Liu A.L., Tien H.T. Advances in Planar Lipid Bilayer and Liposomes. V.6
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
VOLUME SIX
ADVANCES IN PLANAR LIPID
BILAYERS AND LIPOSOMES
EDITORIAL BOARD
Professor Dr. Roland Benz (Wuerzburg, Germany)
Professor Hans G. L. Coster (Sydney, Australia)
Dr. Herve Duclohier (Rennes, France)
Dr. Yury A. Ermakov (Moscow, Russia)
Professor Alessandra Gliozzi (Genova, Italy)
Professor Dr. Ales
ˇ
Iglic
ˇ
(Ljubljana, Slovenia)
Dr. Bruce L. Kagan (Los Angeles, USA)
Professor Dr. Wolfgang Knoll (Mainz, Germany)
Professor Dr. Reinhard Lipowsky (Potsdam, Germany)
Dr. Gianfranco Menestrina (Povo, Italy)
Dr. Yoshinori Muto (Gifu, Japan)
Dr. Ian R. Peterson (Coventry, UK)
Professor Alexander G. Petrov (Sofia, Bulgaria)
Professor Jean-Marie Ruysschaert (Bruxelies, Belgium)
Dr. Bernhard Schuster (Vienna, Austria)
Dr. Masao Sugawara (Tokyo, Japan)
Professor Yoshio Umezawa (Tokyo, Japan)
Dr. Erkang Wang (Changchun, China)
Dr. Philip J. White (Wellesbourne, UK)
Professor Mathias Winterhalter (Bremen, Germany)
Professor Dixon J. Woodbury (Provo, USA)
VOLUME SIX
ADVANCES IN PLANAR
LIPID BILAYERS AND
LIPOSOMES
Editor
A. LEITMANNOVA LIU
Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing,
Michigan, USA
and
Centre for Interface Sciences, Microelectronics Department, Faculty of
Electrical Engineering & Information Technology, Slovak Technical
University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
Founding Editor
H.T. TIEN
Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing,
Michigan, USA
Amsterdam
Boston
Heidelberg
London
New York
Oxford
Paris
San Diego
San Francisco
Singapore
Sydney
Tokyo
Academic Press is an Imprint of Elsevier
ACADEMIC
PRESS
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
84 Theobald’s Road, London WC1X 8RR, UK
Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK
30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA
525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA
First edition 2008
Copyright r 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system
or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher
Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights
Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333;
email: permissions@elsevier.com. Alternatively you can submit your request online by
visiting the Elsevier web site at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting
Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material
Notice
No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons
or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use
or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material
herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent
verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made
ISBN-13: 978-0-12-373902-5
ISSN: 1554-4516
Printed and bound in USA
08 09 10 11 12 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
For information on all Academic Press publications
visit our website at books.elsevier.com
CONTENTS
Preface xi
Contributors xiii
1. Stabilization of Hydrophilic Pores in Charged Lipid Bilayers
by Anisotropic Membrane Inclusions
1
Ales
ˇ
Iglic
ˇ
, and Veronika Kralj-Iglic
ˇ
1. Introduction 2
2. Geometrical Model of Hydrophilic Pore 3
3. Free Energy of the System 4
4. Electrostatic Energy of the Pore 6
5. Free Energy of the Inclusions 10
6. Theoretical Predictions 14
6.1. Inclusion-Free Membrane 14
6.2. Influence of Anisotropic Intrinsic Shape of Membrane Inclusions 15
6.3. Influence of Salt Concentration (Ionic Stregth) 18
7. On the Role of Anisotropic Membrane Inclusions in Membrane
Electroporation-Experimental Consideration 19
8. Discussion and Conclusions 21
References 23
2. Rapid Purification and Reconstruction of Recombinant
Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels into Planar BLMs
27
Yan Li Zhang, Julie E. Dalziel, James Dunlop, and Angelica Leitmannova Liu
1. Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels 28
2. Algal Toxins that Modulate Sodium Channel Activity 29
3. Ion Channels in Bilayer Lipid Membrane Biosensors 30
4. Ion Channel Purification 31
4.1. Purification of Ion Channels for Reconstitution into pBLMs 31
4.2. Purification of Ion Channels using Immobilised Metal
Affinity Chromatography (IMAC) 31
4.3. Purification of VGSC for Reconstitution into pBLMs 32
5. Methods 33
5.1. Addition of His-Tag to hSkM1 33
5.2. VGSC Expression in Insect Cells 34
5.3. Purification of Recombinant VGSC using IMAC 35
6. Functional Reconstitution 39
6.1. Reconstitution of Ion Channels into Liposomes 39
6.2. Incorporation of Proteoliposomes into pBLMs 39
6.3. Orientation of Reconstituted hSkM1-HT Channels in pBLMs 40
6.4. Pharmacological Function of Reconstituted hSkM1-HT 40
v
7. Conclusion 43
Acknowledgements 44
References 44
3. Insights in the Organi zation and Dynamics of Erythrocyte Lipid Rafts 49
Ulrich Salzer, Ursula Hunger, and Rainer Prohaska
1. The Erythrocyte Membrane 51
2. Lipid Rafts 52
2.1. Lipid Phases in Model Membranes and Cell Membranes 52
2.2. Mutual Influence Between Lipid Phases and Proteins 53
2.3. Detergent-Resistant Membranes 55
2.4. Experimental Evidence for Lipid Rafts 55
2.5. A Revised Version of the Lipid Raft Hypothesis 56
3. DRMs of the Erythrocyte Membrane 57
3.1. Evidence for the Association of the Cytoskeleton with DRMs 58
3.2. The Erythrocyte Cytoskeleton – DRM Complex: Possible Connections 65
4. Exovesiculation of Erythrocytes 66
4.1. Cell Shape and Exovesiclulation 67
4.2. DRMs of Exovesicles 68
5. Lipid Rafts of Erythrocytes: Hypothetical Considerations 70
5.1. Rafts, Membrane Curvature and Vesiculation: Theoretical Considerations 72
5.2. Rafts and Erythrocyte Vesiculation 72
5.3. Rafts and Malarial Infection 74
6. Conclusions 75
References 75
4. Interactions of Erythroid and Nonerythroid Spectrins and
other Membrane-Skeletal Proteins with Lipid Mono- and Bilayers
81
Aleksander F. Sikorski, Aleksander Czogalla, Anita Hryniewicz-Jankowska,
Ewa Bok, Ewa Plaz
˙
uk, Witold Diakowski, Anna Chorzalska, Adam Kolondra,
Marek Langner, and Micha" Grzybek
1. Introduction 82
2. Spectrin-Based Membrane Skeleton 83
3. Interactions of Erythroid and Nonerythroid Spectrins with
Lipid Mono- and Bilayers and other Amphipathic Ligands 84
3.1. Interaction of Erythroid Spectrin with Phospholipid Mono-
and Bilayers, a Historical Perspective of Seventies and Early Eighties 84
3.2. Binding Lipid Mono- and Bilayers by Spectrins 86
3.3. Interactions of Erythroid and Nonerythroid Spectrins
with Monolayers Prepared from Anionic Phospholipids 88
3.4. Lipidic Spectrin-Binding Sites in Natural Membranes 88
3.5. Dependence of Spectrin-Binding on the Fluidity of the Mono- and Bilayers 88
3.6. Binding of Amphipatic Compounds by Spectrins 89
4. Spectrin–Lipid Interactions; a Molecular Approach 89
4.1. Lipid-Binding Sites in Spectrins 89
Contentsvi
4.2. Ankyrin-Dependent Lipid-Binding Site in b-Spectrins 91
4.3. Structure of Lipid-Binding Site of Ankyrin-Binding Domain 93
4.4. Possible Physiological Role of Spectrin–Phospholipid Interactions 94
5. Interactions of Other Skeletal Proteins with Membrane Mono- and Bilayers 95
5.1. Ankyrins 95
5.2. Protein 4.1 96
5.3. Protein p55 96
6. Concluding Remarks 97
Acknowledgement 97
References 97
5. Liposome-Based Biomembrane Mimetic Systems: Implications for
Lipid–Peptide Interactions
103
Karl Lohner, Eva Sevcsik, and Georg Pabst
1. Introduction 104
1.1. Lipid Composition of Mammalian and Bacterial Cell Membranes 105
1.2. Effects of Antimicrobial Peptides on Lipid Bilayers 109
2. Understanding the Mechanism of Lipid–Peptide Interaction 110
2.1. Lipid Affinity of Antimicrobial Peptides Triggered by
Electrostatic Interactions – Lipid–Peptide Domain Formation 110
2.2. Membrane Thinning as a Precursor of Pore Formation 113
2.3. Detergent-Like Effect – Micellar Lipid–Peptide Disk Formation 115
