Li S.Z., Jain A.K. (eds.) Encyclopedia of Biometrics
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JOSEF BIGUN
Halmstad University
IDE, SE–30118
Halmstad
Sweden
josef.bigun@hh.se
V
ANCE BJORN
DigitalPersona Inc.
720 Bay Road
Redwood City, CA 94063
USA
vanceb@digitalpersona.com
J
EAN-FRANCOIS,BONASTRE
Amtel-France
University of Avignon
339 chemin des Meinajarie
`
s
BP1228
Cedex 9, Avignon
France
jean-francois.bonastre@univ-avignon.fr
J
EFFREY E. BOYD
University of Calgary
Calgary, AB T2N 1N4
Canada
boyd@cpsc.ucalgary.ca
M
ICHAEL C. BROMBY
Glasgow Caledonian University
Cowcaddens Road
G4 0BA Glasgow
UK
M.Bromby@gcal.ac.uk
R
ANDY P. BROUSSARD
United States Naval Academy
121 Blake Rd Annapolis
MD 21402-5000
USA
broussar@usna.edu
K
ELVIN BRYANT
North Carolina A&T State University
1601 East Market Street
Greensboro, North Carolina 27411
USA
ksbryant@ncat.edu
T
AIHEI MUNEMOTO
Carnegie Mellon University
5000 Forbes Avenue
Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3890
USA
D
OUGLAS J. BUETTNER
The Aerospace Corporation
P.O. Box 92957
Los Angeles, CA
USA
Douglas.J.Buettner@aero.org
A
NNE M. BURROWS
Duquesne University
Pittsburgh, PA 15282
USA
burrows@duq.edu
C
HRISTOPH BUSCH
Fraunhofer Institute Graphische
Datenverarbeitung
Fraunhoferstraße 5D-64283
Darmstadt
Germany
christoph.busch@igd.fraunhofer.de
T
HOMAS A. BUSEY
Psychological and Brain Sciences
Program in Cognitive Science
Indiana University
Bloomington Indiana, IN 47405
USA
busey@indiana.edu
J
AMES L. CAMBIER
Cross Match Technologies
3960 RCA Boulevard
Palm Beach Gardens, FL 33410
USA
James.Cambier@crossmatch.com
J
OHN W. M. CAMPBELL
Bion Biometrics Inc.
8283 Greensboro Drive, H8056
Ottawa, ON
Canada
john@bionbiometric s.com
xii List of Contributors
PATRIZIO CAMPISI
Applied Electronics Department
University of Roma TRE
via della Vasca Navale, 84
Rome 00146
Italy
campisi@uniroma3.it
G
REG CANNON
Cross Match Technologies
3960 RCA Boulevard
Palm Beach Gardens, FL 33410
USA
Greg.Cannon@Cross Match.com
K
AI CAO
Institute of Automation
Chinese Academy of Sciences
95 Zhingguancun Donglu
Beijing 100 190
People’s Republic of China
caokai@fingerpass.net.cn
R
AFFAELE CAPPELLI
Department of Electronics, Informatics
and Systems (DEIS)
University of Bologna
Via Gaspare Finali 56 Cesena
Bologna
Italy
cappelli@csr.unibo.it
C
ARLOS D. CASTILLO
Department of Computer Science
University of Maryland
College Park, MD 20742
USA
carlos@cs.umd.edu
A
NN CAVOUKIAN
Office of the Information and Privacy Commissioner
2 Bloor St. E., Suite 1400
Toronto, ON M4W 1A8
Canada
infoipc@ipc.on.ca
C
HRISTOPHE CHAMPOD
Institut de Police Scientifique
Ecole des Sciences Criminelles
Universite
´
de Lausanne
1015 Lausanne
Switzerland
Christophe.Champod @unil.ch
R
AMA CHELLAPPA
University of Maryland
College Park, MD 20742-3275
USA
Rama@umiacs.umd.edu
H
ONG CHEN
Michigan State University
East Lansing, MI 48824
USA
chenhon2 @cse.msu.edu
H
UI CHEN
Center for Research in Intelligent Systems
University of California
Riverside, CA 92506
USA
hchen@vislab.ucr.edu
Y
I CHEN
Michigan State University
Apt 2B, 3200 Trappers Cove Trail
Lansing, MI 48910
USA
chenyi1@msu.edu
M
OHAMED CHERIET
Department of Automated Manufacturing
