Li S.Z., Jain A.K. (eds.) Encyclopedia of Biometrics
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Encyclopedia of Biometrics
Stan Z. Li
Editor
Anil K. Jain
Editorial Advisor
Encyclopedia of Biometrics
With 683 Figures* and 88 Tables
*For color figures please see our Electronic Reference on www.springerlink.com
Editor
Stan Z. Li
Professor
Center for Biometrics and Security Research
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Beijing
China
Editorial Advisor
Anil Jain
Professor
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Michigan State University
East Lansing, MI
USA
Library of Congress Control Number: 2009929415
ISBN: 978‐0‐387‐73002‐8
This publication is available also as:
Electronic version under ISBN 978‐0‐387‐73003‐5
Print and electronic bundle under ISBN 978‐0‐387‐73004‐2
ß 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher
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Printed on acid‐free paper SPIN: 11878742 — 543210
Preface
The Encyclopedia of Biometrics provides a comprehensive reference to concepts, technologies, issues, and trends in
the field of biometrics. The volume covers all important aspects – research, development, and applications,
including biometric sensors and devices, methods and algorithms, sample quality, system design and implemen-
tation, databases, performance testing, information security, and standardization. Leading experts around the
world contributed to this collection of over 200 in-depth essays accompanied by more than 600 definitional
entries.
The focus of the encyclopedia is on immediate, yet comprehensive, information in an easy-to-use format
which is accessible to researchers and scientists, system designers, engineers, programmers, students, practi-
tioners, and government a gents working in the broad field of biometrics. It is available as a print edition as well as
a fully searchable version with extensive cross-referencing and updates as new trends and terms arise.
Key Features at a Glance
Serves as an immediate point of entry into the field for in-depth research
Covers biometrics of face, fingerprints, iris, vein, voice, hand, ear, gait, skin, tongue, dental, odor, skull,
and DNA
A–Z format allows intuitive and easy-to -use access
Cross-referenced entries
Internationally renowned editorial board, from across the scientific and engineering disciplines and
geographies
Balanced coverage
Acknowledgments
I am grateful to all the people who have played a part in the production of this encyclopedia. First of all, my deep
gratitude to Anil K. Jain, Editorial Advisor for sharing his knowledge and expertise, and important advice and
suggestions for this encyclopedia. Our stellar team of area editors has done excellent work in writing, inviting, and
reviewing the contributions from many leaders of the field. My sincere thanks to Andy Adler, Joseph Campbell,
Raffaele Cappelli, Christophe Champod, Stephen Elliott, Julian Fierrez, Jean-Christophe Fondeur, Carmen
Garcia-Mateo, Josef Kittler, Hale Kim, Ajay Kumar, Davide Maltoni, Aleix Martinez, Mark Nixon, Geppy Parziale,
Fernando Podio, Salil Prabhakar, Arun Ross, Marios Savvides, Yoichi Seto, Colin Soutar, Wei-Yun Yau, Pong C.
Yuen, and David Zhang. I would like to thank these area editors for their help in creating this book and the
numerous authors for their individual contributions. Special thanks are due to people at Springer for their
enthusiasm, advice, and support. Jennifer Evans, Susan Lag erstrom-Fife, Michaela Bilic, Tina Shelton, and Anil
Chandy have played key roles at different times in the development of this book.
Stan Z. Li
Editor-in-Chief
#
2009 Springer ScienceþBusiness Media, LLC
Editor
Stan Z. Li
Professor
Center for Biometrics and Security Research
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Beijing
China
szli@cbsr.ia.ac.cn
Editorial Advisor
Anil K. Jain
Professor
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Michigan State University
East Lansing, MI
USA
jain@cse.msu.edu
Area Editors
ANDY ADLER
Systems and Computer Engineering
Carleton University
1125 Colonel By Drive
Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6
Canada
adler@sce.carleton.ca
J
OSEPH P. CAMPBELL
Information Systems Technology Group
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
244 Wood Street
Lexington, MA 02420-9108
USA
jpc@ll.mit.edu
R
AFFAELE CAPPELLI
Department of Electronics, Informatics and Systems
(DEIS)
University of Bologna
Via Gaspare Finali
56 Cesena
