Li S.Z., Jain A.K. (eds.) Encyclopedia of Biometrics
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TAKASHI MATSUMOTO
Waseda University
Shinjuku-ku
Tokyo 169–8555
Japan
takashi@mse.waseda.ac.jp
R
ENE MCIVER
389 Keewatin Avenue
Toronto, ON
M4P 2A4
Canada
Rene.mciver@verkis .com
G
ERARD G. MEDIONI
Department of Computer Science
University of Southern California
Los Angeles, CA
USA
medioni@iris.usc.edu
D
IDIER MEUWLY
Nederlands Forensisch Instituut
PO Box 6109
The Hague
Netherlands
d.meuwly@nfi.minjus.nl
K
RYSTIAN MIKOLAJCZYK
Faculty of Engineering & Physical Sciences
University of Surrey
3115 Engineering Building
Guildford
UK
k.mikolajczyk@surrey.ac.uk
F
ENG MIN
Institute for Pattern Recognition and Artificial
Intelligence
Huazhong University of Science and Technolo gy
1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan
People’s Republic of China
and
Lotus Hill Institute for Computer Vision and
Information Science
People’s Republic of China
fmin.lhi@gmail.com
P
HILIPPOS MORDOHAI
University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, PA 19146
USA
mordohai@seas.upenn.edu
K
EN MOSES
Forensic Identification Services
130 Hernandez Avenue
San Francisco, CA 94127
USA
forensicid@sbcglobal.net
C
RYSTAL MUANG
Department of Computer Science
Rutgers University
Piscataway, NJ 08902
USA
R
OBERT MUELLER
Giesecke & Devrient GmbH
Prinzregentenstr. 159
Muenchen 81677
Germany
robert.mueller@gi-de.com
T
ANVIR SINGH MUNDRA
Biometrics Research Laboratory
Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology
New Delhi
India
tanvirmundra@gmail.com
M
ANABU NAKANO
Information-technology Promotion Agency (IPA)
Bunkyo-ku
Japan
Tokyo 113–6591
mn-naka@ipa.go.jp
K
ARTHIK NANDAKUMAR
Institute for Infocomm Research, A*STAR
Fusionopolis
Singapore
knandakumar@izr.a-star.edu.sg
xxii List of Contributors
RAMKUMAR NARAYANSWAMY
Omni Vision CDM Optics, Inc.
4001 Discovery Dr. Boulder
CO 80303
USA
ramkumarn@cdm-optics.com
A
LESSANDRO NERI
University of Roma TRE
via della Vasca Navale, 84
Rome 00146
Italy
neri@uniroma3.it
M
ARK S. NIXON
School of Electronics and Computer Science
University of Southa mpton
SO17 1BJ
UK
msn@ecs.soton.ac.uk
J
AVIER ORTEGA-GARCIA
Biometric Recognition Group - ATVS, Escuela
Politecnica Superior
Universidad Autonoma de Madrid
Madrid
Spain
Javier.Ortega@uam.es
L
ISA OSADCIW
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer
Science
Syracuse University
Syracuse, NY
USA
laosadci@syr.edu
H
ISAO OGATA
Hitachi-Omron Terminal Solutions
Corp. Owari-asahi City Aichi 488-8501
Japan
hisao_ogata@hitachi-omran-ts.co
C
HEN TAI PANG
Institute for Infocomm Research, A*STAR
21 Heng Mui Keng Terrace, 119613 Singapore
Singapore
tpchen@i2r.a-star.edu.sg
P
ANKANTI SHARAT
IBM T.J. Watson Research Center
Hawthorne, NY 10532
USA
sharat@us.ibm.com
M
AJA PANTIC
Imperial College London
Department of Computing
London SW7 2AZ
UK
m.pantic@imperial.ac.uk
S
UNG W. PARK
Carnegie Mellon University
Pittsburgh, PA 15213
USA
sungwonp@cmu.edu
G
EPPY PARZIALE
iNVASIVE CODE
Avda Passapera 17-H310 Lloretde Mar (GI)
Barcelona, Spain
geppy.parziale@invasivecode.com
G
EORGIOS PASSALIS
University of Houston
Houston, TX 77204
USA
passalis@di.uoa.gr
V. P
AU
´
L PAUCA
Department of Computer Science
Wake Forest University
4001 Discovery Dr. Suite 130
Winston-Salem, NC
USA
paucavp@wfu.edu
N
IKOLA PAVESIC
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
University of Ljubljana
Trzaska 25
SI-1000 Ljubljana
Slovenia
nikola.pavesic@fe.uni-lj.si
M
ARIA PAVLOU
Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering
University of Sheffield
Mappin Street, Sheffield
UK
m.pavlou@sheffield.ac. uk
List of Contributors xxiii
XIAOMING PENG
College of Automation
University of Electronic Science and Technology of
China
Chengdu, Sichuan Province
People’s Republic of China
pengxm@uestc.edu.c n
T
AKIS PERAKIS
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
and
Department of Biomedical Engineering
University of Houston
Houston, TX 77204
USA
takis@antinoos.gr
M
ATTI PIETIKA
¨
INEN
Department of Electrical and Information
Engineering
University of Oulu
Oulu
Finland
mkp@ee.oulu.fi
F
ERNANDO PODIO
Security Technology Group, Computer Security
Division
National Institute of Standards and Technology
12208 Pueblo Road
Gaithersburg, MD
USA
fernando.podio@nist.gov
N
ORMAN POH
CVSSP, FEPS University of Surrey Guilford
Surrey, GU2 7XH
UK
normanpoh@ieee.org
F
RANK POLLICK
Department of Psychology
University of Glasgow
58 Hillhead Street
Glasgow
UK
frank@psy.gla.ac.uk
P
RABHAKAR S.