Engineering
E
´
cole de technologie supe
´
rieure
Montre
´
al, Que
´
bec H3C 1K3
Canada
Mohamed.cheriet@etsmtl.ca
G
IRIJA CHETTY
National Centre for Biometric Studies
University of Canberra
ACT 2601
Australia
Girija.Chetty@canberra.edu.au
List of Contributors xiii
ALEX HWANSOO CHOI
Department of Information Engineering
Myongji University
Seoul 137-060
South Korea
alexchoi@tech-sphere.com
S
EUNGJIN CHOI
Department of Computer Science
Pohang University of Science and Technology
San 31 Hyoja-dong
Nam-gu, Pohang 790-784
Korea
seungjin@postech.ac.kr
M
ICHAL CHORAS
´
Institute of Telecomm unications
University of Technology and Life Sciences
Bydgoszcz 85-225
Poland
chorasm@atr.bydgoszcz.pl
J
EFFREY F. COHN
University of Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh, PA
USA
jeffcohn@cs.cmu.edu
R
APHAEL COQUOZ
Institut De Police Scientifique
Ecole Des Science Criminelles
1015 Laussane
Switzerland
Raphael.Coquoz@unil.ch
B
OJAN CUKIC
West Virginia University
Morgantown, WV 26506
USA
bojan.cukic@mail.wvu.edu
A
LLISON M. CURRAN
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
International Forensic Research Institute
Florida International University
Miami, FL 33199
USA
amcurran@gmail.com
Q
IONGHAI DAI
Automation Department
Tsinghua University
Beijing
Pepole’s Republic of China
daiqh@tsinghua.edu.cn
S
ARAT C. DASS
Michigan State University
East Lansing, MI 48824
USA
sdass@msu.edu
J
OHN DAUGMAN
University of Cambridge
William Gates Buildi ng
15 JJ Thomson Avenue
Cambridge CB3 0FD
UK
John.Daugman@CL.cam.ac.uk
J
AMES W. DAVIS
The Ohio State University
Columbus, OH 43210
USA
jwdavis@cse.ohio-state.edu
D
AVID DAY
International Biometric Group
New York, NY 100 04
USA
dday@biometricgroup.com
F
ARZIN DERAVI
University of Kent
Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NZ
UK
f.Deravi@kent.ac.uk
L
AURA DOCIO-FERNANDEZ
University of Vigo
36310 Vigo
Spain
ldocio@gts.tsc.uvigo.es
C
ATHRYN DOWNING
University of Cambridge
15 JJ Thomson Avenue
Cambridge CB30FD
UK
cathryn.downing@LL.cam.ac.uk
xiv List of Contributors
GERRY VERNON DOZIER
College of Engineering
North Carolina A & T State University
1601 E Market Street
Greensboro NC 2741 1
USA
gvdozier@ncat.edu
A
NDRZEJ DRYGAJLO
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
Bureau ELE 233
Lausanne CH-101
Switzerland
andrzej.drygajlo@epfl.ch
N
ICOLAE DUTA
Nuance Communications
Gold Coast Campus
Burlington, MA 01803
USA
Nicolae.Duta@nuance.com
A
HMED ELGAMMAL
Department of Computer Science
Rutgers University
110 Frelinghuysen Road
Piscataway, NJ 08854
USA
elgammal@cs.rutgers.edu
S
TEPHEN J. ELLIOTT
Purdue University
West Lafayette, IN 47907
USA
elliott@purdue.edu
N
ICHOLAS W. D. EVANS
Swansea University
Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP
UK
and
Institut Eure
´
com
2229 route des cretes
Sophia-Antipolis 06 560
France
nicholas.evans@eurecom.fr
J
ULIAN FIERREZ
Escuela Politecnica Superior
Universidad Autonoma de Madrid
C/ Fco Tomas y Valiente 11
28049 Madrid
Spain
julian.fierrez@uam.es
J
EAN-CHRISTOPHE FONDEUR
Sagem Se
´
curite
´
Le Ponant de Paris - 27
rue Leblanc - 75512, Paris cedex 15
France
jcfondeur@morpho.com
M
ARC FRIEDMAN
Retica Systems Inc.
