Kort Michael. Central Asian Republics

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182 ■ CENTRAL ASIAN REPUBLICS

Fourth and fifth centuries

Hun invasions

Sixth century

Turkic tribes become established on northern Central Asia steppe

640s

Arabs conquer Sassanid Persian Empire

Early eighth century

Arabs conquer parts of Central Asia, including Samarkand and Bukhara,

bringing Islam to the region

751

Battle of Talas: Arabs defeat the Chinese

Ninth century

Persian Samanid dynasty

10th century

Turkic invaders destroy the Samanid state

973–1048

Al-Biruni

980–1037

Avicenna

11th century

Seljuks invade Central Asia; are followed by other Turkic invaders

13th century

Mongol conquest

1370–1405

Conquests and rule of Tamerlane

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CHRONOLOGY ■ 183

1409–1449

Rule of Ulugh Beg

16th century

Kazakhs established on northern steppe of Central Asia

17th century

Uzbek states control southern Central Asia

Russian Central Asia:

Eighteenth Century to March 1917

1718

Russians build a fort at Semipalatinsk on the Kazakh steppe

Mid-18th century to 1820

Russians consolidate control of Kazakh steppe

1838–1845

Unsuccessful Kazakh rebellion against Russian rule led by Kenisary

Qasimov

1865

Russians take Tashkent

1867

Russians take Bukhara

1868

Russians take Samarkand

1881

Russians take Goktere fort

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184 ■ CENTRAL ASIAN REPUBLICS

1888

Russian railroad reaches Samarkand

1897

Russian-British agreement creates the Walkan Corridor (“Afghan

Finger”)

1905

Revolution in Russia fails to overthrow the czar; Russian railroad reaches

Tashkent

1906–1912

Large numbers of Russian and Ukrainian settlers establish farms in Ka-

zakhstan

1911

Earthquake in Tajikistan causes landslide that creates natural dam on the

Murgap River, forming Lake Sarez

1914–1918

World War I

1916

Kazakh rebellion against Russian rule

March 1917

Revolution in Russia overthrows the czar

Soviet Central Asia: November 1917 to 1991

1917

November 7: Bolsheviks overthrow the Provisional Government

1918–1920

Civil War between Bolsheviks and the Whites

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CHRONOLOGY ■ 185

1918

Basmachi Revolt begins

1918–1919

Famine in Central Asia

1922

Bolsheviks kill Enver Pasha

1922–1923

Bolsheviks defeat most Basmachi rebels

1924

Uzbek SSR and Turkmen SSR established: Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, and Tajiks

receive autonomous republics

1929

Stalin consolidates power; Tajikistan SSR established; collectivization

begins: leads to mass starvation in Central Asia over next five years

1931

Central Asian production makes Soviet Union self-sufficient in cotton

1932

Collectivization completed in Central Asia: one-fifth of Kazakh popula-

tion homeless.

1932–1933

Terror Famine in Ukraine and parts of European RSFSR

1936

Kazakh SSR and Kyrgyz SSR established

1936–1938

Stalin’s Great Purge sweeps Soviet Union

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1937

Soviet Union becomes an exporter of cotton

1938

Faisullah Khojaev tried in Moscow and executed as a subversive

1940

Cyrillic alphabet replaces Latin alphabet for writing Central Asian

languages

1941

June 22: Nazi Germany invades the Soviet Union, bringing the Soviet

Union into World War II

1943

February: Soviet Army wins the Battle of Stalingrad

1945

May 9: End of World War II in Europe

1948

Earthquake levels Ashgabat in Turkmenistan, killing 100,000 people

1949

August 29: Soviet Union tests its first atomic bomb at Semipalatinsk in

northeast Kazakhstan, the first of 456 nuclear tests (116 in the atmo-

sphere) at that site

1953

Stalin dies

1954

Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev launches Virgin Lands project

1956 and 1958

Bumper wheat harvests in the Virgin Lands

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CHRONOLOGY ■ 187

1959

Garagum Canal begins operation, drawing water from the Amu Darya

1959–1983

Sharaf Rashidov Communist Party boss in Uzbekistan

1962

Muynoq, the southern Aral Sea port, on a peninsula instead of an island

as Aral Sea retreats

1963

Drought and poor farming techniques turn Kazakh steppe into a dust

bowl

1964

Khrushchev removed from office; Leonid Brezhnev becomes Soviet leader

1964–1986

Dinmukhamed Kunayev Communist Party boss in Kazakhstan

1970

Muynoq completely surrounded by land as Aral Sea retreat continues

1979–1988

Soviet military intervention in Afghanistan

1982

Brezhnev dies

1985

Mikhail Gorbachev becomes Soviet leader; Saparmurad Niyazov

becomes Communist Party leader in Turkmenistan

1986

Gorbachev replaces Kunayev with Gennadi Kolbin as Kazakhstan party

boss

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1988

Birlik (Unity) Uzbek nationalist group founded in Tashkent

1989

Gorbachev replaces Kolbin as Kazakhstan party boss with Nursultan

Nazarbayev, an ethnic Kazakh; Uzbek mobs attack Meskhetian Turks

in Fergana Valley in Uzbekistan; Uzbeks and Tajiks clash in Tajik-

istan; Islam Karimov becomes Communist Party leader in Uzbekistan

1990

Democratic Kyrgyzstan movement founded; Bloody Uzbek-Kyrgyz riots in

Osh in Kyrgyzstan; Karimov chosen president of Uzbekistan by par-

liament; Nazarbayev chosen president of Kazakhstan by parliament;

