Lloyd L. Handbook of Industrial Catalysts

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488

Index

247, 272, 277, 280, 283, 290, 304,

315, 316, 318, 320, 321, 323, 358,

360, 363, 364, 371, 373, 398, 406,

407, 409, 410, 418, 419, 422, 424,

425, 430, 431, 446, 456, 457, 468

Synthesis gas

alkalysed catalyst, 356, 364, 370,

392

carbon monoxide conversion,

352, 353, 357, 377, 379–385

catalyst suppliers, 355, 368, 387

desulphurization, 354, 356, 363

engineering contractors, 355

expansion 1940s, 55

high pressure process, 77

hydrocarbon reforming, 425

methane feed stock, 389

new catalysts, 77, 417

nitrates/coal, 261, 351, 353, 355,

356, 364, 369, 370, 377, 388,

391

plant capacity, 353, 356

synthesis gas developments, 63,

352–356

synthetic ammonia, 77

town gas process, 351, 358, 378,

388, 390–392

volatile silica, 354, 364, 370

Synthetic fibres

man made fibres, 283, 284

nylon/polyester, 283–296

production, 284

Synthetic rubber

Buna-S, 273

butadiene, 273–277, 279, 281

butene dehydrogenation,

275–277

catalysts, 263, 274–283

Dow catalyst, 276–280

GR-S rubber, 273, 277

Houdry catadiene process, 275,

277

Lebedev process, 274

neoprene, 273

oxidative dehydrogenation, 277

propane dehydrogenation, 274,

277

Rubber Reserve Company, 273,

275, 276, 279

Shell process catalysts, 276,

277, 279, 281

UOP process, 275, 277, 278, 281

Synthol process (Fischer–Tropsch),

63, 65–68, 149

Templates, zeolites, 188, 189, 195

Terephthalic acid

alternative production routes,

296

direct air oxidation, 294

methanol esterification, 294

mid century process, 294

paraxylene oxidation, 293–295

purification of acid, 294

Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA),

14, 16, 81, 83, 87

Thiophene (HDS), 222, 230, 358

Third generation

catalyst properties, 320, 322

magnesium chloride structure,

320

preparation, 158, 320, 321

two-electron donors, 321

Tin catalytic reforming, 247, 249,

251

Titania catalysts

Nox emissions, 446–449

489

Index

Town gas production

catalytic rich gas, 391, 392

conversion to natural gas, 392

cyclic reformers, 391, 392

domestic use, 391

ICI naphtha reforming, 392

substitute natural gas, 391

Triolefin process (Metathesis), 304

Ultrastable Y zeolite (USY)

FCC process, 175, 190, 208

Uranium antimony catalyst

acrylonitrile, 161

ammoxidation, 161

Vanadium catalysts

maleic anhydride, 144–146, 148,

150, 155

phthalic anhydride, 140–143, 155

sulphuric acid, 32, 34–37, 143,

448, 449

Vinyl chloride

balanced process, 269

catalyst operation

Deacon process, 270

mercuric chloride, 268, 269

Griesheim–Electron, 268

operation (1939–45), 269

oxychlorination

catalyst, 270–271

process, 269, 272, 273

process

acetylene/HCl, 268–270

ethylene/Cl

, 267–271

reactor design

fluid bed, 270–272

tubular, 271

Regnier/vinylchloride, 267

Volatile organic compounds

(VOCs)

catalytic oxidation, 440

classification, 465

government regulations, 439–440

operating experience, 467

oxidation catalysts, 465–468

removal processes, 465–467

source of VOCs, 466

thermal oxidation, 465–468

Wacker process, 303

Wagon wheels

steam reforming/new catalyst

shapes, 371

Water gas shift reaction

carbon monoxide removal, 112,

357, 375, 376, 385

development, 354, 356

high temperature shift

development since 1912, 376

operating conditions, 352,

378–379

production/composition, 377,

378

steam ratio, 367, 368, 377, 379

low temperature shift

benefits of copper catalyst,

432

catalyst

composition, 355, 384

poisons, 352, 380, 381, 383,

384

temperature profile, 381, 383,

385

development

reduction procedure, 324

490

Index

X ray diffraction (XRD), 14, 15, 47,

87, 186, 283, 434

X ray fluorescence (XRF), 14, 15

Xylenes

isomerization, 293, 294

oxidation, 120, 142–143,

292–295, 447, 467

Yield, 6, 7, 25, 32, 40, 46, 51, 55,

57, 59–61, 65, 88, 104, 120, 121,

131, 136, 137, 139, 141, 144, 145,

148, 150, 158, 159, 161, 177, 178,

180, 184, 189–193, 196, 197,

199, 200, 208, 211–213, 238,

242–248, 251, 254, 255, 257,

262, 265, 267–269, 273–275,

277, 279, 285, 291, 294, 295,

299, 306, 319, 323, 335

Zeolite catalysts

FCC catalyst composition, 188,

190

increased use of zeolites, 190–191

increased yields, 184, 189, 192

introduction, 172, 184

ion exchange/active sites,

189–190, 236, 451

Lowenstein’s rules, 186, 187

pentasils-ZSM, 187

rare earth, 175, 186, 189, 190,

199, 208

regular 3D structure, 185

REY catalysts

SiO

/Al

acidity, 186

sodalite/super cages, 185–187,

189

unit cell size (UCS), 186

Y zeolite structure, 185

Zeolites

acidity, 186, 187, 232, 293

activity, 6, 169, 173, 184,

189, 191, 202, 234, 293, 451

cracking catalysts, 10, 175,

190–192, 197, 235, 253

faujacite, 185

matrix, 6, 173, 175, 177, 184,

188, 189, 191–193, 199, 202,

203, 208

structures, 185, 202, 451, 462

synthesis, 183, 254

templates, 188, 189, 195

zeolites X,Y, 175, 182, 185–190,

192–196, 198, 235–237

ZSM-5, 187–189, 197, 198, 208,

254, 255, 451, 463

Ziegler brown Ticl

aluminium co-catalyst, 315

deashing, 316

preparation, 315

stereospecific, 315

Ziegler Natta catalysts

brown/violet Ticl

, 314–319

deashing, 314, 316, 318, 319

isotactic/atactic polymer, 314,

316–318, 321

molecular weight, 315, 319, 320

range of polymers, 319

supported titanium catalysts, 315

Zinc oxide catalysts

desulphurization, 354, 363

high pressure methanol, 85, 86,

421–423

low pressure methanol, 88, 425,

426, 431, 433

low temperature shift, 87, 384