Algorithms Research Group
DigitalPersona
Redwood City, CA 94063
USA
SalilP@digitalpersona .com
R
YAN RAKVIC
Department of Electrical Engineering
United States Naval Academy
105 Maryland Avenue
Annapolis, MD
USA
rakvic@usna.edu
N
ARAYANAN RAMANATHAN
University of Maryland
College Park, MD 20742
USA
ramanath@umiacs.umd.edu
D
ANIEL RAMOS
ATVS Universidad Auto
´
noma de Madrid
Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco
Madrid
Spain
Daniel.ramos@uam.es
M
AREK REJMAN-GREENE
Biometrics Centre of Expertise
Home Office Scientific Research Branch
St Albans, Hertfords hire AL4 9HQ
UK
marek.rejman-greene@homeoffice.gsi.gov.uk
D
OUGLAS REYNOLDS
Information Systems Technology Group
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
244 Wood Street
Lexington, MA
USA
dar@ll.mit.edu
D
AMON L. WOODARD
School of Computing
Clemson University
Clemson, SC 29634-0974
USA
woodard@clemson.edu
xxiv List of Contributors
KARL RICANEK
Department of Computer Science
University of North Carolina at Wilmington
Wilmington, North Carolina
USA
ricanekk@uncw.edu
R
UBEN VERA RODRIGUEZ
Swansea University
Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP
UK
r.vera-rodriguez.405831@swansea.ac.uk
F
ABIO ROLI
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
University of Cagliari
Pizza d’Armi, I 09123 Cagliari
Italy
roli@diee.unica.it
A
RUN ROSS
Lane Department of Computer Science and Electrical
Engineering
West Virginia University
Morgantown, 26506 WV
USA
Arun.Ross@mail.wvu.edu
B
ESMA ROUI-ABIDI
The University of Tennessee
Knoxville, TN 37996–2100
USA
besma@utk.edu
A
MIT K. ROY-CHOWDHURY
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of California
Riverside, CA
USA
amitrc@ee.ucr.edu
A
NTHONY RUSSO
Atrua Technologies, Inc.
1696 Dell Avenue
Campbell, CA 95008
USA
arusso@atrua.com
R
AUL SANCHEZ-REILLO
Electronics Technolo gy
University Carlos III of Madrid
Avda. Universidad, 3028911
Leganes, Madrid
Spain
rsreillo@ing.uc3m.es
A
SWIN SANKARANARAYANAN
Center for Automation Research
Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering
University of Maryland
College Park, MD 20742
USA
saswin@gmail.com
S
UDEEP SARKAR
Computer Science and Engineering
University of South Florida
Tampa, FL
USA
sarkar@cse.usf.edu
M
ARIOS SAVVIDES
Electrical and Computer Engineering
Carnegie Mellon University
737 Engineering Sciences Building
Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3890
USA
marioss@andrew.cmu.edu
N
ATALIA A. SCHMID
West Virginia University
Morgantown, WV 26506
USA
Natalia.Schmid@mail.wvu.edu
B
ETHANY SCHNEIDER
Psychology Department
Indiana University
P.O. Box 530
Bloomington, IN 4740 5
USA
bschneid@indiana.edu
A
DEE A. SCHOON
Animal Behavior Group
Leiden University
P.O. Box 9516, 2300RA Leiden
The Netherlands
adee.schoon@klpd.politie.nl
List of Contributors xxv
MICHAEL SCHUCKERS
Department of Mathematics, Computer Science and
Statistics
St. Lawrence University
401 N. Grant Street
Canton, NY
USA
schuckers@stlawu.edu
S
TEPHANIE SCHUCKERS
Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering
Clarkson University
PO Box 5720
Potsdam, NY
USA
sschucke@clarkson.edu
D
ALE SETLAK
AuthenTec, Inc.