Askar Akayev chosen president of Kyrgyzstan by parliament; Niyazov,

running unopposed, elected president of Turkmenistan with 98.3 per-

cent of the vote; Kahar Mahkamov chosen president of Tajikistan by

parliament

1991

March: Central Asian voters strongly support continuation of the

Soviet Union in national referendum

August: Unsuccessful coup against Gorbachev

December 25: Gorbachev resigns as president of the Soviet Union

December 31: At midnight, the Soviet Union officially ceases to exist

Independent Central Asia: 1991–the present

1991

August: Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan declare independence

September: Tajikistan declares independence

October: Turkmenistan declares independence; Akayev, running unop-

posed, elected president of Kyrgyzstan with 95 percent of the vote

November 24: Rahmon Nabiyev elected president of Tajikistan with 57

percent of the vote

December 1: Nazarbayev, running unopposed, elected president of Ka-

zakhstan with 98.8 percent of the vote

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CHRONOLOGY ■ 189

December 16: Kazakhstan declares independence

December 21: Commonwealth of Independent states founded in

Almaty

December 29: Karimov elected president of Uzbekistan with 86 percent

of the vote

1992

Kazakhstan: Signs Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START)

Uzbekistan: New constitution introduced

Turkmenistan: Niyazov, running unopposed, is reelected president with

99.5 percent of the vote

Kyrgyzstan: Adopts new constitution

Tajikistan: Civil war begins

1993

Kazakhstan: Signs Treaty on Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons

(NPT)

Uzbekistan: Press brought under government control; independent

media outlets outlawed

Turkmenistan: Niyazov takes title “Turkmenbashi” (“Leader of the

Turkmen”)

1994

Kazakhstan: U.S. airlift removes weapons-grade uranium from the

country

Uzbekistan: People’s Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (PDPU) and other

Karimov supporters win all seats in parliamentary elections

Turkmenistan: 99.99 percent of voters participating in referendum

approve extension of Niyazov’s presidential term to 2002

Tajikistan: Voters approve new constitution; Emomali Rahmonov

elected with 58 percent of the vote in election marred by fraud

1995

Kazakhstan: Last of Soviet-era nuclear weapons removed from the coun-

try; Nazarbayev’s presidential term extended to 2000 in voter referen-

dum; new constitution strengthens presidential powers; elections marred

by irregularities give Nazarbayev supporters control of parliament

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Uzbekistan: 99.9 percent of voters in referendum approve extending

Karimov’s presidential term until 2000

Kyrgyzstan: Akayev reelected president with 71 percent of the vote;

three-day festival celebrating the 1,000th anniversary of epic poem

Manas

1996

Uzbekistan: Karimov resigns from the PDPU, saying he wants to be

nonpartisan; new law bans all political parties organized on ethnic or

religious basis; museum honoring Tamerlane opens in Tashkent; Dae-

woo builds $640 million automobile factory in Fergana Valley

1997

Turkmenistan: Niyazov has quadruple cardiac bypass surgery in Ger-

many

Tajikistan: Civil war ends

1998

Uzbekistan: Uzbek exiles in Afghanistan found the Islamic Movement

of Uzbekistan

Turkmenistan: Economy ends decline and begins to grow; new natural

gas pipeline running through Iran begins operation

Kyrgyzstan: Constitutional Court rules Akayev can run for a third pres-

idential term

1999

Kazakhstan: Nazarbayev reelected president with 80 percent of the

vote; Akezhan Kazhegeldin, a leading opponent of Nazarbayev, leaves

Kazakhstan for exile in Europe; Karmat steel mill finally earns a profit

Uzbekistan: Bombs kill 15 people in Tashkent, apparently as part of plot

to assassinate Karimov, who is unhurt; Turkish company opens factory

to build cars and minibuses in Sarmarkand; Niyazov declared presi-

dent for life

Tajikistan: Rahmonov reelected with 97 percent of the vote; geolo-

gists inspecting the natural dam holding back Lake Sarez find it is

leaking

Kyrgyzstan: IMU guerrillas battle government troops and take hostages

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CHRONOLOGY ■ 191

2000

Kazakhstan: Irina Petrushova founds Respublica; U.N. report shows 65

percent of the population lives in poverty; 89 percent of those voting

approve new constitution that further strengthens presidential power

Uzbekistan: Karimov reelected in two-man race with 91.9 percent of

the vote; economy recovers to 1991 level; IMU guerrillas infiltrate

across southern border and battle government troops

Kyrgyzstan: Russian made second official language; Akayev reelected to

a third term

Tajikistan: University of Central Asia established; amid charges of vote

rigging, parliamentary elections dominated by People’s Democratic

Party

2001

Kazakhstan: Two leading pro-democracy advocates imprisoned; econ-

omy grows by 13 percent as foreign investment flows into oil and gas

industries

Turkmenistan: Niyazov publishes Rukhnama (Spiritual Rivival)

Uzbekistan: U.S. troops arrive as part of military campaign against the

Taliban and al-Qaeda; 90 percent of voters approve extending Kari-

mov’s term to 2007

Kyrgyzstan: Military agreement with the United States permitting a

U.S. airbase near Bishkek

2002

September 27: Central Asian states agree on treaty establishing Central

Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone

Kazakhstan: Respublica’s offices firebombed; daughter of opposition

newspaper editor murdered

Uzbekistan: Signs security agreement with the United States as U.S. aid

climbs to $160 million per year; Daewoo automobile plant in Fergana

Valley makes first profit

Turkmenistan: Days of the week and months of the year renamed: Jan-

uary becomes Turkmenbashi; unsuccessful attempt to assassinate

Niyazov

Kyrgyzstan: Anti-Akayev demonstrations in March leave five dead and

dozens wounded; a second protest demonstration in Bishkek in

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