Maurer John H. (Edit.) Churchill and the Strategic Dilemmas before the World Wars: Essays in Honor of Michael I. Handel

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collaboration began to fray as the Americans became less forthcoming,

operating on the principle that only atomic information helpful to winning

the war should be released to Britain. On 10 August 1943, Roosevelt and

Churchill signed an agreement in which all British rights in post-war

atomic industrial and commercial developments were surrendered to the

United States, Ibid., pp. 86–8.

123 Quoted in Gilbert, WSC, vol. VII, p. 776. For an exoneration of charges later

made in a BBC broadcast that Churchill’s intentions for the development of

the N-bombs went beyond just deterrence, see Appendix 8, ‘Churchill and

Biological Warfare, 1944’, in Julian Lewis, Changing Direction: British

Military Planning for Post-War Strategic Defence, 1942–1947 (London:

Sherwood Press, 1988), pp. 388–405. In any event, judging by the protracted

and heated arguments on ‘Window’, there would have been even more

extreme debate before crossing the biological warfare threshold.

124 Quoted in Gilbert, WSC, vol. VII, pp. 840–1.

125 Quoted in ibid., p. 865. The subject of using poison gas either for

technological surprise or as a deterrent was not raised again, even when the

V-2 attacks began.

160 CHURCHILL AND STRATEGIC DILEMMAS BEFORE THE WORLD WARS

Index

A22 (Churchill) tank, 144

Abyssinia, 88, 99, 100, 102, 103, 105,

108

Aden, 50, 53

Admiralty, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60,

61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 74, 75, 76, 135,

138, 155n87;

Churchill as First Lord of, 2, 6, 10–44,

69–70, 109, 135, 137, 138, 141;

Landships Committee, 138

ADR (CID Sub-Committee on Air

Defence Research), 99, 100

Agadir crisis, 6, 8, 10, 11

Air Defence Research Sub-Committee

(ADR), 99, 100

Air Parity Sub-Committee, 97

Air Staff, 145

Albania, 107

Anglo-German naval agreement

(1935), 98, 99

Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 51, 52

Anglo-Persian oil convention, 137–8

Asquith, H.H., 7, 10, 33, 35, 36, 45–7n38

Aswan Dam, 121, 147n2

Atlantic, 29, 108

Atlantic, Battle of the, 142

Atlantic Wall, 132

Australia, 51, 52, 54, 55–7, 68, 69, 70, 71,

72, 80, 99

Austria, 99, 105, 110

Axelrod, Robert, 15

Baldwin, Stanley, 4, 55, 59, 63, 65, 87,

88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94, 97, 98, 99, 100,

101, 103, 104, 109, 110

Balfour, Arthur J., 19–1

Balkans, 2, 37

Ballin, Albert, 16, 18, 31, 34, 35

Baltic Sea, 69, 102, 108

Bangalore, 123

Battenberg, Louis, Prince of, 31

Beatty, Admiral David, 57, 59–1, 61

Belgium, 8, 42, 52, 138

Berlin, 9, 11, 16, 17, 18, 19, 22, 24, 25, 27,

28, 31, 32, 34, 37, 42, 91, 94, 95, 103,

104, 109

Bethman Hollweg, Theobald von, 11–12,

18, 19, 24, 32, 37, 40, 42

Bikini, 129

Bletchley Park, 136

Blood, Sir Bindon, 122

Boer War, 122, 125

Bomber Command, 5, 134, 156n99

Bridgeman, Sir William, 60, 61, 63

Britain:

and Churchill’s attitude to

technology, 4, 5, 121–58;

and German naval challenge before

First World War, 2, 6–50;

and German threat 1933–39, 3–4,

87, 120;

and Japanese threat, 2–3, 50–87

Britain, Battle of, 142

British Army, 139, 155n92

Brooke-Popham, Sir Robert, 72, 77

Bruce, S.M., 69

Burgoyne, Alan, 20

Burma, 50;

Burma Road, 71

Butler, R.A., 72

161

Cabinet committees:

Anti-U-boat Warfare Committee,

142;

Sub-committee on Defence Policy

and Requirements (DPR), 98, 101

Cadogan, Sir Alexander, 105, 107

Cambrai, Battle of, 131, 152n54

Cambridge:

Churchill College, 129–30

Canada, 26, 77;

Canadian battalions, 78, 79

Cape Town, 76

Casey, Richard G., 69

Cassel, Sir Ernest, 16, 17, 30, 31, 34, 35,

Ceylon, 71, 72

Chamberlain, Austen, 56, 61, 82n38, 90,

93, 99

Chamberlain, Neville, 3, 4, 65, 66, 69,

87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 94, 95, 97, 98, 100,

101, 103, 104–6, 106, 107, 108, 109,

110

Channel, the, 10

Charmley, J., 50n114, 113n17

Chatfield, Captain Ernle, 60, 95

Chequers, 143

Cherwell, Professor F.A.Lindemann,

Viscount see Lindemann, Professor

F.A., later Viscount Cherwell (The

Prof.’)