PO Box 6109
Melbourne, FL
USA
dsetlak@authentec.com
Y
OICHI SETO
Laboratory 162-a
Advanced Institute of Industrial Technology
Kita 14, Nishi 9, Kita-ku
Tokyo
Japan
seto.yoichi@ailt.ac.jp
S
HIGUANG SHAN
Institute of Computing Technology
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Beijing
People’s Republic of China
sgshan@ict.ac.in
V
INAY SHAMA
The Ohio State University
Columbus, OH 43210
USA
sharmav@cse.ohio-state.edu
K
OICHI SHIMIZU
Bioengineering and Bioinformatics
Graduate School of Information S&T
Hokkaido University
Kita 14, Nishi 9, Kita-ku
Sapporo 060-0814
Japan
shimizu@bme.ist.hokudai.ac.jp
P
AULO E. X. SILVEIRA
CDM Optics, Inc.
4001 Discovery Dr. Suite 130
Boulder, CO 80303
USA
paulos@cdm-optics.com
T
ERENCE SIM
School of Computing
National University of Singapore
East Road 95#, Haidi an Dist., Zhongguancun
Singapore
tsim@comp.nus.edu.sg
R
ICHA SINGH
West Virginia University
Morgantown, WV 26506
USA
richas@csee.wvu.edu
K
ELLY SMITH
West Virginia University
Morgantown, WV 26506
USA
smith@biometrics.org
K
ATE SMITH-MILES
Deakin University
Melbourne, VIC 3125
Australia
katesm@deakin.edu.au
J
UNG SOH
Sun Center of Excellence for Visual Genomics
University of Calgary
Calgary, Alberta
Canada
jsoh@ucalgary.ca
C
OLIN SOUTAR
273, Broadway Avenue
Toronto, ON M4P 1W1
Canada
colin.soutar@rogers.com
xxvi List of Contributors
PHILIP STATHAM
Biometrics Consultant
1 Blueberry Road
Charlton Kings Cheltenham
UK
philip.statham@talktalk.net
A
LEX STOIANOV
Office of the Information and Privacy
Commissioner
2 Bloor St. E., Suite 1400
Toronto, ON M4W 1A8
Canada
alexchoi@tech-sphere.com
J
INLI SUO
Lotus Hill Institute for Computer Vision and
Information Science
City of Ezhou, Hubei Province
Public Republic of China
jlsuo.lhi@gmail.com
M
ATTHEW SWAYZE
Daon, Inc.
11955 Freedom Dr., Suite 16000
Reston, VA
USA
matthew.swayze@daon.com
E
LHAM TABASSI
Information Access Division
National Institute of Standards and Technology
100 Bureau Drive Stop 1020
Gaithersburg, MD
USA
elham.tabassi@nist.gov
S
AMIR TAMER
Ingersoll Rand Recognition Systems Inc.
1520 Dell Avenue
Campbell, CA
USA
Samir_Tamer@irco.c om
X
UNQIANG TAO
Centre for Biometrics and Security Research
The key Laboratory of Complex System and
Intelligence Science
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Institute of Automation
95 Zhingguancun Deng lu, Beijing 100190
People’s Republic of China
taoxunqiang@fingerpass.net.cn
C
HIN-HUNG TENG
Yuan Ze University
Taiwan
People’s Republic of China
chteng@saturn.yzu.edu.tw
A
NDREW BENG JIN TEOH
Biometrics Engineering Research Center (BERC)
School of Electrica l and Electronic Engineering
Yonsei University
Seoul
South Korea
bjteoh@yonsei.ac.kr
T
HEOHARIS THEOHARIS
Department of Computer Science
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
and
Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Houston
Houston, TX 77204
USA
theotheo@di.uoa.gr
M
ICHAEL THIEME
International Biometric Group
New York, NY 10004
USA
mthieme@biometricgroup.com
J
ASON THORNTON
Electrical & Computer Engineering
Carnegie Mellon University
19 William Road
Pittsburgh, PA 15213
USA
jthornto@gmail.com
J
IE TIAN
Center for Biometrics and Security Research Science
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Institute of Automation, 95
Zhingguancun Donglu
Beijing 100190
People’s Republic of China
tian@ieee.org
List of Contributors xxvii
CATHERINE J. TILTON
Daon, Inc.