201 Jones Road, Third Floor West
Waltham, MA 02451
USA
m.friedman@retica.com
P
ASCAL FUA
School of Computer and Communication Science
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne
IC-CVLab, Station 14
Lausanne CH-1015
Switzerland
pascal.fua@epfl.ch
K
ENNETH G. FURTON
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
International Forensic Research Institute
Florida International University
Miami, FL 33199
USA
furtonk@fiu.edu
J
IHYEON JANG
Inha University
253, Yonghyun-dong
Nam-gu Incheon 402-751
Korea
jhjang@vision.inha.ac.kr
List of Contributors xv
IOANNIS PATRAS
Department of Electronic Engineering
Queen Mary University of London
Mile End Rood
London E1 4NS
UK
I.Patras@elec.qmul.ac.uk
W
EN GAO
Institute of Computing Technology
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Beijing, People’s Republic of China
and
Peking University
Beijing, People’s Republic of China
Wgao@pku.edu.cn
L
U GAO
CDM Optics, Inc.
4001 Discovery Dr., Suite 130
Boulder, CO 80303
USA
lu.gao@cdm-optics.com
C
ARMEN GARCIA-MATEO
University of Vigo
36310, Vigo
Spain
carmen@gts.tsc.uvigo.es
S
ONIA GARCIA-SALICETTI
TELECOM SudParis
9 Rue Charles Fourier
Evry 91011
France
Sonia.Salicetti@int-edu.eu
X
IN GENG
Deakin University
Melbourne, VIC 3125
Australia
xgeng @deakin.edu.au
S
HAOGANG GONG
Queen Mary
University of London
Mile End Road
London E1 4NS
UK
sgg@dcs.qmul.ac.uk
J
AVIER ORTEGA-GARCIA
Biometric Recognition Group - ATVS
Escuela Politecnica Superior
Universidad Autonoma de Madrid
Campus de Cantoblanco
Madrid 28049
Spain
Javier.Ortega@uam.es
J
OAQUI
´
N GONZA
´
LEZ-RODRI
´
GUEZ
Area de Tratamiento de Voz y Sen
˜
ales (ATVS)