Chiang Kai-shek, 71, 77

Chiefs of Staff (COS), 72, 73, 74, 77, 79,

90, 95, 98, 101, 104, 145

China, 52, 63, 64, 67, 68, 69, 71, 75,

83n56, 84n72, 104

Church of England, 103

Churchill, Sarah, 128

Churchill College, Cambridge, 129–30

Churchill tank (A22 tank), 144

CID (Committee of Imperial Defence),

53, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 92, 95, 100;

Defence Requirements Sub-

Committee see DRC;

Sub-Committee on Air Defence

Research (ADR), 99, 100;

Sub-Committee on Air Parity, 97

Clam magnetic mine, 143

Clausewitz, Carl von, x

Cold War, x, 13, 146

Colenso, Battle of, 125

Colombo, 53

Committee of Imperial Defence see CID

Commons, House of see House of

Commons

Concord, 124

Conservatives/Tories, 13, 14, 19–1, 21,

25, 36, 50n1 13, 54, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92,

97, 99, 104, 105, 107, 109

Cooper, Alfred Duff, 105, 106

Corbett, Sir Julian, x

COS see Chiefs of Staff

Crowe, Eyre, 28

Czechoslovakia, 105, 106, 107, 110

Dardanelles campaign, 1

Davidson, J.C.C., 62

Defence, Ministry of, 100

Defence Committee (Operations), 76

Defence Co-ordination, Minister of,

101

Defence Policy and Requirements

Committee (DPR), 98, 101

Defence Requirements Committee see

DRC

Depression, 93, 97, 110

Dervish tribesmen, 122, 123, 124

Deutsche Tageszeitung, 25

Diamond Hill, 125

Dickens, Charles, 121

Dill, General Sir John, 73, 79

Dogger Bank, Battle of the, 135, 153n73

DPR (Cabinet Sub-committee on

Defence Policy and Requirements),

98, 101

DRC (Defence Requirements

Committee), 65, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99,

104, 110, 115n46;

Interim Report (1935), 98;

Third Report, 98

Dreadnought battleships, 13, 23

Dual Alliance, 12

Dum-Dum bullets, 123, 147–8n9 and

n10

Dunkirk, 138

Dutch East Indies, 71

162 INDEX

East Asia, 2, 3, 52, 64

Eastern Front, 131

Eden, Anthony, 75, 76, 103, 105

Edward VIII, King, 103–5, 109

Egypt, 73

Ekstein, Michael, 37

Ellington, Air Chief-Marshal Sir

Edward, 95

Enchantress, 35, 154n79

Enigma, 135–6, 144

Far East, 50–87, 88, 95, 99, 103, 104, 108,

111

Field Force, 95, 98

Fiennes, Gerard, 20

Fighter Command, 134

First World War:

German naval challenge before, 2,

6–50;

use of technology in, 1, 5, 125–6,

127, 130–2, 133, 135, 137–40, 142,

145, 146

Fisher, Admiral Sir John (‘Jackie’), 12,

15, 20, 23, 45n38, 58

Fisher, Sir Norman Warren, 95, 98, 99

Fitzgerald, F.Scott, 125–6

Flandin, Étienne, 98

Fleet Air Arm, 98

Foch, Marshal, 132

Foreign Office, 26, 28–29, 30, 34, 35, 56,

58, 60, 61, 63, 65, 72, 75, 88, 90, 93, 95,

96, 98–99, 103, 105, 110

Fourth Army, 130

France, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 26, 27, 34,

41–3, 43, 52, 66, 71, 79, 94, 95, 99, 102,

103, 105, 106, 107, 109, 110, 111, 138

Franco-Soviet security pact (1935), 99

French Indo-China, 74

Frisian Islands, 132

Garvin, J.L., 20, 21, 100

GC & CS see Government Code and

Cipher School

General Strike (1926), 144

Geneva naval conference, 60

George V, King, 103

German Foreign Office, 31

German General Staff, 140

German Navy Office see Navy Office

Germany:

naval challenge before First World

War, 2, 6–50;

threat 1933–39, 87–120;

and use of technology, 5, 131, 132,

133, 134, 135, 136, 140, 141, 144;

other references, 1, 3, 4, 51, 62, 64–6, 66,

67, 69, 70, 72, 74, 79, 138

Ghandi, 125

Glasgow, 15, 18

Gorlice-Tarnow offensive, 131

Goschen, Sir (William) Edward, 25–7,

28, 32–4, 34, 35, 38, 49n95

Government Code and Cipher School

(GC & CS), 136

Great Depression, 93, 97, 110

Greece, 107

Grey, Sir Edward, 17, 25, 28, 29, 33, 34–

6, 37, 49n93

H-bomb, 129, 146, 151n43

Habbakuk, 144

Haig, Sir Douglas, 132, 139

Haldane, Lord, 17, 18, 19, 30, 31, 34, 37,

Halifax, Lord, 71, 105, 107

Hamburg-American Line, 16

Handel, Michael I., x–1, 5, 122, 132,

135, 157n103

Hankey, Sir Maurice, 95, 101, 102, 103

Henry, Prince, 31, 34, 49n95

Hermes, 138

Hindenburg-Ludendorff dictatorship,

140

Hitler, Adolf, 64, 66, 74, 88–89, 89–1,

91, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 103, 105,

106, 107, 109, 110

Hoare, Sir Samuel, 94, 98, 100, 103

Hong Kong, 56, 67, 69, 73, 77, 78, 108

House, Colonel Edward, 38

House of Commons, 17, 18, 22, 23, 41,

90, 96, 97, 99, 101, 103, 107, 109, 126,

129, 130, 144