McKinney J.D., Warnick C.C. Microhydropower Handbook Volume 1

* ,

In.BLF 3-2. [Continued)

- .--__~ --

__

-_ .--- --- --- ----.

Grqanization

Gude

--___

USGS

uses

USGS

iEccss

USGS

USNWS

USBPA

USEPA

USFS

usrs

USFb

USFS

::s:s

Organization

Station Number

01090500

nln907un

o1oYoeno

0109100ll

010G1500

01091’)50

DlOY2OUO

01093500

01093610

n1093800

01093900

01093910

01094000

0109400G

01094008

01094010

01094020

0109~:040

~01094U50

01094160

01096502

01096506

01096507

01096508

01096510

01096520

01096530

2-5702-N

_..~

44386000NEEDED

44389000NEEDEO

44390000NEEDEO

44391000NEEDED

12409000

540112

543182

21001212

21014206

21014304

,71016201

21016204

‘1017106

..?I;! 100 1 1 1 1

6210012D9

621on1210

:r2:00:2:2

-.

Station Name and Localion

Merrimack River at Manchester, NH

Fverett Lake Near East Weare, NH

Piscataquog Rivor BL Everett Dam, NR E Wearo

S Branch Plscataquog River Near Cufftown. N

Piscataquog River Near Cuffstown, NH

Bowman Urook Tributary Near Bedfore, NII

Merrimack R Nr Coffs Falls, Below Manchester

Messabesic Lake Near Manchester, NH

Merrimack River Tributary Near Merrimack, NH

Stony Brook Tributary Near Temple, NH

Tucker Brook Near Wi I ton, NH

Iucker Drook Near Mi Iford. NH

Souhegan River at Merrimack, NH

McQuade Brvok Near Bedford, NH

babousic Brook at Merrimack, NH

Muticook Brook Noar South Merrimack, NH

Matlcook Brook Near Merrimack, NH

Chase Brook Near Hudson Center, NH

Chase Brook Near Litchfield, NH

Pennichuck Brook Near Nashua, NH

Nissitissit Brook Near Hollis, NH

Nashua River Near Hollls, NH

Nashua River at Nashua, NH

Merrimack River at Nashua. NH

Merrimack River Tributary-at Hudson Center,

Old Maids Brrok Near Nashua, NH

Musquash Brook Tributary Near Hudson, NH

Nashua NH On Merrimack R

MacDowel I Dam NH

Amoskeag Dam NH

Baboosic BK at Merrimack NH

Merrimack R at Nashua NH

Colvi I le R at Kettle Fal Is WA

WPSS Northport Washington

Columnbia R, at Northport WA

East Fork Cedar Creek

Pierre Creek

Piarre Lake

Cot tonwood Creek

North Fork Cheuelah Creek

Lake Gi I lette Swim Area

Si lver Creek

Meadow Creek

smackout Creek

East Fork Cedar Creek

SW

Begin

Year

1924

1962

1963

1940

1936

1967

1936

1941

1967

1963

%::

1909

1911

:;:f:

:;i::

19G4

:;t:

1973

:;;I:

1934

:;i::

:;;;

1978

1981

1979

1970

1940

i

1978

Y

1969

N

1967

N

1973 Y

1;:; T

1979

1910

1972 Y

1973 1972 ;

1972 Y

1969

1973

1963

Camp 1 ete

rlow

E

1

:

*

1

E

.

4

.

TABLE 3-2.

(Continued)

Organization Organization

Code Sta t ion Number

usrs

621016105

USFS

621016201

usrs

621016202

USFS

621016203

USFS

621016204

USFS

621017102

USFS

621017103

USFS

621017104

USFS 621017106

USFS 621017206

USFS .