Escuela Polite
´
cnica Superior
Universidad Auto
´
noma de Madrid
Madrid 28049
Spain
joaquin.gonzalez@uam.es
D
MITRY O. GORODNICHY
Laboratory and Sc ientific Services
Directorate
Canada Border Services Ag ency
79 Bently Ave.
Ottawa, ON, K1A OL5
Canada
dg@videorecognition.com
J
OSEPH VAN DER GRACHT
Holospex Inc.,
Columbia, MD 21044
USA
vanderj@holospex.com
P
ATRICK GROTHER
National Institute of Standards and Technology
100 Bureau Drive, MS 8930
Gaithersburg, MD 20899
USA
patrick.grother@n ist.gov
L
EON GU
Carnegie Mellon University
Pittsburgh, PA 15217
USA
gu@cs.cmu.edu
D
AVID L. GUYTON
The Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute
The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Baltimore, MD 21287-9028
USA
dguyton@jhmi.edu
xvi List of Contributors
ABDENOUR HADID
Machine Vision Group
Department of Electrical and Information
Engineering
University of Oulu
P.O. Box 4500
Oulu 90014
Finland
hadid@ee.oulu.fi
O
NUR C. HAMSICI
The Ohio State University
205 Dreese Laboratory
2015 Neil Avenue 4321 0
Columbus, OH 43210
USA
hamsicio@ece.osu.edu
S
EIICHIRO HANGAI
Department of Electrical Engineering
Tokyo University of Science
1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjyuku-ku
Tokyo 162-8601
Japan
hangai@ee.kagu.sut.ac.jp
M
ASANORI HARA
NEC Corporation
5–7–1 Shiba, Minato-ku
Tokyo 108-8001
Japan
m-hara@da.jp.nec.com
D
OMINIQUE,HARRINGTON
Tygart Technology Inc.
1543 Fairmont Ave
Fairmont, WV 26554
USA
dc.whitewolf@verizon.net
J
EAN HENNEBERT
Department of Informatics, University of Fribourg
1700 Fribourg
Switzerland
jean.hennebert@unifr.ch
and
Institute of Business Information Systems HES-SO
Valais, TechnoArk 3, 3960 Sierre
Switzerland
jean.hennebert@hevs.ch
O
LAF HENNIGER
Fraunhofer Institute for Secure
Information Technology
Rheinstr. 75, 642957 Darmstadt
Germany
henniger@sit.fraunhofer.de
J
AVIER HERNANDO
Technical University of Catalonia
Building D5, Campus Nord UPC
Jordi Girona 1–3
Barcelona 08034
Spain
javier@gps.tsc.upc.edu
F
RED HERR
NIST Contractor - Identification Technology
Partners Inc.
North Potomac, MD 20878
USA
fherr@idtp.com
R. A
USTIN HICKLIN
Noblis
3150 Fairview Park Drive
Falls Church, VA 22043
USA
hicklin@noblis.org
T
ACHA HICKS
Ecole des Sciences Criminelles / Institut de Police
Scientifique
Universite
´
de Lausanne
Ba
ˆ
timent Batochime
Lausanne CH-1015
Switzerland
tnhc@mac.com
P
ETER T. HIGGINS
Higgins, Hermansen, Banikas
LLC 2111 Wilson Blvd, Suite 607
Arlington, VA 22201
USA
peter.higgins@thehhb.com
M
ITSUTOSHI HIMAGA
Hitachi-Omron Terminal Solutions, Corp.
1-6-3 Osaki, Shinagawa Ward
Tokyo 141-8576
Japan
mitsutoshi_himaga@hitachi-omron-ts.com
List of Contributors xvii
TOM HOPPER (retired)
Criminal Justice Information Services Division
FBI
thopper@leo.gov
N
ESMA HOUMANI
TELECOM SudParis
9 Rue Charles Fourier
Evry 91011
France
Nesma.Houmani@int-edu.eu
W
EN-HSING HSU
National Tsing Hua University
Taiwan
People’s Republic of China
whhsu@ee.nthu.edu.tw
D
UNXU HU
Department of Computer Science
Rutgers University
Piscataway, NJ, 0890 2
USA
hu39@cs.purdue.edu
D
AVID J. HURLEY
School of Electronics and Computer Science
University of Southa mpton
SO 17 1BJ
UK
djh@AnalyticalEngines.co.uk
K
RISTINA IRSCH
The Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute
The Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine
Baltimore, MD 21287-9028
USA
