Middleton W.M. (ed.) Reference Data for Engineers: Radio, Electronics, Computer and Communications

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Sky

noise temperature, with rain,

wave, 33-54

27-37-39

signals, 35-5, 35-8

SLD

See

Superluminescent Diodes

Slice, definition of, 20-10

Sliding block code, 25-4

Slope-intercept form, equation, 47-16

Slot(s)

antennas, 32-19-22

lines, 30-29-31

longitudinal, 32-20-21

waveguide, 32-20-21

Slug, 3-16

Small antennas, 32-46

Smirnov-Kolmogorov test, 45-23

Snell’s law, 22-19-20

SNR,

optical receiver, 22-1

Snubbers, 14-32, 14-34

Society of Motion Picture and

Sodium, 4-6-7,4-10-11

Soft magnetic materials, 13-4

Software, computer, 42-34

so1

SMPTE,

35-29

SOC, 20-4748

Television Engineers, 35-30

circuits, 20- 107-108

definition of, 20-

device structures using, 20-104-106

devices

on,

20-106

fully depleted devices, 20-107

material options, 20-102-104

nonfully depleted devices,

20- 106-1 07

Soils, resistivity of, 4-17

Solar

cell, 18-13

eclipses, effect

satellite

noise, 27-12

spectral irradiance, 22-13

effect

shielding

on,

6-34

inductance of, single-layer, 6-3-5

analytic geometry, 47-19-21

figures

communications, 27-9-1 1

Solenoids

Solid

surface areas of, equations for,

volumes of, equations for, 47-5-6

47-5-6

sound in, 40-5

state devices, comparison with

electron power tubes,

17-13-17

state diffusion, definition of, 20-10

-state power amplifiers (SSPA),

27-17

SOS,

definition of, 20-10

Sound

in enclosed rooms, 40-12-15

exposure

day-night, 40-1

level, definition of, 40-10

in gases. 40-3-4

Sound--cont

intensity, 40-5

isolation, 40-17,40-19-23

doors, 40-19

resilient channels, 40-19

walls, 40-19,40-20-21

weighting of components, 40-19,

flanking, 40-21,40-23

40-21

leaks, 40-22-23

level, 40-8

day-night, 40-11-12

definition of, 40-9-10

meters, 40-8

in liquids, 40-4-5

measurement of, 40-8-9

power level, 40-8-9

definition of, 40-9

of typical noise sources, 40-9

instantaneous, definition of, 40-9

level, 40-5-6

pressure

definition of, 40-9,40-10

recording standards, international,

recording systems, production

reinforcement systems, 40-23-24

in solids, 40-5

source

35-29

standards, 35-27-29

direct field of, 40-12

intensity, 40-12-13

waves

standing, 40-13

theory of, 40-3-5

Source(s)