621017207

usrs

621017208

USFS

621017213

USGS

12399500

USGS

12399510

USGS

12399600

USGS

12399000PlANNEO

USGS 12399800

USGS

12400000

USGS

12400500

USGS 12400520

USGS 12404860

USGS 12406000

USGS 12406500

USGS 12407000

USGS 12407500

USGS

1240752D

uses

12407530

USGS 12407550

USGS

12407600

IJSGS

12407680

USGS

12407680PLANNE0

USGS

12407700

USGS 12408000

USGS

12408195

USGS 12408200

USGS

12408205

USGS

12408210

USGS 12408214

USGS 12408216

USGS 12408300

USGS

1240B300PLANNCD

USGS 124ua4nu

USGS 124na410

USGS 12408420

Station Nnme and Location

Addy Crook

Cottomwood Creek

Sixmi le Creek

South Fork Chewelah Creek

North Fork Chewelah Creek

Lake Thomas Campground

Gi I lette Recreation Area

Lake Thomas

Lake Gi I lette

Deer Creek

South Fork Mi I I Creek

Middle Fork Mi I I Creek

North MI I I Creek

Columbia River at International Boundary

Columbia R Auxil at lnterna Bndry, Wash.

Deep Creek Near Northport, Wash.

FY76 Change Operation OWDC32842 To

Deep C NR Northport WA

Sheep Creek NR Velvet Wash

Sheep Creek Near Northport, Wash.

Columbia River at Northport. Wash.

Pierre Lake Near Orient

Oeer Lake Near Loon Lake, Wash.

Look LK NR Looon Lake Wash

Sheep Cr at Loon Lake Wash

Sheep Creek at Springdale, Wash.

Deer Creek Near Vnl ley, Wash.

Jumpoff Joe Lake Near VAI ley, Wash.

Waitis Lake Near Valley, Wash.

Thmason Creek Near Chewelah, Wash.

Colvi I le R at Chewelah, Wash

Colvi Ile R at Chewelah, Wah

Chewelah Creek a’t Chewelah, Wash.

Colville River at Blue Creek, Wash.

Leo Lake Near Tiger

Patchen (Bighorn) C Nr Tiger, Wash.

Heritage Lake Near Tiger

Thomas Lake Near Tiger

Gi I lette Lake Neal; Tiger

Sherry Lake Near Tiger

Little Pend Orei lie River Near Colvi Ile, was

FY76 Change Operation OwDC01562 to

Narcisse Creek Near Colvil le, Wash.

Little Pend Orei ile R at Arden, Wash

Hal ler C Nr Arden Wash

SW

Begin End

Interrupted Comp I e te

Active

Year Year

Record

Flow Status

1093

1942

:;;:

1972

1929

Y

1976 N

1932

Y

1948

Y

1952

1950

1952

1959

1961

1953

1978

Fi

:;5: . y

ii

1975

Y

1975

Y

1973

1956

1921

1953

1961

1974

c?

1973

1966

1946

1976

1953

195?

1976 N

1973

Y

4

1

2

TABLE 3-2.

(Cant i nucd)

Orqanization

Coda

USGS

IJSGS

USGS

WA00 1

WA001

WA00 1

WAVO 1

wmv1

WAOVl

WA00 1

WA013

Organization

SLation Number

17~108~4~10

12'108500

1 Z’iO87VO

12r1090VO

1214

10600

12~110650

12429800

12433100

12J133200

If 1058000NEEOED

4 1059000NEEOED

~11060000NEEDED

4lV6lOOVNEEOED

~~7Vl21117062501

5wKJ7V

54AO09

5’1Al20

51lA130

G&v.iiii

61AO70

Station- and Location

White Mud LK Nr Colvi I lo WA

Mill Creek Near Colville, Wash.

Mi I I Cr at Mouth’ NR Colvi I le Wash

Colville River at Kettle Falls, Wash.

SnuLh

Fork

Harvey Creek Nt? Cedonia, Wash.

North Fork Ilarvey Creek NR Cedonia, Wash.

Mud Creek Near Veet Park, Wash.

Charnokane Creek Near Springdale, Wash.

Chamokane CR Below Falls Near Long Lake, was

Crollse C WA

Naroisse Creek WA

Mngcx C NJ7 Da isy WA ’

HunLors C NR Hunter WA

Spokane River at Long Lnke

Spokane R 2 M Below Ninemile Dam

Spokane R at Riverside State FK

Spokane R at Fort Wright Rridge

Colville River at KetLle Falls

Colvi I le River at Blue Crock

Colvi I Ie River at Chewelah

Kottlc River Near Barstow

Columbia R at Northport

Little Falls Power Station

SW

Begin

vear_

1961

1939

1959

1921

1953

$3

1970

1979

1980

1900

1980

Interrupted

Record

1966

1965

r:

N

1973

:;;i

Y

i

N

Cnmp I o te

l-low

1

2

1

SW

Active

stil l.llS

N

Y

N

Y

I:

F:

N

Y

::

Y

.