11955 Freedom Drive, Suite 16000
Reston, VA
USA
Cathy.Tilton@daon.com
M
ASSIMO TISTARELLI
Computer Vision Laboratory, Facolta
`
di Architettura
di Alghero, Dipartimento di
Universita
`
di Sassari
palazzo del Pou Salit - Piazza Duomo 6
Alghero (SS)
Italia
tista@uniss.it
G
EORGE TODERICI
Department of Computer Science
Department of ECE and Department of Biomedical
Engineering
University of Houston
Houston, TX 77204
USA
Toderici@cs.uh.edu
D
OROTEO T. TOLEDANO
Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM)
Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco
Madrid
Spain
doroteo.torre@uam.es
T
ED TOMONAGA
Konica Minolta Techno logy Center, Inc.
Tokyo 191–8511
Japan
ted.t@konicaminolta.jp
T
ODD C. TORGERSEN
Wake Forest University
Winston-Salem, NC 27109
USA
torgerse@wfu.edu
Y
ASUNARI TOSA
Retica Systems, Inc.
Waltham, MA 02451
USA
ytosa@retica.com
B
ORI TOTH
Deloitte & Touche LLP
London, EC4A ATR
UK
aboritoth@gmail.com
A
LESSANDRO TRIGLIA
OSS Nokalva, Inc.
22 Baker St
Somerset, NJ 08873
USA
sandro@oss.com
R
YAN TRIPLETT
Biometric Services International, LLC
A National Biometric Security Project Company
150 Clay Street, Suit e. 350
Morgantown, WV
USA
rtriplett@nationalbiometric.org
V
ITOMIR S
ˇ
TRUC
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
University of Ljubljana, Trz
ˇ
as
ˇ
ka 25
SI–1000, Ljubljana
Slovenia
vitomir.struc@fe.uni-lj.si
T
INNE TUYTELAARS
Department of Electrical Engineering
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
Kasteelpark Arenberg 10
B–3001 Leuven
Belgium
Tinne.Tuytelaars@esat.kuleuven.be
A
MBRISH TYAGI
The Ohio State University
Columbus, OH 43210
USA
tyagia@cse.ohio-state.edu
K
AORU UCHIDA
Mobile Terminals Technologies Division
NEC Corporation
211 Valentine Hall
Kawasaki
Japan
k-uchida@bc.jp.nec.com
xxviii List of Contributors
DAVID USHER
Retica Systems Inc.
201 Jones Road Third Floor West Waltham
MA 02451
USA
dusher@retica.com
M
AYANK VATSA
West Virginia University
Morgantown, WV 26506
USA
mayankv@csee.wvu.edu
K
ALYAN VEERAMACHANENI
Syracuse University
Syracuse, NY 13244
USA
kveerama@syr.edu
A
SHOK VEERARAGHAVAN
University of Maryland
College Park, MD 20742
USA
vashok@umiacs.umd.ed u
T
HOMAS VETTER
Departement Inform atik
Universitaet Basel
Bernoullistr. 16
Basel, 4056
Switzerland
thomas.vetter@unibas.ch
B. V. K. V
IJAYA KUMAR
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Carnegie Mellon University
Pittsburgh, PA 15213
USA
kumar@ece.cmu.edu
M
ICHAEL WAGNER
School of Information Sciences
University of Canberra, ACT, 2601
Australia
michael.wagner @canberra.edu.au
L
IANG WAN
Department of Electronic Engineering
City University of Hong Kong
Kowloon
Hong Kong
lwan@cse.cuhk.edu.hk
M
ASAKI WATANABE
Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd.