compaction codes, 25-7-1 1

compression codes, 25-25-26

encoding, 25-10

-follower amplifier, 19-1

Markov, 25-8

models, 25-7-8

optical, 2

10-1 4

reflection coefficient,

rs,

definition

of, 12-25

Space

curves, vector equations for, 47-37

diversity, 33-11, 37-3

reception, 33-18

division switching network, 39-2

FSK

signal, 24-9

systems, classification of, 27-3

transmissions in, equations for,

weather, 1-155

antennas, 27-33

zone

coverage, 27-31-32

architecture, 27-14-15

-to earth communications, 27-3

-to

spacecraft communications, 27-3

27-7-8

Spacecraft

Spaced-tapered arrays, 32-40

SPADE communications system,

27-24-27

Span, 3-16

Spark gaps

breakdown voltages, 49-3

triggered, 16-43

Special Mobile Group (GSM), cellular

system, 46-22,46-24

Specific heat, of elements, 4-9,4-11

Specifications, reliability, 45-20

Spectra

matching factors, 16-49

of PSK and

MSK

signals, 24-1 1-13

analysis

Spectral

FFT

in,

28-11-13

Fourier transform,

7-10

bit rate, 25-20

distributions, 16-47

FMFI\.I signal, 23-8

estimation, 25-24-25

irradiance, solar, 22-13

response

optical detectors, 21-16

semiconductor detectors, 21-30

vidicon, 16-54

analyzer, 12- 17-1 9

Spectrum

detector bandwidth, 12-20

filter bandwidth, 12-19-20

laser operation, 41-2

management

engineering software, 1-3

radio frequency, 1-2-142

US,

1-2-3

optical, 21-2

spreading, 25-29-30

Speech interference levels, 40-15

Speech synthesizer

ICs,

20-4647

Speed, of light, 18-4

Sphere

equations for, 47-5

sector of, equations for, 47-5

segment of, equations for, 47-5

coordinates, vector equations for,

trigonometry, 47-12-13

waves, 40-3

oblate, equations for, 47-20

prolate, equations for, 47-20

Spheroidal core, loop antenna,

32-19-20

SPICE 2, definition of, 20-10

Spin-on deposition, thin films, 20-14

Spiral antenna, 32-28-29

SPL, 40-54

Splicing, optical fiber, 22-24

Split-channel reservation multiple

Spontaneous emission, 41-2

Sporadic E transmission, 33-7

Spread-spectrum

Spherical

47-36-37

Spheroid

access

(SMRA),

26-21

SPOT-4,27-19

communications, 24-24-26

binary direct-sequence, 24-24-26

frequency-hop, 24-26

multiple access

(SSMA),

26-20

system, 25-29-30

Sputter deposition, thin films, 20-14

Square

meter, 3-3

-topped sampling, pulse amplitude

modulation, 23-12

waveguides, 30-7

SR latch circuit. 43-16

sRAM

cell, 20-4142

SS-TDMA

basic concept, 27-27-29

block diagram, 27-30

on-board signal processing, 27-28

operation of, 27-25

detection, 23-6

SSB; See also Single Sideband

Stability, optical cavities, 41-7

Stack

algorithm, 25-16

machine, computer, 42-12

registers, computer processor, 42-15

Staggered PRF MTI radar, 36-17

Standard

broadcast stations, classification of,

commands for programmable

deviation from the mean, 44-3

mismatch method, return loss

measurement, 12-30

time intervals, WWV and

WWVH,

1-151

waveguides, 30-7,30-10-11

acoustical, 40-25-28

frequency, 1-144-148

international

35-34

instruments (SCPI), 12-35

Standards

broadcasting, 35-4649

sound recording, 35-29

telephony, 2-3

television recording, 35-34

organizations for, 5-4

program production, 35-26-34

sound, 35-27-29

reliability, 45-25

steel radio towers, 49-20-22

television, 35-34

time, 1-144-148

transmission,

broadcast stations,

35-12-13

video tape, 35-30-32

Standing sound waves, 40-13

Standing-wave ratio, transmission

lines, 29-8-10

Star rectifier, 14-13

Start-of-active-video reference,

35-4142

Statampere, 3-16

Statcoulomb, 3-17

State

diagrams, 25-5-7

transition matrix, 15-13-14

variable analysis, digital control

system, 15-17-18

variable design methods, digital

case, 15-20-21

State, definition of, 20-10

Statfarad, 3-17

Stathenry, 3-17

Static

logic, 20-35-36

precipitation, 34-8

RAM,

20-4142

vs dynamic routing, network, 26-24

Static storage elements, definition of,

Stations

20-10

aural intercity, 35-23

broadcast, classification of, 35-34

earth, 27-4043

FM broadcasting, classification of,

35-8-9

Statistical inference, probability and,

45-15-25

Statistics, Bayesian, 45-23-25

Statobm, 3-17

Status register, computer processor,

Statute mile, 3-17

Statvolt, 3-17

Steel

42-15

towers

foundation, 49-21-22

loading, 49-20-21

material, 49-20

structural standards, 49-20-22

unit stresses, 49-21

wind velocities and pressure on,

49-22

Stefan-Boltzmann law, 21-3,21-6

Step coverage, definition of, 20-10

Step-down converter. 14-19, 14-28

Step motors, 15-34

Step-up converter, 14-28-29

Steradian, 3-3

Stere, 3-17

Stereo,

FMX,

35-11

Stereo transmission

broadcast, 35-5-6

FM broadcast, 35-10-11

Stilb, 3-17

Stimulated emission, 41-2

cross section, 41-4

Raman, 41-19

STL

stations, 35-23

STM

allocation, network, 26-37

Stoke, 3-17

Stokes wave, 41-19

Storage

bistable, cathode-ray tubes,

catbode-ray tubes, 16-55-57

devices, mass, computer, 42-14

elements, static, definition of, 20-10

fixed-program, definition of,

20-5

deadlock, networks, 26-26

transmission, 26-3,26-4,26-6

charge programmable semiconductor

energy

16-57-58

Store-and-forward

Stored

ROM, 20-10

capacitor, 6-15

Stored-cont

Straggle, definition of, 20-10

Straight line, equations for, 47-16,

Strain coefficients, piezoelectric, 4-29

Stresses, unit, steel radio towers, 49-21

Strip transmission lines, 29-27-28

Stripline slot antennas, 32-17

Strontium, 4-6-7.4-10-1

Structural standards, steel radio towers,

Structures, man-made, effect

mobile

Stub

inductor, 6-15

47-20

49-20-22

communications, 46-8

open, impedance matching with?