I

The current status of the gage

Y

= active

n = not active.

s

Remember that the gage selected must be active (Status Category y) and

must have a daily year round flow record (Measurement Category 1).

When you receive the NAWDEX, look f.or the gage closest to your site on

your stream that has a daily reading and is currently operating.

If the

gage belongs to an agency other than USGS, contact that agency, reference

the gage number,

and inquire if they have

"developed a flow duration curve

or calculated exceedance values from their data."

If they have, request a

copy of the information,

and have it available for future reference in

Subsections 3.3.3.3 and 3.5.

The second item requested from the USGS is an A9-69 printout. The .

A9-69 program is a statistical analysis of the daily.flow data. Your

request must specifically ask for the "Duration Analysis." None of the

other information availible from A9-69 is needed for the handbook method of

flow projections.

Table 3-3 is an example of a duration table. The item

of interest is the last column in the table,

"Value Exceeded 'P' Percent of

Time."

These values will be uied in Subsection 3.3.3.3 to develop a flow

duration curve from the exceedance values.

3.3.3 Stream Flow Correlation

The next step is to correlate stream flow at the selected site to the

flow reading at an existing gage.

Two methods of doing this are used. The

first, called "Flow Measurement Correlation," involves measuring flow at

the proposed site,

correlating the measured flow to flow data from a nearby

3

age, creating a flow duration curve from the gage data, and then modifying

the flow scale of the curve to adjust to the flow measured at the proposed

site.

This'method is discussed in this subsection.

3-21

).

__.- .^___. _

The second method, called "Rainfall Runoff Correlation," which snould

require less t'ine,

involves using a map that shows geographic ;roir~~: ,dilefc

equal amounts of precipitation occur (called an isohyetgraph), determining

the drainage basin area and the runnoff coefficient, creating a flow dura-

tion curve from the known gage data,

and correlating this to the

calculated

average runoff or stream flow at the site.

This method is discussed in

Appendix A-3,

3.3.3.1 Flow Measurement.

Most developers do not have flow data for

their site.

In fact, many have only a rough estimate of the present flow.

Therefore, since the flow at the proposed site must be measured for the

flow measurement correlation,

the next step is to make this measurement.

The measured flow can then be compared with the nearest gaging station that

has exceedance data available and from which current daily flow readings

can be received.

Flow should be measured accurately as close as possible to the pro-

posed intake structure location. For existing dams, the flow can be mea-

sured just downstream or over the spillway.

Collect four or more days of

record, representing different flows.

To get different flows, the days

should not be consecutive.

Disregard days with similar flows and unusually

high-flow days that are a direct result of a local heavy storm in the drain-

age area of the site or of the gage with which the site is being compared

For each day in which measurements are taken, make a minimum of six measure-

ments during the 24-hour period to ensure that average flow for the day is

found.

Calculate the average as follows:

Q

=

4, + Qi + Q, + 9, + 4, + Q,

avg

6

where

Q

avg

=

average of measurements made

Q, to

Q,

=

individual flow measurements

6

=

number of flow measurements.

3-22

(3-Zj

TABLE 3-3.

STATION NUMBER 124085DD--DURATION TABLE OF UAILY VALUES FOR YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 30

Discharge-(CFS)

Men

II

Mi I I Creek Near Colvi t le, Wash.

Class,

Value

lotal

0

0. II

0

: 4.0 4, I 4;

3 5.4

.

105

4 6.3 265

2 ~~: 692 345

li 11.0 9:9 1349 421

9 13.0 1938

i'1'

18.0 16.0 945 830

Accum

12784

12775

12732

12627

12362

12017

11325

Perct

100.0

1UO.O

99.9

99.6

98.8

96.7

94.0

88.6

10904 85.3

955 74.7

7617

6787 K .

VALUE EXCEEDED ’ P’ PERCENT OF Tt ME

v95

=

v90 =

:-:

v75 =

13:o

v70 = 14.0

v50 = 19.0

v25 =

50.0

VlO =

130.0

Class

12

13

1 4

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

z:

Va I ue

21 .I)