Italy
cappelli@csr.unibo.it
C
HRISTOPHE CHAMPOD
Institut de Police Scientifique
Ecole des Sciences Criminelles
Universite’ de Lausanne
1015 Lausanne
Switzerland
Christophe.Champod @unil.ch
S
TEPHEN ELLIOTT
Department of Industrial Technology
Purdue University
West Lafayette, IN 47907-2021
USA
elliott@purdue.edu
J
ULIAN FIERREZ
Escuela Politecnica Superior
Universidad Autonoma de Madrid
28049 Madrid
Spain
julian.fierrez@uam.es
J
EAN-CHRISTOPHE FONDEUR
Sagem Se
´
curite
´
Le Ponant de Paris - 27, rue Leblanc - 75512
Paris Cedex 15
France
jean-christophe.fondeur@sagem.com
C
ARMEN GARCIA-MATEO
Telecommunication Engineering School
University of Vigo
36310 Vigo
Spain
carmen@gts.tsc.uvigo.es
J
OSEF KITTLER
Faculty of Engineering & Physical Sciences
University of Surrey
Guildford, GU2 7XH
UK
J.Kittler@surrey.ac.uk
H
ALE KIM
School of Information & Communication
Engineering
253 Yonghyun-dong
Nam-ku, Incheon, 402-751
Korea
hikim@inha.ac.kr
A
JAY KUMAR
Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Hung Hom, Kowloon
Hong Kong
ajaykr@ieee.org
D
AVIDE MALTONI
Department of Electronics, Informatics and Systems
(DEIS)
University of Bologna
Viale Risorgimento, 2 Bologna
Cesena
Italy
maltoni@csr.unibo.it
#
2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
ALEIX MARTINEZ
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
The Ohio State University
2015 Neil Avenue
Columbus, OH 43210
USA
aleix@ece.osu.edu
M
ARK NIXON
Department of Electronics and Computer Science
University of Southa mpton
SO17 1BJ
UK
msn@ecs.soton.ac.uk
G
EPPY PARZIALE
iNVASIVE CODE
Avda Passapera 17 - 17310 Lloret de Mar (GI)
Barcelona
Spain
geppy.parziale@invasivecode.com
F
ERNANDO PODIO
Computer Security Division
National Institute of Standards and Technology
(NIST)
Gaithersburg, MD
USA
fernando@nist.gov
S
ALIL PRABHAKAR
Algorithms Research Group
DigitalPersona
Redwood City, CA 94063
USA
SalilP@digitalpersona .com
A
RUN ROSS
Lane Department of Computer Science and Electrical
Engineering
West Virginia University
Morgantown, 26506 WV
USA
Arun.Ross@mail.wvu.edu
M
ARIOS SAVVIDES
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Carnegie Mellon University
4720 Forbes Avenue
Pittsburg, PA 15213
USA
msavvid@cs.cmu.edu
Y
OICHI SETO
Advanced Institute of Industrial Technology
Tokyo Metropolitan University
Tokyo
Japan
seto.yoichi@aiit.ac.jp
C
OLIN SOUTAR
273, Broadway Avenue
Toronto, ON M4P 1W1
Canada
colin.soutar@rogers.com
W
EI-YUN YAU
Agency for Science, Technology & Research
Institute for Infocomm Research
1 Fusionopolis Way
#21-01 Connexis (South Tower)
Singapore 138632
Singapore
wyyau@i2r.a-star.edu.sg
P
ONG C. YUEN
Department of Computer Science
Hong Kong Baptist University
Kowloon Tong
Hong Kong
pcyuen@comp.hkbu.edu.hk
D
AVID ZHANG
Department of Computing
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Hung Hom, Kowloon
Hong Kong
csdzhang@comp.polyu.edu.hk
x Area Editors
List of Contributors
MONGI ABIDI
The University of Tennessee
Knoxville, TN 37996–2100
USA
abidi@utk.edu
M
ATHIAS M. ADANKON
University of Quebec
1100, Notre-Dame Street West
Montreal
Canada
mathias@livia.etsmtl.ca
A
NDY ADLER
Carleton University
1125 Colonel By Drive
K1S 5B6
Ottawa, ON
Canada
adler@sce.carleton.ca
G
AURAV AGGARWAL
University of Maryland
College Park, MD 20742
USA
gaurav@cfar.umd.edu
J
ONATHAN AGRE
Fujitsu Laboratories of America
5801 North Sheridan Road, Suite 19A
College Park, MD 20740
USA
jonathan.agre@us.fujit su.com
T
HOMAS ALBRECHT
Computer Science Department
University of Basel
Bernoullistrasse 16, 4056 Basel
Switzerland
thomas.albrecht@unibas.ch
P
ETAR S. ALEKSIC
Google Inc.
76 9
th
Avenue
New York, NY 10011
USA
apetar@google.com
N
IGEL M. ALLINSON
University of Sheffield
Mappin Street
Sheffield, S1 3JD
UK
n.allinson@sheffield.ac.uk
F
ERNANDO ALONSO-FERNANDEZ
Biometric Recognition Group - ATVS
Escuela Politecnica Superior
Universidad Autonoma de Madrid
Campus de Cantoblanco
Madrid
Spain
fernando.alonso@uam.es
N
ICK BARTLOW
West Virginia University
Morgantown, WV 26506
USA
nick.bartlow@mail.wvu.edu
A
LEX BAZIN
Fujitsu Services
London, W1U 3BW
UK
alex.bazin@uk.fujitsu.com
G
EORGE BEBIS
University of Nevada
Reno, NV 89557
USA
bebis@cse.unr.edu
H
ERMAN BERGMAN
Certified Fingerprin t Expert
San Francisco, USA
hermanbergman@comcast.net
B
IR BHANU
Center for Research in Intelligent Systems
University of California
Riverside, CA 92506
USA
bhanu@cris.ucr.edu
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2009 Springer ScienceþBusiness Media, LLC