kirsch1@jhmi.edu
D
AVID W. JACOBS
Department of Computer Science
University of Maryland
College Park, MD 20742
USA
djacobs@cs.umd.edu
A
NIL K. JAIN
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Michigan State University
3115, Engineering Building
East Lansing, MI 48824
USA
jain@cse.msu.edu
K
UI JIA
Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Integration
Technology
CAS / CUHK
Shenzhen
People’s Republic of China
kui.jia@sub.siat.ac.cn
X
UDONG JIANG
School of Electrica l and Electronic Engineering
Nanyang Technological University
Nanyang Link 639798
Singapore
exdjiang@ntu.edu.sg
Z
HONG JIN
School of Computer Science and Technology
Nanjing University of Science and Technology
Nanjing 210094
Peoples Republic of China
zhongjin@mail.njust.edu.cn
J
UERGEN SCHROETER
AT&T Labs – Research
180 Park Ave., Room D163
Florham Park, NJ 07932–0971
USA
schroeter@att.com
I
OANNIS A. KAKADIARIS
Department of Computer Science
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
and
Department of Biomedical Engineering
University of Houston
MS CSC 3010, 4800 Calhoun
Houston, TX 77204-3010
USA
IKakadia@Central.UH.EDU
xviii List of Contributors
NATHAN KALKA
West Virginia University
Morgantown
WV 26506
USA
nathan.kalka@mail.wvu.edu
T
AKEO KANADE
Robotics Institute
Carnegie Mellon University
5000 Forbes Avenue
Pittsburgh, PA 15217
USA
Takeo.Kanade@cs.cmu.edu
V
IVEK KANHANGAD
Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Hung Hom, Kowloon
Hong Kong
csvivek@comp.polyu.edu.hk
M
ARK KECK
The Ohio State University
Columbus, OH 43210
USA
keck@cse.ohio-state.edu
R
OBERT B. KENNEDY (RETIRED)
Royal Canadian Mounted Police
Ottawa, ON K1A OR2
Canada
robertkennedy7@rogers.com
L
AUREN R. KENNELL
The John Hopkins University
Applied Physics Laboratory
Mail Stop 24-W211
11100 John Hopkins Rd.
Laurel, MD 20723-6099
USA
Kennel@usna.edu
H
ALE KIM
Inha University
Incheon, 402–751
Korea
hikim@inha.ac.kr
J
ONG KYOUNG KIM
Department of Computer Science
Pohang University of Science and Technology
San 31 Hyoja-dong
Nam-gu, Pohang 790-784
Korea
blkimjk@postech.ac.kr
K
YE-HYEON KIM
Department of Computer Science
Pohang University of Science and Technology
San 31 Hyoja-dong
Nam-gu, Pohang 790-784
Korea
fenrir@postech.ac.kr
N
AOHISA KOMATSU
Waseda University
Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169–8555
Japan
nkomatsu@waseda.jp
E
RIC P. KUKULA
Purdue University
Knoy Hall of Technology, Room 377D
401 N. Grant Street
West Lafayette, IN 47906–2021
USA
kukula@purdue.edu
A
JAY KUMAR
Department of Computing
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Hung Hom
Hong Kong
ajaykr@ieee.org
J. H. L
AI
Department of Mathematics
Sun Yat-sen University
P.O. Box 4500
Guangzhou 510275
People’s Republic of China
stsljh@sysu.edu.cn
K
IN-MAN LAM
Department of Electronic and Information
Engineering
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Hong Kong
People’s Republic of China
enkmlam@inet.polyu.edu.hk
List of Contributors xix
JOHN LARMOUTH
University of Salford
Salford, Greater Manchester
UK
j.larmouth@btinternet.com
P
ETER K. LARSEN
Laboratory of Biological Anthropology
Institute of Forensic Medicine
University of Copenhagen
DK–2200 Copenhagen
Denmark
pklarsen@sund.ku.dk
R
ICHARD T. LAZARICK
CSC Identity Labs
Fairmont, WV 26554
USA
rlazarick@csc.com
V
ICTOR LEE
International Biometric Group
One Battery Park Plaza
