Kissinger Henry. White House Years

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

publishedintheNewYorkTimes,Jan.15,1972.

TheWashingtonPostofDec.8,1971,reportedonmybackgroundbriefingwithacolumnheadlined,“White

HouseSoftensPro‐PakistanStance.”SenatorBarryGoldwaterwassocarriedawaybymybriefingthathe

inserteditintotointotheCongressionalRecordwithoutinformingus.CongressionalRecord(dailyed.),Dec.9,

1971,p.S21012.

MiltonViorst,“WarOdious,butNotAlwaysEvil,”WashingtonStar,Dec.11,1971.

SeetheNewYorkTimes,Jan.6,1972;WashingtonPost,Jan.6,1972.

XXII

CrisisintheAlliance

RaymondAron,TheImperialRepublic:TheUnitedStatesandtheWorld1945‐1973(Cambridge,Mass.:Winthrop

Publishers,1974),pp.293‐295.

XXIII

Vietnam1970‐71:ForcingHanoi’sHand

WashingtonPosteditorials,Aug.28andSept.1,1970.

SeetheNewYorkTimes,June16,1969;TheNewYorkTimesMagazine,Sept.21,1969.

See,e.g.,NewYorkTimeseditorials,Aug.5,Aug.21,Aug.24,Oct.15,1969.

TheyincludedHenryJackson,whodraftedtheletter,HughScott,MikeMansfield,BarryGoldwater,JacobJavits,

WarrenMagnuson,BobDoyle,AlanBible,ThomasJ.McIntyre,WinstonProuty,BirchBayh,CharlesPercy,Milton

Young,andTedStevens.

“PeacePlanGetsWidePraisefromHillLeadersandMedia,”WashingtonPost,Oct.9,1970.

“PeaceInitiativeBackedByThePress,”PhiladelphiaInquirer,Oct.11,1970.

Proposed,forexamplebyMortonHalperinandLeslieGelbintheWashingtonPost,Oct.11,1970,andby

HalperinagainintheNewYorkTimes,Nov.7,1970.

BenjaminF.Schemmer,TheRaid(NewYork:HarperandRow,1976),pp.243‐244.

AhandyscheduleofadozenseparateplannedantiwarralliesandcampaignswaspublishedintheWashington

DailyNews:seeJudyLuce,“DemonstrationTimetableHere,”March31,1971,P‐3.

AddresstotheNation,April7,1971;seealsonewsconferencesofFeb.17andMarch4,1971.

TheMay31proposalasIreadittoXuanThuywasasfollows:

First,wearepreparedtosetaterminaldateforthewithdrawalofallourforcesfromSouthVietnam.We

would,asIhaveindicatedearlier,arrangeforroughlythesametimetableforthewithdrawalofotherAllied

forces.

Second,theVietnameseandtheotherpeoplesofIndochinashoulddiscussamongthemselvesthe

mannerinwhichallotheroutsideforceswouldwithdrawfromthecountriesofIndochina.

Third,thereshouldbeaceasefireinplacethroughoutIndochina,tobecomeeffectiveatthetimewhen

U.S.withdrawalsbasedonthefinalagreedtimetablebegin.

Fourth,aspartoftheceasefire,thereshouldbenofurtherinfiltrationofoutsideforcesintothecountries

ofIndochina.

Fifth,thereshouldbeinternationalsupervisionoftheceasefireanditsprovisions.

Sixth,bothsidesshouldrenewtheirpledgetorespectthe1954and1962GenevaAccords,torespectthe

neutrality,territorialintegrity,andindependenceofLaosandCambodia.Thiscouldbeformalizedatan

internationalconference.

Seventh,Iwanttoreiterateourproposalfortheimmediatereleaseofallprisonersofwarandinnocent

civiliansheldbybothsidesthroughoutIndochina.Webelievethisissueshouldbesettledimmediatelyona

humanitarianbasis.Ifthisisnotdone,themenmustbereleasedasanintegralpartofthesettlementweare

proposinginourfinaloffer.Wewouldexpect:

—YoursidewouldpresentacompletelistofallprisonersheldthroughoutIndochinaonthedayan

agreementisreached.

—Thereleaseoftheprisonerswouldbeginonthesamedayasourwithdrawalsundertheagreed

timetable.

—Thereleaseofprisonerswouldbecompletedatleasttwomonthsbeforethecompletionofourfinal

withdrawals.