shorted, impedance matching with,

29-19

Student-t distribution, 45-11

Subroutines. computer program,

Subscriber

42-26-30

-loop signaling, 38-16

telephone, 38-5-6

sets, telephone, 38-3-4

units, mobile, 46-7

Subsidiary Communications

Substitution method, high impedances,

Substrate

loops

resistance design, 38-5

Authorization (SCA), 35-1

bridge, 12-5-6

cleaning procedure, 20-12

doping procedures, 20-21-22

diffusion from doped oxides,

by ion implantation, 20-21-22

predeposition and drive-in, 20-21

20-21

Substrate, definition of, 20-10

Subtraction

nondecimal numbers, 42-6

using twos complement method,

42-8

Sulfur, 4-6-7,4-10-11

Sum,

canonical, 43-5-6

Sum

modulo two gate, 43-1 1

Summers, 10-10-11

Sums

fundamental, 43-5

minimal, formation of, 43-14-15

of powers of integers, 47-8

of powers

reciprocals of integers,

47-8-9

Supercomputer networks, 26-34

Superconducting antennas, 32-6

Superconductivity, metals, alloys, and

compounds, 4-17

Superluminescent diodes, 21-12

Supervisor stack register, computer

processor, 42-15

Supervisory audio tone (SAT), 46-4

Supervisory signal, telephone, 2-14-17

Suppressors, transient-voltage, 14-12

SUPREM, definition of, 20-10

INDEX

Surface

acoustic wave (SAW), 28-29

filters, 28-33-37

response, 28-34

cleaning

chemical oxide, by vapor-phase

IC manufacturing, 20-82-85

low-temperature, germane-based,

native oxide, by vapor-phase

HF,

single wafer, 20-81-91

HF,

20-86-87

20-85-86

20-86-87

clutter range equation, radar, 36-8

wave transmission line, 30-24-26

Surveillance radar

equation, 36-8

noise jamming, 36-9

Susceptibility, electromagnetic, 12-36

Sweep oscillator, 12-14

Swinging chokes, 14-41

Switch, coordinate, network, 39-2

Switch-mode converters, 14-34-35

Switched

capacitor filters (SCF), 28-29

circuits

active, 10-3445

basic principles, 28-30-31

voice quality, 28-31-32

telecommunication system, 38-3

Switches, coordinate, single-stage,

Switching

39-2-3

\sl7algebra, 43-2

theorems, 43-8-10

n-variable, 43-9-10

single-variahle, 43-8

circuits, 26-2

combinational, 43-3

sequential, 43-3

devices, semiconductor, 18-26

equipment, cellular systems,

46-21-22,46-23

fast packet, networks, 39-10

message, 26-2

networks, 39-2

packet, 26-3

power supplies, 14-45

coordinate, 39-2-10

networks, 39-9

bipolar power transistors,

insulated-gate, 14-30, 14-32

MOSFETs, 14-29, 14-30, 14-32

power semiconductors, 14-29,

transistor and diode requirements,

14-29-30, 14-32

14-31-32, 14-33

14-20-27

system, grade of service, 39-1 1-12

techniques, 26-2-5

time-division, 39-6-10

times, power transistor, 14-6

transistor circuits, 14-19

SWP-based process and device

Symbol error, probability of, 24-23

integration, 20-99-1 02

Symbols

graphic

British, 49-28

npn transistor, 19-2

schematic, 49-26-27

units, 3-2-3

transmission lines, 29-3-4

vibration and shock, 49-22

US,

49-26-27

Symmetric DSL, 38-8

Synchronous

data link control, 26-16

detection, 23-6

DLC protocols, 26-13-14

-motor drive, 14-49-50

transfer mode, network, 26-37

Synchros, in error measuring systems,

Synthesis, logic design, 43-4-8

Synthetic aperture radar, 36-16

Synthetic aperture radar

(SAR),

36-4

System

15-2, 15-3

equation, 36-10

error-measuring, 15-2

performance

control system, 15-4-12

microwave systems, 12-33

System in a package

(SIP),

20-47-48

System in a package

(SIP),

definition

System Network Architecture (SNA),

System

a chip (SOC), 20-4748

System

a chip (SOC), definition of,

reliability, 45-1 1-13

of, 20-10

26-9-10

20-10

T-rr transformation, network, 6-15-16

Table of combinations, logic circuit,

Tablespoon, 3-17

Tactical

air

navigation, 37-5

Talker echo, definition of, 38-10

Tangents

43-4

TACAN, 37-5

hyperbolic, table of, 48-4

law

of,

47-1

Tanks,

military, vibration in, 49-25

Tantalum, 4-6-7,4-10-11

electrolytic capacitors, 5-21

Tape formats, video, 35-29-30

Target cross section

radar, 36-7,36-10

examples, 36-7

Taylor illumination, radar antennas,

Taylor

circular source distribution,

Taylor

line source distribution,

Taylor one-parameter line source

36-11

antennas, 32-53-54

antenna, 32-49-50

distribution, antenna,

32-4748

Taylor series

for a single variable, 47-29

for two variables, 47-30

Tchebyscheff

See

Chebyshev

TCAS, 37-5-6

TDMA, 27-20-21,27-24-27

acquisition, 27-26

frame structure, 27-28

synchronization, 27-26

system operation, 27-24-25

systems characteristics, 27-25

TDRSS, 27-11

TE waves, 30-3

Teaspoon, 3-17

Technetium, 4-6-7,4-10-11

Tee network, power dissipation within,

Tee

pad, power dissipation within, 11-7

Telecommunication system, switched,

Telephone, 38-17-1 8

11-4,ll-7

38-3

busy tone, proposed standard, 2-18

cables, characteristics of, 38-12

call-waiting tone, proposed standard,

carrier systems, 38-13-16

CCITT recommendations, 38-8

circuit characteristics, 2-9-10

dial pulse signal, 2-14

dial tone, proposed standard, 2-18

facilities, 38-1 1-16

fiber-optic facilities, 38-13

high

tone,

proposed standard, 2-18

intertoll

trunks,

38-6-7

line signal, 2-14-17

local interoffice

trunks,

38-6

network control signaling, 38-16-18

preemption tone, proposed standard,

reorder tone, proposed standard,

