records on 16
mm motion-picture film perforated along one
edge
magnetic sound records on full-coat 16 mm
motion-picture film
IS0 1189: 1986, Recorded characteristic for
magnetic sound records on 35 mm
motion-picture film excluding striped release
prints
IS0 1223: 1985, Picture areas for motion-picture
films and slides for television-position and
dimensions
IS0 3640: 1982, Motion-picture prints and sound
records for international exchange of television
programmes
IS0 4242:1980, Recording head gaps for
two
sound records on 16 mm magnetic
film-positions and width dimensions
IS0 6035:1983, Viewing conditions for the
evaluation of films and slides for
television-colours, luminances and
dimensions
IS0
1188: 1984, Recorded characteristic for
Selected
EBU
Publications
The European Broadcasting Union publishes a well
regarded technical journal
(The EBU Review-Tech-
nical)
and a wide variety of technical documents. The
EBU supplies a comprehensive catalog of these publica-
tions that can be obtained from their Geneva headquar-
ters:
European Broadcasting Union
Ancienne Route,
17A
Case postale
67
CH-1218
Grand SaconnexlGeneva
Switzerland
TELEFAX
(+41 22) 798 58 97
Included in the scope of EBU publications are docu-
ments in the following categories:
Lists
of broadcasting stations in the European area,
updated frequently
“Tech
3000”
documents that reproduce committee
reports and study results
EBU Technical Monographs,
documents of a
thorough tutorial nature
EBU Oficial Technical Texts,
including
Technical
Standards, Technical Recommendations,
Technical Statements,
and
Technical
lnformation Sheets
More than
200
of these technical documents are avail-
able by mail order from
EBU.
Examples of a few
of
the
EBU documents include:
BROADCASTING STANDARDS
Tech 3094, Specifications for the basic signals
recommended by the EBU for the
synchronization of television sources
Tech 3097, EBU time-and-control codes for
television tape-recordings (625-line television
systems)
Tech 3238, Methods for measuring the main
characteristics
of
television cameras
Tech 3252, Standard for recording digital television
signals on magnetic tape in cassettes
N6-1989, Helical-scan television recording on 25.4
mm tape
N12-1990, Time-and-control codes for television
tape recording
N13 and supplements, Digital television tape
recording
R20- 1987, Exchange of television programmes
35-49
recorded on transverse-track, format B or format
C
tapes
R48-1991, Allocation of audio channels in the D-1
and D-2 digital television tape recording
formats
Acknowledgements
The following individuals offered invaluable assist-
Mark Hyman, SMPTE
Derek Mullen, IEC
Ralph Justus, EIA
Jane Pessall Frock, NAB
Daniel Queen,
AES
George Waters, EBU
ance in compiling the lists of standards:
36
Radar
Merrill
I.
Skolnik
Introduction to Radar
36-3
Prediction
of
Radar Range
36-4
Fluctuating Target Models
36-5
Radar Cross Section
of
Targets
36-7
Other Forms
of
the Radar Equation
Surveillance Radar Equation
Tracking Radar Equation
Surface Clutter Range Equation
Volume Clutter Radar Equation
Noise Jamming Radar Equation (Surveillance)
Noise Jamming Radar Equation (Tracking)
Self-screening Range Equation
Weather Radar Equation
Synthetic Aperture Radar Equation
HF Over-the-Horizon Radar Equation
Symbol Definitions
36-7
Radar Letter Bands
36-11
Radar Antennas
36-11
Antenna Gain
Cosecant-Squared Antenna
Loss
Antenna Errors
36-1