Wearepreparedtotalkconcretelyandtomakerapidprogress.Wehaveframedthisoffertorespondto

yourproposals.Weexpectthatyouwilldealwithourfinalproposalsinaconstructivespirit.

Waltershandedoverthetextofourneweightpoints:

1.TheUnitedStatesagreestothetotalwithdrawalfromSouthVietnamofallU.S.forcesandother

foreignforcesalliedwiththegovernmentofSouthVietnam.Thiswithdrawalwillbecarriedoutinthefollowing

manner:

—AllAmericanandalliedforces,exceptforasmallnumberofpersonnelneededfortechnicaladvice,

logistics,andobservanceoftheceasefirementionedinpoint6,willbewithdrawnbyJuly1,1972,providedthat

thisstatementofprinciplesissignedbyDecember1,1971.Theterminaldateforthesewithdrawalswillinno

eventbelaterthansevenmonthsafterthisstatementofprinciplesissigned.

—Theremainingpersonnel,inturn,willbeprogressivelywithdrawnbeginningonemonthbeforethe

Presidentialelectionmentionedinpoint3andsimultaneouslywiththeresignationsoftheincumbentPresident

andVicePresidentofSouthVietnamalsoprovidedforinpoint3.Thesewithdrawalswillbecompletedbythe

dateofthePresidentialelection.

2.ThereleaseofallmilitarymenandinnocentcivilianscapturedthroughoutIndochinawillbecarriedout

inparallelwiththetroopwithdrawalsmentionedinpoint1.Bothsideswillpresentacompletelistofmilitary

menandinnocentciviliansheldthroughoutIndochinaonthedaythisstatementofprinciplesissigned.The

releasewillbeginonthesamedayasthetroopwithdrawalsandwillbecompletedbyJuly1,1972,providedthis

statementissignedbyDecember1,1971.Thecompletionofthisreleasewillinnoeventbelaterthanseven

monthsafterthisstatementissigned.

3.ThefollowingprincipleswillgovernthepoliticalfutureofSouthVietnam:

ThepoliticalfutureofSouthVietnamwillbeleftfortheSouthVietnamesepeopletodecidefor

themselves,freefromoutsideinterference.

TherewillbeafreeanddemocraticPresidentialelectioninSouthVietnamwithinsixmonthsofthe

signatureofthefinalagreementbasedontheprinciplesinthisstatement.Thiselectionwillbeorganizedand

runbyanindependentbodyrepresentingallpoliticalforcesinSouthVietnamwhichwillassumeits

responsibilitiesonthedateofthefinalagreement.Thisbodywill,amongotherresponsibilities,determinethe

qualificationofcandidates.AllpoliticalforcesinSouthVietnamcanparticipateintheelectionandpresent

candidates.Therewillbeinternationalsupervisionofthiselection.

OnemonthbeforethePresidentialelectiontakesplace,theincumbentPresidentandVicePresidentof

SouthVietnamwillresign.AcaretakerAdministration,headedbytheChairmanoftheSenate,willassume

administrativeresponsibilitiesexceptforthosepertainingtotheelection,whichwillremainwiththe

independentelectionbody.

TheUnitedStates,foritspart,declaresthatit:

—willsupportnocandidateandwillremaincompletelyneutralintheSouthVietnameseelection.

—willabidebytheoutcomeofthiselectionandanyotherpoliticalprocessesshapedbytheSouth

Vietnamesepeoplethemselves.

—ispreparedtodefineitsmilitaryandeconomicassistancerelationshipwithanygovernmentthatexists

inSouthVietnam.

Bothsidesagreethat:

—SouthVietnam,togetherwiththeothercountriesofIndochina,shouldadoptaforeignpolicyof

neutrality.

—ReunificationofVietnamshouldbedecidedonthebasisofdiscussionsandagreementsbetweenNorth

andSouthVietnamwithoutconstraintandannexationfromeitherparty,andwithoutforeigninterference.

4.Bothsideswillrespectthe1954GenevaAgreementsonIndochinaandthoseof1962onLaos.There

willbenoforeigninterventionintheIndochinesecountriesandtheIndochinesepeopleswillbelefttosettleby

themselvestheirownaffairs.

5.TheproblemsexistingamongtheIndochinesecountrieswillbesettledbytheIndochinesepartieson

thebasisofmutualrespectforindependence,sovereignty,territorialintegrityandnon‐interferenceineach

other’saffairs.Amongtheproblemsthatwillbesettledistheimplementationoftheprinciplethatallarmed

forcesofthecountriesofIndochinamustremainwithintheirnationalfrontiers.