repeaters, 38-1

ringdown signal, 2-17

ringing tone, audible, proposed

standard, 2-18

signaling, 2-13-19

systems, CCITT, 2-14

tones,

2-17-18

subscriber loops, 38-56

subscriber sets, 38-34

supervisory signal, 2-14-17

time signals, 1-158, 1-160

toll transmission plant, 38-6-7

wire, 38-11

wireless access, 38-6

circuit loading, 2-56

busy hour, 2-5-6

conventional, 2-5-6

circuit noise, 2-11-13

circuits, psophometric weighting,

group

delay distortion, 2-9

hypothetical reference circuits,

international standards, 2-3

2-18

Telephony

2-5

2-7-9

Telephony-cont

linear cross talk, 2-10

power levels, 2-6-7

propagation time, one-way, 2-9

signal, conventional, 2-5

imaging, 22-6

receiving, optical communications,

22-8-9

transmitting, optical

communications, 22-5-6

Telescope

Television

auxiliary stations, 35-23

broadcast stations

directional antennas, 35-12

transmission standards. 35-12-13

broadcasting, 35-1 1-14

aural transmitter, 35-13-14

coverage data, 35-1

grades of service, 35-11

maximum power, 35-1 1

minimum power, 35-11

MTS, 35-14

SAP,

35-14

translators, 35-17-18

utility audio-data channel, 35-14

zones,

35-11

cable, 35-14-17

channels

designations, 3.5-11-12

instructional TV, 35-20,35-23

ancillary data format, 35-43

blanking interval considerations,

component coding of signals,

composite encoded signals (NTSC

&PAL),

35-4041

encoding parameter for

component television, 35-42

quantization levels for component

television, 35-42

signal coding, 3538,3540

synchronization considerations,

timing references, 35-4142

865digital

35-4143

35-41-42

35-4143

enhanced definition (EDTV), 35-43

film systems, international standards,

high definition, 35-18,35-23,

35-34

35-4346

35-44

wide-screen, encoding parameters,

recording systems, 35-29-34

signal, composite, 35-18-19

standards, 35-34

stations, low power, 35-17-18

systems

production standards, 35-29-34

advanced, 35-4346

digital, 35-34-46

resolution, 35-35-36

NTSC-M, 35-40

wide screen, encoding parameters,

35-45

Telex, destination codes, international,

2-13

Tellurium, 4-6-7,4-10-11

TEM, definition of, 20-10

TEM waves, 30-3

Temperature(

antenna-noise, 34-5

blackbody, 22-12

coefficient

ceramic capacitors, 5-23

resistors, 5-9

effect on cavity tuning, 30-21

-EMF characteristics,

extremes, 49-3-4

us,

49-3,49-5

world, 49-4

clear sky, 27-36

thermocouples, 4-3,4-12

noise, 21-20,27-15, 32-8-11

operating, transformer insulating

materials, 13-10-11

resistance change with, 49-15-16

sensors, multipoint, 20-68,20-70-73

stability, inductor, 13-28

world, 49-4

Temporary register, computer

Tensile strength, of elements, 4-9, 4-11

Terbium, 4-6-7,4-10-11

Terminal plane, changing of, 31-3

Terrain, effect

mobile

communications, 46-8

Terrestrial network program

distribution, 35-20

Tesla, 3-3

Testing

processor. 42-15

definitions and terminology, 45-2-5

life, 45-13-14

Chi-square, 44-4

constant humidity, 5-6

high-altitude, 5-6,5-7

methods, environmental,

5-5

sets, 12-14

signals,

TV signal, 35-13

Smirnov-Kolmogorov, 45-23

vibration, 5-6, 5-7

17-8-9

Test(s)

Tetrode amplifier circuits, 17-9, 17-1

Tex, 3-17

Text editor, computer, 42-3

Thallium, 4-6-7,4-10-11

Theorem(s)

DeMorgans, 43-10

Heaviside expansion, 6-21

L'Huilier's, 47-1 3

Neyman-Pearson, 25-22-23

sampling, 25-17

switching algebra, 43-8-10

n-variable, 43-9-10

single-variable, 43-8

two-

three-variable, 43-8-9

Theory

decision, 25-22-25

estimation, 25-22-25

Therm, 3-17

Thermal

compression bond, definition

of,

converters, 12-24

detectors, 21-21

electromotive force, of alloys, 4-15

emissivity, electron-tube materials,

generation, definition of, 20-10

growth, thin films, 20-13

noise, 21-18, 34-3

20-10

16-16

calculations, 34-8

definition of, 38-9

processing, rapid, definition of, 20-9

processing, rapid, thin films, 20-14

resistance,

package, 20-30

unit, British, 3-14

4-11

Thermal conductivity,

elements, 4-9,

Thermionic emission, 16-3-5

Thermistor sensors, 12-24

Thermocouple(s), 21-21

properties

of,

4-3,4-14

sensors,

12-24

temperature-EMF characteristics,

4-3,4-12

Thermopile, 21-21

Thermopneumatic cell, 21-21

Thin films, 20-13-14

chemical vapor deposition, 20-1 3

evaporation, 20-13-14,20-15-17

plasma deposition, 20-13

rapid thermal processing

(RTP),

20-14

spin-on deposition, 20-14

sputter deposition, 20-14

thermal growth, 20-13

Thinned arrays, antenna, 32-4041

3G, 46-5,46-6,46-24

Three-state output, definition of, 20-10

Threshold, laser, 41-4-6

Throughput, definition of, 20-10

Thulium, 4-6-7,4-10-11

Thyratron, 16-42

hydrogen, 16-4243

Thyristor(s), 14-8-1

characteristics, 14-10-1 1

circuits, phase controlled, 14-16-18

circuits, phase-controlled, 14-13

gate turn-off, 14-11

MOS-controlled, 14-1 1

phase-controlled, power supply filter,

ratings, 14-9-10

atomic, 1-143

-average sound level, definition of,

40- 10

broadcasts, 1-148-1 62

chart, world, 49-5,49-7

code

Thorim, 4-6-7,4-10-11

14-41, 14-43

Time

BCD, WWV and

WWVH,

1-152-154

WWVB, 1-157-158

constant, network, 6-15

INDEX

Time-cont

Coordinated Universal, 1-142-144,

delay spread, mobile signal, 46-12,

division multiple access.

