ρ, φ, z r, φ, θ
U = F (x, y, z), U = ψ(ρ, φ, z), U = χ(r, φ, θ).
U
U =
F (x, y, z) = , ψ(ρ, φ, z) = , χ(r, φ, θ) = .
U
U
U
U M
M
0
~
l
U(M
0
) − U(M)
M
0
M
,
M
0
M
~
l
M
0
→ M U
M
~
l dU/dl
dU
dl
= lim
M
0
→M
U(M
0
) − U(M)
M
0
M
.
U
M
~
l
oρϑ oς
~
l