6.TherewillbeageneralceasefirethroughoutIndochina,tobeginwhenthefinalagreementissigned.As

partoftheceasefire,therewillbenofurtherinfiltrationofoutsideforcesintoanyofthecountriesofIndochina.

7.Therewillbeinternationalsupervisionofthemilitaryaspectsofthisagreementincludingtheceasefire

anditsprovisions,thereleaseofprisonersofwarandinnocentciviliansandthewithdrawalofoutsideforces

fromIndochina.

8.TherewillbeaninternationalguaranteeforthefundamentalnationalrightsoftheIndochinese

peoples,theneutralityofallthecountriesinIndochina,andlastingpeaceinthisregion.

Bothsidesexpresstheirwillingnesstoparticipateinaninternationalconferenceforthisandother

appropriatepurposes.

McGovernquotedinWashingtonPost,Jan.4,1972.

MuskieandHumphreyquotedinNewsweek,Feb.7,1972.

XXIV

NixonsTriptoChina

RN:TheMemoirsofRichardNixon(NewYork:Grosset&Dunlap,1978),pp.560‐564.

RossTerrill,FlowersonanIronTree:FiveCitiesofChina(Boston:Little,Brown&Co.,1975).p.171.

ThecompletetextoftheShanghaiCommuniquéisasfollows:



JOINTCOMMUNIQUE



February28,

Shanghai,People’sRepublic

ofChina



PresidentRichardNixonoftheUnitedStatesofAmericavisitedthePeople’sRepublicofChinaatthe

invitationofPremierChouEn‐laiofthePeople’sRepublicofChinafromFebruary21toFebruary28,1972.

AccompanyingthePresidentwereMrs.Nixon,U.S.SecretaryofStateWilliamRogers,AssistanttothePresident

Dr.HenryKissinger,andotherAmericanofficials.

PresidentNixonmetwithChairmanMaoTse‐tungoftheCommunistPartyofChinaonFebruary21.The

twoleadershadaseriousandfrankexchangeofviewsonSino‐U.S.relationsandworldaffairs.

Duringthevisit,extensive,earnestandfrankdiscussionswereheldbetweenPresidentNixonandPremier

ChouEn‐laionthenormalizationofrelationsbetweentheUnitedStatesofAmericaandthePeople’sRepublicof

China,aswellasonothermattersofinteresttobothsides.Inaddition,SecretaryofStateWilliamRogersand

ForeignMinisterChiP’eng‐feiheldtalksinthesamespirit.

PresidentNixonandhispartyvisitedPekingandviewedcultural,industrialandagriculturalsites,andthey

alsotouredHangchowandShanghaiwhere,continuingdiscussionswithChineseleaders,theyviewedsimilar

placesofinterest.

TheleadersofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaandtheUnitedStatesofAmericafounditbeneficialtohave

thisopportunity,aftersomanyyearswithoutcontact,topresentcandidlytooneanothertheirviewsonavariety

ofissues.Theyreviewedtheinternationalsituationinwhichimportantchangesandgreatupheavalsaretaking

placeandexpoundedtheirrespectivepositionsandattitudes.

TheU.S.sidestated:PeaceinAsiaandpeaceintheworldrequireseffortsbothtoreduceimmediate

tensionsandtoeliminatethebasiccausesofconflict.TheUnitedStateswillworkforajustandsecurepeace:

just,becauseitfulfillstheaspirationsofpeoplesandnationsforfreedomandprogress;secure,becauseit

removesthedangerofforeignaggression.TheUnitedStatessupportsindividualfreedomandsocialprogressfor

allthepeoplesoftheworld,freeofoutsidepressureorintervention.TheUnitedStatesbelievesthattheeffortto

reducetensionsisservedbyimprovingcommunicationbetweencountriesthathavedifferentideologiessoasto

lessentherisksofconfrontationthroughaccident,miscalculationormisunderstanding.Countriesshouldtreat

eachotherwithmutualrespectandbewillingtocompetepeacefully,lettingperformancebetheultimatejudge.