see

TDMA

division switching. 39-6-10

1-151

46-17

network, 39-2

time-slot interchange, 39-9

domain, and frequency relationships,

12-15-16

ephemeris, 1-143

and frequency measurement,

functions, pulse shapes, 7-6-8

invariant digital systems, linear,

stability of, 15-18-20

invariant systems, stability of linear,

15-5-10

measurement, 12-21

modulated pulses, spectra of,

reverberation, 40-13

12-20-24

23- 13-14

calculation of, 40-13-14

measurement of, 40-13

optimum, 40-15

scales, 1-142-144

universal. 1-143

signal

continuous, 28-2

discrete, 28-2

Internet, 1-158, 1-160

telephone, 1-158, 1-160

slot interchange, time-division

switching, 39-9

standards, 1-144-148

zones, world, 1-144, 1-145

Timing references, digital television,

Tin. 4-6-7,4-10-11

TIRAM, definition of, 20-10

Titanium, 4-6-7,4-10-11

TM waves, 30-3

Toggle, definition of, 20-10

Tolerance

35-4142

-doped sapphire laser, 41-9

antennas, 32-41

components, 5-4

resistors, 5-10

Toll transmission plant, telephone,

Ton, 3-17

Tone interference, definition of, 38-9

Tones, telephone signaling, 2-17-18

Tonne. 3-17

Top

sampling, pulse amplitude

modulation, 23-1 1

Topological realization of

ICs,

20-26-28

38-6-7

Toroidal cores

audio-frequency inductors, 13-2 1-23

design example, 13-23

winding methods, 13-27

bolt, waveguide, 30-16-17

Torque, 49-18

Torr, 3-17

Toms, equations for, 47-5

Towers

radio

loading, 49-20-21

material, 49-20

foundation, 49-21-22

pipe, 49-20

standards, 49-20-22

structural, 49-20

unit

stresses,

49-21

steel

Township, 3-17

fox,

definition of, 20-10

TR tubes, 16-45

Track while scan

(TWS),

36-22

Tracking

accuracy, feedback control system,

15-10-1 1

radar, 36-21-22

equation, 36-8

noise jamming equation, 36-9

Trade secret, protection of, 49-3 1-32

Traffic

allocation,

ATM

networks, 26-37-38

carrying, load for grade of service,

concepts, 39-10-14

equations, 39- 12-13

intensity, 39-1

measures, 39-1 1

models, cellular system, 46-21-22

quantity, 39-1

39- 13-14

definitions for, 39-10-1

Traffic alert and collision avoidance

system, 37-5-6

Training sets, military equipment,

49-37

Trains, vibration in, 49-25

Transcendental functions, 47-21

Transconductance-C

(g,-C)

filters,

Transconductance

(S,)

of electron

Transducer loss

10-22-23

tube, 16-20

definition of, 38-10

transmission lines, 29-13-14

function

Transfer

filter, 10-7-8

first-order, 10-14-15

generic biquadratic, 10-39-40,

10-44

high-order, 10-23-34

inverse

z-,

15-17

second-order, 10-15-23

z-,

15-16-17

modes, data, 26-16

storage tubes, 16-57

Transform

Fourier

discrete, 28-7-13

discrete-time, 28-5-6

fast, 28-9-13

Laplace, 15-17

Z-,

15-16, 15-17

Transformation(

filters

low-pass to band-stop, 9-19

low-pass to bandpass, 9-14

low-pass

high-pass, 9-14

linear, matrix algebra, 47-32-33

matrix, 31-34. 31-10-11

T-T, network, 6-15-16

Y-A

network, 6-15-16

audio, 13-12-14

Transformer(s)

cores for, 13-12-13

design of, 13-13-14

impedance match, 13-14

insertion loss, 13-14

carrier-frequency, 13-15

design example, 13-15-16

constant-voltage, 13-10-1

converter/inverter, 13-1 1-12

definition of, 13-3

dielectric insulation and corona,

equivalent circuit, 13-3

ferroresonant, 1 3

10-1

frequency ranges, 13-3

insulating materials

classes of, 13-10-11

operating temperatures, 13-10-1

13-10

laminations, 13-34

methods of winding, 13-9-10

power, 13-3-10

copper regulation, 13-6

design for rectifiers, 13-5-9

determining number of turns, 13-6

determining wire size, 13-6

effect of duty cycle on design,

VA rating vs lamination sizes,

wire table for, 13-8

13-9

13-7

pulse, 13-17-18

types

of, 13-3

volt-ampere rating, 13-5-7

wideband, 13-15-17

core material, 13-15

design example, 13-15-16

high frequency, 13-16-17

Transforms

inverse, 47-39

Laplace, 6-19-21,47-38-39

Transient operation, laser, 41-56

Transient voltage suppressors, 14-12

Transients

elementary cases, networks, 6-15-19

operational calculus, and Laplace

transforms, 6-19-22

Transistor(s1, 14-32, 18-13-21

amplifier(s)

active loads, 19-17-19

current sources, 19-17-19

harmonic distortion, 19-16-17

single stage, 19-6-17

frequency response, 19-6, 19-15

of, 18-19

bipolar

bias techniques, 19-2-5

Transistor(s)+ont

insulated-gate, 14-7-8, 14-30,

junction, 18-16-21

power, 14-29-30, 14-32

resonant, 14-36

switching, 14-19

bias techniques, 19-5

14-32

circuits

field-effect, 14-8

insulated-gate field-effect, 18-15-16

.WET, symbol, 19-2-3

junction

definition of, 20-7

field-effect, 18-14-15

large-signal characteristics, 19-15

metal-oxide semiconductor,

MOS field-effect, 18-15-16

MOSFET, symbol, 19-2-3

MOSFETS, 14-32

nPn

18-15-16

large symbol model, 19-2

symbol, 19-2

output stages, 19-15-16

planar, definition of, 20-8

power, 14-5-7

breakdown sustaining voltage,

dc current gain, 14-5

reverse voltage operation, 14-6

saturation voltage. 14-5

second breakdown, 14-54

switchmg times, 14-6

requirements, switching power

small signal

14-5

supplies, 14-20-27

equations, 19-5-8

design, 19-9

models, 19-5-8

transistor logic.

