Maurer John H. (Edit.) Churchill and the Strategic Dilemmas before the World Wars: Essays in Honor of Michael I. Handel

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CHURCHILL AND STRATEGIC

DILEMMAS BEFORE THE WORLD WARS

CHURCHILL and

STRATEGIC DILEMMAS

before the WORLD WARS

Essays in Honor of Michael I.Handel

Editor

JOHN H.MAURER

US Naval War College

FRANK CASS

LONDON • PORTLAND, OR

First published in 2003 in Great Britain by

FRANK CASS PUBLISHERS

Crown House, 47 Chase Side, Southgate

London N14 5BP

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005.

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and in the United States of America by

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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Churchill and strategic dilemmas before the world wars:

essays in honor of Michael I. Handel

1. Churchill, Winston, Sir, 1874–1965—Views on military strategy—Congresses.

2. Churchill, Winston, Sir, 1874–1965—Views on Germany—Congresses 3.

Churchill, Winston, Sir, 1874–1965—Views on Japan—Congresses 4. Churchill,

Winston, Sir, 1874–1965—Views on technology and war—Congresses 5. Great

Britain—Foreign relations—Germany Congresses 6. Germany—Foreign relations

—Germany Congresses 6. Germany—Foreign relations—Great Britain

— Congresses 7. Great Britain—Foreign relations—Japan—Congresses 8. Japan

— Foreign relations—Great Britain—Congresses 9. Great Britain—Foreign relations

—1901–1936—Congresses 10. Great Britain—Foreign relations—1936–1945

— Congresses I. Maurer, John H. II. Handel, Michael I. 327.4′ 1043′092

ISBN 0-203-00916-9 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN 0-7146-5468-X (cloth)

ISBN 0-7146-8374-4 (paper)

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Churchill and strategic dilemmas before the World Wars: essays in honor of

Michael I.

Handel/editor, John H.Maurer.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-7146-5468-X (cloth)—ISBN 0-7146-8374-4 (paper)

1. Great Britain—Military policy. 2. Great Britain—Foreign relations—20th

century.

History—20th century. 5. National security—Great Britain—History—20th

century.

I.Handel, Michael I. II. Maurer, John H.

UA647.C564 2003

355′.033541′09041–dc21

2003051450

into aretrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,

mechanical, photocopying,recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of

the publisher of this book.

3. Churchill, Winston, Sir, 1874–1965—Contributions in strategy. 4. Strategy—

Contents

Notes on Contributors vii

Acknowledgements ix

Introduction 1

1. The ‘Ever-Present Danger’: Winston Churchill’s

Assessment of the German Naval Challenge before the First

World War

John H.Maurer

2. Winston Churchill, Pacific Security, and the Limits of British

Power, 1921–41

Christopher M.Bell

3. The Limitations of the Politician-Strategist: Winston

Churchill and the German Threat, 1933–39

B.J.C.McKercher

4. Churchill and Technology

David Jablonsky

122

Index 161

Notes on Contributors

Christopher M.Bell is an associate professor of history at Dalhousie

University, Halifax, Nova Scotia. He is the author of The Royal Navy,

Seapower and Strategy Between the Wars (2000) and co-editor of Naval

Mutinies of the Twentieth Century: An International Perspective (Frank

Cass, 2003). He has written articles on British strategy and war plans,

and is currently working on a book on Winston Churchill and British

sea power.

David Jablonsky (Colonel, Infantry, ret.) is the professor of national

security affairs in the Department of National Security and Strategy at

the US Army War College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania. A graduate of

Dartmouth College and the US Army War College, he received a MA

from Boston University in international relations, and holds M A and

PhD degrees in European history from Kansas University. He has held

the Elihu Root Chair of Strategy and the George C.Marshall Chair of

Military Studies at the Army War College, and currently holds the

Dwight D.Eisenhower Chair of National Security Studies. He is the

author of five books dealing with European history and international

relations.

Brian McKercher is professor of history, Royal Military College of

Canada. He is the author of The Second Baldwin Government and the

United States, 1924–1929: Attitudes and Diplomacy (1984), Esme Howard: A

Diplomatic Biography (1989), and Transition of Power: Britain’s Loss of

Global Pre-eminence to the United States, 1930–1945 (1999). In addition to

being the author of numerous articles, he has edited (with L.Aronsen)

The North Atlantic Triangle in a Changing World: Anglo-American-

Canadian Relations, 1903–1956 (1996), (with Michael Dockrill) Diplomacy

and World Power: Studies in British Foreign Policy, 1890–1951 (1996),

Anglo-American Relations in the 1920s: The Struggle for Supremacy (1991),

and Arms Limitation and Disarmament, 1899–1939 (1992). With Keith

Neilson, he is the general editor of the Praeger Series on Foreign Policy

in the Interwar Period; he is also general editor of the Praeger Series on

Diplomacy and Strategic Thought.

John H.Maurer is professor of policy and strategy at the US Naval War

College in Newport, Rhode Island. He is the author of The Outbreak of

the First World War (1996), and has published books about great-power

military interventions in the developing world and naval arms control

between the two world wars. He is also associate editor of the journal

Diplomacy & Statecraft. Before joining the faculty of the Naval War

College, he served as executive editor of Orbis: A Journal of World Affairs

and held the position of senior research fellow at the Foreign Policy

Research Institute. He is currently writing a book on Winston

Churchill and Great Britain’s decline as a world power.

viii

Acknowledgements

The essays in this volume were written for an international strategy

conference held in honor of the late Michael I. Handel during November

2001, at the United States Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island.

Michael Handel taught during the last decade of his life in the Naval War

College’s Strategy and Policy Department. He was our esteemed

colleague and close friend. When Michael discovered in early 2001 that

he was seriously ill and had only a short time to live, we wanted to find

some way to express our admiration for his life’s work and our gratitude

to him for the way he enriched our lives. One of the traditional ways to

honor a distinguished scholar, of course, is for his colleagues and

students to join together in presenting him with a book of essays. We

thought that this tribute would be a fitting way for our department to

honor Michael, who has made such a valuable contribution to the study

of strategy through his writings, lectures, teaching, and conferences.

When we approached Michael about our plans, he embraced the entire

project, and during his final illness played a major role in organizing the

effort. Michael liked to encourage the study of strategy by bringing

together scholars for gatherings marked by the lively exchange of ideas.

His whole-hearted enthusiasm for this project was a tonic for those of us

who deeply admired his work and would soon mourn his passing. The

conference and this volume, by his involvement in their conception, bear

Michael’s direct imprint. Our first debt in producing this volume, then, is

to Michael Handel himself, whose teaching, scholarship, and intellectual

rigor provided a model to us all.

At the Naval War College, the administration gave their complete

support to Michael and us in carrying out this enterprise. The then Dean

of Academics, Charles P.Neimeyer, the then Provost, Rear Admiral (ret.)

Barbara McGann, and the President of the Naval War College

Foundation, Rear Admiral (ret.) Joseph C.Strasser, provided generous

funding and administrative support for the conference. Later, Alberto

Coll, Dean of the Naval War College’s Center for Naval Warfare Studies,

gave additional funding, without which the conference could not have

taken place. Michael’s friend, Mary Estabrooks, working in the office of