New York, NY 10004
USA
vlee@biometricgroup.com
G
RAHAM LEEDHAM
School of Information and
Communication Technology
Griffith University
Gold Coast Campus
Queensland 4222
Australia
g.leedham@gmail.com
Z
HEN LEI
Centre for Biometrics and Security Research &
National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition
Institute of Automation
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Beijing
People’s Republic of China
zlei@cbsr.ia.ac.cn
Y
UNG-HUI LI
Language Technology Institute
Carnegie Mellon University
Pittsburgh, PA 15213
USA
yunghui@cmu.edu
S
TAN Z. LI
Centre for Biometrics and Security Research
Chinese Academy of Sciences
95 Zhongguancun Donglu
Beijing
People’s Republic China
szli@cbsr.ia.ac.cn
P
ENG LI
Institute of Automation
Chinese Academy of Sciences
95 Zhongguancun Donglu
Beijing 100190
China
lipeng@fingerpass.net.cn
J
IANJIE LI
Institute of Automation
Chinese Academy of Sciences
95 Zhongguancun Donglu
Beijing 100190
China
lijj@fingerpass.net.cn
Z
HOUCHEN LIN
Microsoft Research Asia
Beijing
People’s Republic of China
zhoulin@microsoft.com
J
AMES J. LITTLE
University of British Columbia
Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4
Canada
little@cs.ubc.ca
L
AURA L. LIU
Biometrics Research Centre
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Kowloon
Hong Kong
csliliu@comp.polyu.edu.hk
Z
ONGYI LIU
Amazon.com
Seattle, WA 98104
USA
lzongyi@yahoo.com
xx List of Contributors
MARCEL LUTHI
University of Basel
Bernoullistrasse 16, 4056 Basel
Switzerland
marcel.luethi@unibas.ch
G
UANGMING LU
School of Computer Science and Technology
Shenzhen Graduate School
Harbin Institute of Technology
Shenzhen
People’s Republic of China
Luguangm@hit.edu.cn
N
IELS LYNNERUP
Laboratory of Biological Anthropology
Institute of Forensic Medicine
University of Copenhagen
Copenhagen DK-2200
Denmark
nlynnerup@antrolab.ku.dk
E
MANUELE MAIORANA
University of Roma TRE
via della Vasca Navale, 84
Rome 00146
Italy
maiorana@uniroma3.it
S
OTIRIS MALASSIOTIS
Informatics and Telematics Institute
Center for Research and Technology Hellas
Thermi-Panorama Road
Thermi-Thessaloniki, 57001
Greece
malasiot@iti.gr
D
AVIDE MALTONI
Department of Electronics, Informatics and
Systems (DEIS)
University of Bologna
Viale Risorgimento
2 Bologna, Cesena
Italy
maltoni@csr.unibo.it
J
UDITH MARKOWITZ
J. Markowitz, Consultants
5801 North Sheridan Road
Suite 19A
Chicago, IL 60660
USA
judith@jmarkowitz.com
A
LVIN F. MARTIN
National Institute of Standards and Technology
100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8940
Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8940
USA
alvin.martin@nist.gov
A
LEIX M. MARTINEZ
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
The Ohio State University
2015 Neil Avenue
Columbus, OH 43210
USA
aleix@ece.osu.edu
M
ARCOS MARTINEZ-DIAZ
Biometric Recognition Group - ATVS
Escuela Politecnica Superior
Universidad Autonoma de Madrid
Campus de Cantoblanco
Madrid 28049
Spain
marcos.martinez@uam.es
J
OHN S. D. MASON
Swansea University
Singleton Park
Swansea, SA2 8PP
UK
j.s.d.mason@swansea.ac.uk
J
AMES R. MATEY
Electrical and Computer Engineering Department
Maury Hall, MS 14B
Annapolis, MD 2140 2
USA
matey@usna.edu
D
RISS MATROUF
University of Avignon
LIA - BP1228, 339 Ch. des Meinajari‘es
Avignon 84911
France
driss.matrouf@univ-avignon.fr
List of Contributors xxi