2.4. Promotion or Prevention of Non-Lamellar Phases 116
3. General Aspects of Model Membranes 117
3.1. Global and Local Membrane Properties 117
3.2. Domains-Rafts 120
4. X-ray Diffraction in Combination with a Global Data Analysis 121
5. Bacterial Model Membranes 125
6. The Antimicrobial Peptide LF11 – Influence of N-Acylation 127
7. Structural Information on Coexisting Membrane Domains 130
8. Outlook 132
References 132
6. Application of Spin-Labeling EPR and ATR-FTIR Spectroscopies
to the Study of Membrane Heterogeneity
139
Janez S
ˇ
trancar, and Zoran Arsov
1. Introduction 140
2. Experimental Methods to Approach Membrane Heterogeneity 142
2.1. Membrane Exploration by SL-EPR 144
2.2. Membrane Exploration by ATR–FTIR Spectroscopy 147
3. Membrane Hydration 149
3.1. Effect of the Level of Hydration on the Membrane
Properties Studied by SL-EPR 149
3.2. Application of ATR–FTIR Spectroscopy to Distinguish
Free and Lipid-Bound Water 150
Contents vii
4. Membrane Heterogeneity Characterization by SL-EPR 152
4.1. Comparison of Characterization by Different Spin
Probes in Model Membranes 152
4.2. Effect of Spin Probe Partitioning on
Membrane Heterogeneity Characterization 155
5. Membrane Heterogeneity Characterization by ATR–FTIR spectroscopy 157
6. Conclusions 160
Acknowledgements 160
References 161
7. Electroporation of Planar Lipid Bilayers and Membranes 165
Mojca Pavlin, Tadej Kotnik, Damijan Miklavc
ˇ
ic
ˇ
, Peter Kramar, and
Alenka Mac
ˇ
ek Lebar
1. Introduction 167
2. Experimental Investigation of Electroporation on Planar Lipid Bilayers 169
2.1. Breakdown Voltage 170
2.2. Capacitance 173
2.3. Conductance/Resistance 174
3. Attempts of Theoretical Explanation of Electroporation 175
3.1. The Hydrodynamic Model 177
3.2. The Elastic Model 178
3.3. The Hydroelastic Model 179
3.4. The Viscohydroelastic Model 181
3.5. The Phase Transition Model 183
3.6. The Domain-Interface Breakdown Model 186
3.7. The Aqueous Pore Formation Model 187
3.8. Extensions of the Aqueous Pore Formation Model 192
4. Electroporation of Cells-Experimental Observations and Analysis of Underlying
Phenomena 194
4.1. Induced Transmembrane Voltage and Forces on the Cell Membrane 195
4.2. Maxwell Stress Tensor and Forces Acting on a Cell in an External Field 198
4.3. Transport of Molecules Across Permeabilized Membrane 199
4.4. Experimental Studies and Theoretical Analysis of
Cell Electroporation in vitro 201
5. Comparison between Planar Lipid Bilayers and Cell Electroporation 211
Appendix A 213
A.1. The Instability in the Hydrodynamic Model 213
A.2. The Instability in the Elastic Model 213
A.3. The Instability in the Hydroelastic Model 214
A.4. The Instability in the Viscohydroelastic Model 215
A.5. The Energy of a Hydrophilic Pore 216
Appendix B 217
B.1. Calculation of the Fraction of Surface Area of Transient Pores 217
B.2. Quantification of Ion Diffusion and Long-Lived Pores 218
References 219
Contentsviii
8. Cytoskeletal Proteins at the Lipid Membran e 227
Wolfgang H. Goldmann, Burkhard Bechinger, and Tanmay Lele
1. Introduction 228
2. Stopped-Flow Spectrophotometer 229
2.1. ‘Slow’ Temperature Jump Apparatus 230
2.2. Results 231
2.3. Binding Affinity of Myosin II (Associated/Inserted-Lipid) to Actin 232
3. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) 233
3.1. Results 237
4. Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy 238
4.1. Theory: The Anisotropy of Interactions Measured in Solid-State
NMR Spectroscopy 240
4.2. Experimental Considerations 241
4.3. Results and Discussion 243
5. Fluorescence Recovery after Photobleaching (FRAP) 244
5.1. Focal Adhesions and the Plasma Membrane 246
5.2. Quantifying Protein–Protein Binding Kinetics Inside Living Cells 246
5.3. Method and Setup of FRAP 246
5.4. Results 247
5.5. Quantitative Analysis of FRAP Experiments 249
Acknowledgements 251
References 251
Subject Index 257
Color Section at the End of the Book
Contents ix