see

TTL

voltage regulator, linear, 14-18-19

Transit, 37-5

Transition matrix, 25-12

Transition region, semiconductor, 18-9

Translators

FM, 35-1

television broadcasting, 35-17-18

Transmission

coefficient,

waveguide, 31-3

free-space, equations, 33-21-22

line of sight, 33-13-29

lines

admittance, 29-6-7

attenuation at UHF, 29-15

characteristic impedance of,

29-21-25

Coplanar, 29-28-29

current equations, 29-5-6

fundamental quantities, 29-4-5

impedance, 29-6-7

transformation, high

SWR,

29- 12-1 3

length of, 29-21

mismatch, 29-13-14

open at far end, 29-7-8

Transmission+ont

parameters, 29-4-5

power and efficiency, 29-10-12

resistance at UHF, 29-15

rule of subscripts, 29-3

sag calculations, 49-18-20

short-circuited at far end, 29-7-8

sign conventions, 29-3

standing-wave ratio, 29-8-10

strip, 29-27-28

surface-wave, 30-2426

symbols, 29-34

transducer loss, 29-13-14

voltage equations, 29-5-6

voltage reflection coefficient,

29-8-10

loss, radio waves, 33-4

pulse, 37-3

in space, equations for, 27-7-8

standards, TV broadcast stations,

store-and-forward, 26-3,26-4,26-6

system considerations, satellite

system requirements,

broadcast

Transmittance, optical waves, 21-9-10

Transmitter(

35-12-13

communications, 27-19-21

stations, 35-5

optical, 22-5-8

power, for required output signall

Transmitting objective loudness rating

Transponders

noise ratio, 33-27-29

(TOLR),

38-4

bandwidth, 27-17-18

communications satellites, 27- 15-19

onboard processing asynchronous

transfer mode

(OBP

ATM),

27-19

satellite, multiple-access schemes,

27-19-21

transparent, 27-4,27-15

Transport layer, network, 26-29-30

Transversal filter, 36-16

Transverse modulators, laser, 41-18

Trapezium, equations for, 47-5

Trapezoid, equations for, 47-4

Traveling wave

amplitude, 31-2

antenna array, 32-36-37

tubes, 16-24-25,16-30-32,27-15

gyro, 16-38-39

Tree codes, 25-4

Trees, network, 26-34

Trellises, 25-5-7

Triacs, 14-1

Triangle(s)

variable length, 25-10-1 1

equations for, 47-4

oblique, 47-11-13

right, 47-1 1

hyperbolic, 47-15-16

hyperbolic, 47-15

spherical, 47- 12

Trigger, definition of, 20-1 1

Triggered spark gaps, 16-43

Trigonometric

equations, 47-9-12

integrands, 47-25-27

hyperbolic, 47-14-16

plane, 47-11-12

spherical, 47-12-13

Trigonometry

Trimmer resistors, 5-13-14

Triode

grounded-grid, 17-8

neutralized, 17-8

amplifier circuit, 17-8

effects, satellite communications,

scatter propagation, 33-29,33-32

Tropospheric

27-35

Trucks, vibration in, 49-25

Trunks

exchange-access, 38-6

local interoffice, telephone, 38-6

Truth table, 43-4

Truth table, definition of, 20-1

TTL, 20-30-32

definition of, 20-1

performance characteristics, 20-34

voltage and current standards, 20-34

cathode materials, 16-3-5

cathode-ray, 16-55-57

ceramic-envelope, advantages of,

crossed-field, 16-34-38

electron

Tube(

16-19-20

amplification factor

(p)

of, 16-20

characteristics equations, 16-21

collision ionization, 16-19

cooling of, 16-16-18

flicker effect, 16-18-19

geometry of, 16-22

grid temperature, 16-18

induced noise, 16-19

partition noise, 16-18

total plate resistance

(R,)

of, 16-20

transconductance

(S,)