2J+.0

28.0

33.0

38.u

45.0

52.0

60.0

70.0

81.0

95.0

110.0

I Tota

630

552

1' 3 5

367

42 1

348

320

355

335

273

244

323

Accun

5842

5212

4600

4225

3858

3497

3089

2769

2414

2079

1806

1562

Perct

-

45.7

'IO. 8

36.5

33.0

30.2

26.9

24.2

21.7

18.9

16.3

14.1

12.2

class

---

711

25

26

27

28

?9

:':

::

34

Va t ue

130.1'1

150.0

1 71) . 0

200.0

230.0

270.0

320.0

370.0

4 3u . 0

500.0

580.0

Total

266

175

231

163

14 1

109

76

86

21

10

1

Accum

1239

973

790

567

404

263

154

78

32

11

1

Perct

-___

z

6:2

4. 4

3.1

2 . 0

1.2

.6

.2

i

q,.

:

-.

.

Three methods of flow measurement are presented below. Select the o:!l:

that best fits the site where flow is to be measured. Each method gather:

raw data that must be converted into cfs. A suggested form for recordins

daily cfs flow values is shown in Figure 3-5. Extra copies of the form are

provided in Appendix 1.

To ensure a good correlation between the measured

flow and a local gage reading, make a second series of flow measurements a

month or two after the first series.

3.3.3.1.1 Container Method--The container method is suitable

when the total flow can be diverted into a container of known size.

This

method can be used at small springs or streams, at dams that discharge

through a pipe,

and at industrial or domestic water discharges.

The

container must be big enough to measure all the flow even during high-flow

periods.

FLOW MEASUREMENT TABLE

.

Figure 3-5. Flow measurement table.

3-24

I

I”

The method is simple.

Discharge all the water through a pipe or simi-

lar device into a known volume,

and record the time required to fill the

container (Figure 3-6).

From the volume and time, flow can be converted to

. cfs.

i

EXAMPLE: Assume that the 55-gallon drum shown in Figure 3-6 is filled

in 1 minute and 14 seconds.

Calculate the flow.

From conversion tables:

7.481 gallons (gal) = 1 cubic foot (ft3)

1 minute (min) = 60 seconds (set)

INEL 2

1266

Figure 3-6. Measuring flow by the container method.

3-25

;,-,

_;

-... -.., - .-.....~.-._.. -

.- ..___.__

Volume in ft3:

1 ft3

55 ga' ' 7.481 gal

= 7.35 ft3 in the barrel .

Time in seconds:

60 set

1 min x min

+ 14 set = 74 set .

From Equation (Z-3):

Volume

Flow = mime

= v = 7.35 ft3 = 0 10 cfs

Q t

74 set .

*

(NOTE: This flow would require a very large head to produce any

significant power.)

Record this flow on the daily flow table (Figure 3-5).

3.3.3.1.2 Weir Method--A weir is a rectangular notch in a dam

or rimilar structure forming a spillway that functions as a water meter.

Once

installed, a simple depth measurement can be accurately converted into

flow. The method is practical for smaller streams where a temporary dam

can be constructed.

It can also be used on smaller existing dams where the

water is continuously discharged over the spillway.

The weir can be an

integral part of a temporary dam constructed of tongue-and-groove lumber,

or it can be a removable gate type made of metal plate.

The downstream

face.of the weir must be beveled at least 45 degrees, and the bottom must

be level when installed.

The sides should also be beveled and should be it:

right angles (90 degrees) to the bottom,

If the weir is constructed of

wood, leave a l/8-inch lip on the upstream face to prevent the wood from

chipping (Figure 3-7).

3-26

Width of the opening

ON) is at least 3 times

the depth W = 3 x D

Depth of the opening (0)

A

118 in. -

Upstream

face

I--

45’ bevel

Flow

*

Upstream

face

45” bevel

cut

. c

Metal plate

Cut away section A-A

J

INEL 2 1254

Figure 3-7.

Weir details.

The type of temporary dam depends on the sire of the stream and the

required height of the dam.

Suggestions for two dams are offered below:

tongue-and-groove lumber for very small streams (Figure 3-8), and log crib

for small streams (Figure 3-9).

Before building a dam,

determine the size of the weir. To do this,

select a convenient location along the stream to construct the dam. At

that location, measure the deepest point in the natural stream bed.

If the

3-27

McKinney J.D., Warnick C.C. Microhydropower Handbook Volume 1

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