Nocountryshouldclaiminfallibilityandeachcountryshouldbepreparedtore‐examineitsownattitudesforthe

commongood.TheUnitedStatesstressedthatthepeoplesofIndochinashouldbeallowedtodeterminetheir

destinywithoutoutsideintervention;itsconstantprimaryobjectivehasbeenanegotiatedsolution;theeight‐

pointproposalputforwardbytheRepublicofVietnamandtheUnitedStatesonJanuary27,1972representsa

basisfortheattainmentofthatobjective;intheabsenceofanegotiatedsettlementtheUnitedStatesenvisages

theultimatewithdrawalofallU.S.forcesfromtheregionconsistentwiththeaimofself‐determinationforeach

countryofIndochina.TheUnitedStateswillmaintainitsclosetieswithandsupportfortheRepublicofKorea;

theUnitedStateswillsupporteffortsoftheRepublicofKoreatoseekarelaxationoftensionandincreased

communicationintheKoreanpeninsula.TheUnitedStatesplacesthehighestvalueonitsfriendlyrelationswith

Japan;itwillcontinuetodeveloptheexistingclosebonds.ConsistentwiththeUnitedNationsSecurityCouncil

ResolutionofDecember21,1971,theUnitedStatesfavorsthecontinuationoftheceasefirebetweenIndiaand

Pakistanandthewithdrawalofallmilitaryforcestowithintheirownterritoriesandtotheirownsidesofthe

ceasefirelineinJammuandKashmir;theUnitedStatessupportstherightofthepeoplesofSouthAsiatoshape

theirownfutureinpeace,freeofmilitarythreat,andwithouthavingtheareabecomethesubjectofgreatpower

rivalry.

TheChinesesidestated:Whereverthereisoppression,thereisresistance.Countrieswantindependence,

nationswantliberationandthepeoplewantrevolution—thishasbecometheirresistibletrendof history.All

nations,bigorsmall,shouldbeequal;bignationsshouldnotbullythesmallandstrongnationsshouldnotbully

theweak.Chinawillneverbeasuperpoweranditopposeshegemonyandpowerpoliticsofanykind.The

Chinesesidestatedthatitfirmlysupportsthestrugglesofalltheoppressedpeopleandnationsforfreedomand

liberationandthatthepeopleofallcountrieshavetherighttochoosetheirsocialsystemsaccordingtotheir

ownwishesandtherighttosafeguardtheindependence,sovereigntyandterritorialintegrityoftheirown

countriesandopposeforeignaggression,interference,controlandsubversion.Allforeigntroopsshouldbe

withdrawntotheirowncountries.

TheChinesesideexpresseditsfirmsupporttothepeoplesofVietnam,LaosandCambodiaintheirefforts

fortheattainmentoftheirgoalanditsfirmsupporttotheseven‐pointproposaloftheProvisionalRevolutionary

GovernmentoftheRepublicofSouthVietnamandtheelaborationofFebruarythisyearonthetwokeyproblems

intheproposal,andtotheJointDeclarationoftheSummitConferenceoftheIndochinesePeoples.Itfirmly

supportstheeight‐pointprogramforthepeacefulunificationofKoreaputforwardbytheGovernmentofthe

DemocraticPeople’sRepublicofKoreaonApril12,1971,andthestandfortheabolitionofthe“U.N.Commission

fortheUnificationandRehabilitationofKorea.”ItfirmlyopposestherevivalandoutwardexpansionofJapanese

militarismandfirmlysupportstheJapanesepeople’sdesiretobuildanindependent,democratic,peacefuland

neutralJapan.ItfirmlymaintainsthatIndiaandPakistanshould,inaccordancewiththeUnitedNations

resolutionsontheIndia‐Pakistanquestion,immediatelywithdrawalltheirforcestotheirrespectiveterritories

andtotheirownsidesoftheceasefirelineinJammuandKashmirandfirmlysupportsthePakistanGovernment

andpeopleintheirstruggletopreservetheirindependenceandsovereigntyandthepeopleofJammuand

Kashmirintheirstrugglefortherightofself‐determination.

ThereareessentialdifferencesbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStatesintheirsocialsystemsandforeign

policies.However,thetwosidesagreedthatcountries,regardlessoftheirsocialsystems,shouldconducttheir

relationsontheprinciplesofrespectforthesovereigntyandterritorialintegrityofallstates,non‐aggression

againstotherstates,noninterferenceintheinternalaffairsofotherstates,equalityandmutualbenefit,and

peacefulcoexistence.Internationaldisputesshouldbesettledonthisbasis,withoutresortingtotheuseorthreat

offorce.TheUnitedStatesandthePeople’sRepublicofChinaarepreparedtoapplytheseprinciplestotheir

mutualrelations.