of, 16-20

gas, 16-4145

image, 16-48-50

intensifier, 16-48-50

light-emitting, 16-4548, 16-55-58

light-sensing, 16-45-54

linear-heam, 16-25-34

microwave, 16-23-38

cyclotron resonance, 16-38-39

trends, 16-24-25

noise in, 16-18-19

traveling-wave, 16-24-25,16-30-32,

TR,

16-45

27-15

Tuned circuits

phase shift

coupled, 8-7-9

single-, 8-6-7

Tungsten, 4-6-7,4-10-11

filaments, 16-3-5, 16-21

lamps, 21-10

Turbulence, atmospheric, on optical

signal, 22-17-19

INDEX

Turn-off losses, 14-32, 14-33

Turn-on losses, 14-32, 14-33

TV, direct broadcast from satellite,

27-4-5

TVRO, 27-5

Twin-T admittance-measuring circuit,

Two

12-10

-out-of-six, multifrequency

-port junctions, 31-3

powers of, table of, 48-5

-stage gate circuit, 43-12

and three-variable theorems,

-tone angle modulation, 23-8

-way channels, 25-26

20-1

20-11

addition using, 42-8

subtraction using, 42-8

system, 42-7

numerical code, 2-14,2-16

switching algebra, 43-8-9

Two-level main memory, definition of,

Two-level metallization, definition of,

Twos complement

U-Net, 26-33

UHF operation, power grid tube, 17-10

ULSI,

definition of, 20-1

Ultra-fast rectifiers, 14-32

Ultragigabit networks, 26-35-36

Ultraviolet spectrum, 21-2

Uniaxial crystal, 41-16-17

Uninterruptible power supply,

14-4748

Unit impulse, circuit response related

Unit indicators, military equipment,

Unit pole, 3-17

Unit step, circuit response related to,

Units

to,

6-20

49-38-39

6-20-21

dimensionless quantities, 3-56

non-SI, tables of, 3-4

numerical values, 3-6

rules and style conventions, 3-4-5

units, 1-143, 3-2-4

acceleration error constant, 15-1

positive error constant, 15-1

single-degree-of-freedom structure,

single-loop system, 15-5

velocity error constant, 15-1 1

Unity-power-factor circuits, 14-38

Universal codes, 25-9

Universal time scales (UT), 1-143

Unregulated, power supplies, 14-43

Unsigned integer, 42-4

Up-link power-flux density at satellite,

UPS

See

Unintemptible Power Supply

Unity feedback

15-11

27-14

Uranium, 4-6-7,4-10-11

URN

scheme, 26-22

US Coast Guard, 37-2

US Government Printing Office, 35-26

US government, reliability

specifications, 45-20

User stack register, computer processor,

UT1 time corrections, WWV and

42-15

WWVH, 1-154

V curve, 12-32

V-number, optical fiber, 22-21

Vacancy, definition of, 20-1 1

Vacuum photodiodes, 21-22-25

Vanadium, 4-6-7,4-10-11

Varactor, 18-13

Variable, random, 44-2

Variance, 44-3

Variate, 44-2

V,,,

definition of, 20-1

V,,,

definition of, 20-1

Vdd,

definition of, 20-1 1

VDSL,

38-8

Vector

analysis equations, 47-35-37

generation, definition of, 20-11

impedance analyzer, 12-11, 12-13

multiplication, distributive law for,

47-35

triple product, 47-35

Vehicle motion, effect

mobile

communications, 46-8

Vehicles, typical, vibration, 49-25

Velocity(ies)

displacement, and acceleration

error constant, unity feedback,

phasor, sound wave, 40-3

of sound

gases, 40-34

sound, in liquids, 40-4-5

various metals, 4-33

wind, pressure

steel tower, 49-22

magnitudes, 49-23

15-11

Vertical redundancy check, 26-15

Vertical resolution, television,

Very-High-speed

DSL,

38-8

Very low frequencies, propagation

of,

Very-small-aperture terminal

See

VSAT

Vestigial sideband, amplitude

VFB,

definition of, 20-1 1

V,,,

definition of, 20-1 1

V,,,

definition of, 20-1

VHF omnidirectional range, 37-4

VHPIC, definition of, 20-1

VHSIC, definition of, 20-1

Vibration

35-35-36

33-3

modulation, 23-4

damping, reduction, 49-24

natural frequency, 49-24

and shock isolation, 49-22-26

Vibration-cont

tests, 5-6, 5-7

typical vehicles, 49-25

Vibratory forces, resonance, 49-24

Video

disk recordings, 35-33-34

recordings, recommended practices,

tape

35-32-33

formats, 35-29-30

standads, 35-30-32

Vidicons, 16-53-54

VIR signal, TV, 35-13

Visible light spectrum, 21-2

Visual power, maximum, TV

broadcasting, 35-1

Viterbi algorithm, 25-16

VLSI, definition of, 20-1

Voice of America, 35-24

Volt, 3-3

Voltage

per meter, 3-3

breakdown, spark-gap, 49-3

clamps, 14-32, 14-34

current, relationship, 16-12

doublers, 14-13

cascade, 14-13, 14-16

conventional, 14-13,14-16

equations, transmission lines,

-mode control, 14-35-36

multiplication, 14-13

multipliers, single-phase, 14-13

power transistor, breakdown

sustaining, 14-5

rating

29-5-6

components, 5-4

rectifiers, 14-3

reference,

IC,

20-43,20-45

reflection coefficient, transmission

regulators

lines, 29-8-10

ac, 14-46

ferroresonant, 13- 10-1

gas tube, 16-43

linear transistor, 14-18-19

IC, 20-45

saturation, power transistor, 14-5

snubbers, 14-32

standards, TTL, 20-34

-tuned crossed-field oscillator,

-tuned magnetron, 16-36-37

variable capacitor, 18-12, 18-13

Voltampere

rating, transformer, 13-5-7

Volume

clutter equation, radar, 36-8-9

Volume,

gram

atomic, 4-3,4-4,4-6

VSAT, 27-4

V,,

definition of, 20-1 1

V, (V,,),

definition of, 20-1 1

V,,,

definition of, 20-11

V,,,

definition of, 20-1

16-36-37

VOR, 37-4

network configuration, 27-29-3

definition of, 20-11

Wafer flat, definition of, 20-1

Wafer stepper, definition of, 20-1 1

Wagner ground connection, 12-3

Walls, sound isolation, 40-19,

40-20-21

Water cooling, electron tube, 16-16

Watt, 3-3

WAAS, 37-8

per meter kelvin, 3-3

per square meter, 3-3

per square meter steradian, 3-3

per steradian, 3-3

Wattage rating, resistors, 5-9

Wave

equation, 40-3

propagation

above 30 MHz, 33-13-29

HF,

33-6-12

LF,

33-3-6

MF,

33-3-6

VLF,

33-3

Stokes, 41-19

transmission, hops, 33-8

channels, 25-19

modulated, analytic signal

periodic

Waveform(s)