1–10–40 Higashi-oi
Shinagawa-ku
Kawasaki
Japan
m.watanabe@jp.fujitsu.com
J
AMES L. WAYMAN
College of Engineering
San Jose State University
San Jose, CA 95192-0205
USA
James.Wayman@sjsu.e du
L
IOR WOLF
The Blavatnik School of Computer Science
Tel-Aviv
Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978
Israel
wolf@cs.tau.ac.il
D
AMON L. WOODARD
School of Computing
Clemson University
Clemson, SC
USA
woodard@clemson.edu
X
UDONG XIE
Automation Department
Tsinghua University
Beijing
People’s Republic of China
xdxie@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn
Y
ILEI XU
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of California
Riverside, CA
USA
yxu@ee.ucr.edu
A
SAHIKO YAMADA
Toshiba Solutions Corporation
9 Belland Drive
Tokyo
Japan
Yamada.Asahiko@toshiba-sol.co.jp
List of Contributors xxix
BRIAN A. YAMASHITA
Forensic Identification Operations Support Services
National Services and Research
Royal Canadian Mounted Police
Ottawa, ON
Canada
brian.yamashita@rcmp-grc.gc.ca
C
HEW-YEAN YAM
University of Southa mpton
Southampton, SO17 1BJ
UK
cyy@ecs.soton.ac.uk
W
EILONG YANG
Center for Biometrics and Security Research &
National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition
Institute of Automation
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Beijing
People’s Republic of China
wlyang@cbsr.ia.ac.cn
J
IAN YANG
School of Computer Science and Technology
Nanjing University of Science and Technology
Nanjing
People’s Republic of China
csjyang@mail.njust.edu.cn
J
INGYU YANG
School of Computer Science and Technology
Nanjing University of Science and Technology
Nanjing, 210094
People’s Republic of China
yangjy@mail.njust.edu.cn
X
IN YANG
Center for Biometrics and Security Research
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Institute of Automation
95 Zhingguancun Donglu
Beijing 100190
People’s Republic of China
xin.yang@ia.ac.cn
M
ING-HSUAN YANG
Honda Research Institute
800 California Street
Mountain View, CA
USA
mhyang@ieee.org
W
EI-YUN YAU
Institute for Infocomm Research
Agency for Science, Technology & Research
Singapore 119613
Singapore
wyyau@i2r.a-star.edu.sg
D
ONG YI
Biometrics and Security Research &
National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition
Institute of Automation
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Beijing
People’s Republic of China
dyi@cbsr.ia.ac.cn
I
SAO YOSHIMURA
Tokyo University of Science
Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162–8501
Japan
isao.yoshimura@m3.dion.ne.jp
M
ITSU YOSHIMURA
Ritsumeikan University
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 603–8577
Japan
yosimuramt@k9.dion.ne.jp
P
ONG C. YUEN
Hong Kong Baptist University
Kowloon Tong
Hong Kong
pcyuen@comp.hkbu.edu.hk
A
RIE ZEELENBERG
Fingerprint Department
National Police Force, Natuursteenlaan 73
27 19TB Zoetermeer
The Netherlands
wasarie@wanadoo.nl
D
AVID ZHANG
Department of Computing
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Hung Hom, Kowloon
Hong Kong
csdzhang@comp.polyu.edu.hk
xxx List of Contributors
YANGYANG ZHANG
Center for Biometrics and Security
Research & The Key Laboratory of Complex
System and Intelligence Science, Chinese
Academy of Sciences
Institute of Automation
95 Zhingguancun Donglu, Beijing 100190
People’s Republic of China
zhangyy@fingerpass.net.cn
G
REGORY ZEKTSER
U.S. Department of Defence
Biometrics Task Force, 8283
Greensboro Drive, H8056
McLean, VA 22102
USA
zektser_gregory@bah.com
W
EI-SHI ZHENG
Sun Yat-sen University
Guangzhou, 510275
People’s Republic of China
wszheng@ieee.org
S
UJING ZHOU
Center for Biometrics and Security Research & The
Key Laboratory of Complex System and Intelligence
Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Institute of Automation
95 Zhingguancun Donglu, Beijing 100190
People’s Republic of China
Xin.yang@ia.ac.cn
M
INGQUAN ZHOU
Institute of Informa tion Science and Technology
Beijing Normal University
#19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing
People’s Republic of China
mqzhou@bnu.edu.cn
S. K
EVIN ZHAO
Siemens Corporate Research,
Princeton, NJ 08540
USA
kzhou@scr.siemens.com
Z
HI-HUA ZHOU
National Key Labora tory for Novel Software
Technology
Nanjing University
Nanjing 210093
People’s Republic of China
zhouzh@nju.edu.cn
S
ONG-CHUN ZHU
Lotus Hill Institute for Computer
Vision and Information Science
People’s Republic of China
and
Department of Statistics and Department of
Computer Science
University of California
Los Angeles, CA
USA
sczhu@stat.ucla.edu
Z
HU YENGFANG
Discover Financial Services
Riverwoods, IL 60015
USA
yongfangzhu@discover.com
J
ASENKO ZIVANOV
University of Basel
4056 Basel
Switzerland
jasenko.zivanov@stud.unibas.ch
List of Contributors xxxi