representation of, 23-3

average power, 7-8

and Fourier series, 7-11-13

Waveguide(s)

attenuation in, beyond cutoff, 30-7

bolt torque, 30-16-17

cavity, simple, 30-24

circuit elements, 30-18-19

circular, 30-5-6

current and voltage not normalized,

dielectric-rod, 30-26-27

dispersion, 22-22-24

fiber, transmission, 22-19-26

flange

31-9

insertion loss, 30-17

leakage, 30-16

resistance, 30-16-17

flexible, 30-8,30-14-15

hybrid junctions, 30-19-20

losses, 30-14,30-16-18

material and modes, 30-14,30-16

net power flow, 31-9

normalized

and noise temperature, 30-17-18

current and voltage, 31-9

impedance and admittance, 3 1-9

power flow, 31-2

propagation of electromagnetic

rectangular, 30-3-4

reflection coefficient, 3 1-2

ridged, 30-8-13

square, 30-7

waves

in,

30-3

slots, 32-20-21

standard, 30-7,30-10-11

Wavelength(

division multiplexing

(WDM),

division optical network, 26-34

-frequency, conversions, 1-2

optical spectrum, 21-2

optical. interaction with matter,

plane, 40-3

sound,

theory

of, 40-3-5

spherical, 40-3

TE,

30-3

TEM, 30-3

26-35

Waves

2 1-9-1

Wayne-Kerr bridge, 12-10-1 1

Weather data, 49-3-5

Weather radar equation, 36-9

Weather radars, 36-16

Weather, space, 1-155

Weber, 3-3

Wedge frustrum, equations for, 47-6

Weighting factor, psophometric, 2-5

Weilbull analysis, 45-22-23

Weilbull distribution, 45-1

Wet etching, ICs, 20-19

Wheatstone bridge, 12-3

Wide Area Augmentation Service, 37

Wide area networks, high speed,

Wideband transformers, 13-15-17

26-36-39

core material, 13-15

design example, 13-15-16

high frequency, 13-16-17

Wien bridge, 12-4

oscillator, 19-25

Wien’s displacement law, 21-3,21-6

Wind

velocities and pressure,

steel

velocity extremes, 49-5

methods, transformers, 13-9-10

resistance loss, inductors, 13-27

towers, 49-22

Winding

Windowing,

FFT,

28-1

Wire

applications and insulations, NEC,

color coding, 49-17

identification, 49-16-17

insulating coatings, comparison of,

magnet, 6-3-4

size, power transformer,

tables

telephone, 38-11

Wireless access, 38-6

Wirewound resistors, 5-11-12, 5-15

Wiring

49-12

13-12

determining, 13-6

power transformer design, 13-8

diagrams, 49-26

electronic equipment, 49-12,

49-14-15,49-16

power supply, 49-11-12

temperature conditions, 49-16

Word, definition of, 20-11

Word error, probability of, 22-4

Workplace-industrial

noise,

assessment

World

of, 40-12

rain-rate climate regions, 33-20,

33-22

temperatures, 49-4

time chart, 49-5,49-7

time

zones,

1-144, 1-145

World Administrative Radio

Write

Conferences (WARC), 35-26

enable, definition of, 20-1

time, definition of, 20-1 1

WWV and

WWVH,

1-148-157

accuracy, 1-149

audio signals by telephone, 1-157

BCD

time code, 1-152-154

broadcast schedule, 1

149-1 50

facilities and services, 1-149-151

geophysical alerts, 1-1 55-156

global positioning system.

leap seconds, 1-154

marine storm warnings, 1-156

official announcements, 1-155-157

-8

services provided, 1-149-151

silent periods, 1-152

stability. 1-149

standard audic frequencies.

standard time intervals, 1-151

time announcements, 1-151

time code format, 1-152

UT1 time corrections, 1-154

WWVB,

1-157-162

accuracy, 1-157

Global Positioning System (GPS),

Internet time signals, 1-158, 1-160

stability, 1-157

station identification, 1-157

telephone time signals, 1-158, 1-160

time code, 1-157-158

1-156-157

1-151-152

160-1 62

Wye rectifier, 14-13

X-21, CCITT recommendation,

26-28-29

Xenon, 4-6-7,4-10-11

XOR

gate, definition of, 20-6

Y-A transformation, network, 6-15-16

Yagi-Uda antenna, 32-2428

Yard, 3-17

Year,

3-17

Yield, definition of, 20-11

Yield, IC fabrication process, 20-23,

20-26

Ytterbium, 4-6-7,4-10-11

Yttrium, 4-6-7,4-10-11

INDEX

z-domain transfer functions, SC,

10-39-40

z-transfer function,

16-1 7

z-transform, 15-16, 15-17

Z-transform, 28-3-5

z-transformation, bilinear, 28-14

Z, maximum available power,

P,O,

Zener, definition

of,

20-

Zener diodes, 14-4-5, 18-12-13

Zener effect, 18-11

Zero

definition of, 12-25

padding,

FFT,

28-1

relative level points, CCITT and

CCIR recommendations,

transmission-level points, 2-34

2-3-4

Zero placement formulas, 10-43

Zinc, 4-6-7,4-10-11

Zirconium, 4-6-7,4-10-11

ZMR,

20-103

Zone coverage, spacecraft antennas,

Zones

27-32

Fresnel, 33-16-17

television broadcasting, 35-1

time, world, 1-144, 1-145