Withtheseprinciplesofinternationalrelationsinmindthetwosidesstatedthat:

—progresstowardthenormalizationofrelationsbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStatesisintheinterests

ofallcountries;

—bothwishtoreducethedangerofinternationalmilitaryconflict;

—neithershouldseekhegemonyintheAsia‐Pacificregionandeachisopposedtoeffortsbyanyother

countryorgroupofcountriestoestablishsuchhegemony;and

—neitherispreparedtonegotiateonbehalfofanythirdpartyortoenterintoagreementsor

understandingswiththeotherdirectedatotherstates.

Bothsidesareoftheviewthatitwouldbeagainsttheinterestsofthepeoplesoftheworldforanymajor

countrytocolludewithanotheragainstothercountries,orformajorcountriestodivideuptheworldinto

spheresofinterest.

Thetwosidesreviewedthelong‐standingseriousdisputesbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates.The

Chinesesidereaffirmeditsposition:TheTaiwanquestionisthecrucialquestionobstructingthenormalizationof

relationsbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates;theGovernmentofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaisthesole

legalgovernmentofChina;TaiwanisaprovinceofChinawhichhaslongbeenreturnedtothemotherland;the

liberationofTaiwanisChina’sinternalaffairinwhichnoothercountryhastherighttointerfere;andallU.S.

forcesandmilitaryinstallationsmustbewithdrawnfromTaiwan.TheChineseGovernmentfirmlyopposesany

activitieswhichaimatthecreationof“oneChina,oneTaiwan.”“oneChina,twogovernments.”“twoChinas,”

and“independentTaiwan”oradvocatethat“thestatusofTaiwanremainstobedetermined.”

TheU.S.sidedeclared:TheUnitedStatesacknowledgesthatallChineseoneithersideoftheTaiwanStrait

maintainthereisbutoneChinaandthatTaiwanisapartofChina.TheUnitedStatesGovernmentdoesnot

challengethatposition.ItreaffirmsitsinterestinapeacefulsettlementoftheTaiwanquestionbytheChinese

themselves.Withthisprospectinmind,itaffirmstheultimateobjectiveofthewithdrawalofallU.S.forcesand

militaryinstallationsfromTaiwan.Inthemeantime,itwillprogressivelyreduceitsforcesandmilitary

installationsonTaiwanasthetensionintheareadiminishes.

Thetwosidesagreedthatitisdesirabletobroadentheunderstandingbetweenthetwopeoples.Tothis

end,theydiscussedspecificareasinsuchfieldsasscience,technology,culture,sportsandjournalism,inwhich

people‐to‐peoplecontactsandexchangeswouldbemutuallybeneficial.Eachsideundertakestofacilitatethe

furtherdevelopmentofsuchcontactsandexchanges.

Bothsidesviewbilateraltradeasanotherareafromwhichmutualbenefitcanbederived,andagreedthat

economicrelationsbasedonequalityandmutualbenefitareintheinterestofthepeopleofthetwocountries.

Theyagreetofacilitatetheprogressivedevelopmentoftradebetweentheirtwocountries.

Thetwosidesagreedthattheywillstayincontactthroughvariouschannels,includingthesendingofa

seniorU.S.representativetoPekingfromtimetotimeforconcreteconsultationstofurtherthenormalizationof

relationsbetweenthetwocountriesandcontinuetoexchangeviewsonissuesofcommoninterest.

Thetwosidesexpressedthehopethatthegainsachievedduringthisvisitwouldopenupnewprospects

fortherelationsbetweenthetwocountries.Theybelievethatthenormalizationofrelationsbetweenthetwo

countriesisnotonlyintheinterestoftheChineseandAmericanpeoplesbutalsocontributestotherelaxationof

tensioninAsiaandtheworld.

PresidentNixon,Mrs.NixonandtheAmericanpartyexpressedtheirappreciationforthegracious

hospitalityshownthembytheGovernmentandpeopleofthePeople’sRepublicofChina.

XXV

HanoiThrowstheDice

Safire’saccount,fromthespeech‐writingperspective,isinBeforetheFall(GardenCity,N.Y.:Doubleday&Co.,

1975),pp.417‐420.

See,e.g.,RN:TheMemoirsofRichardNixon(NewYork:Grosset&Dunlap,1978),p.591.

RN,pp.590‐591.

XXVI

TheSecretTriptoMoscow

SeeElmoR.Zumwalt,Jr.,OnWatch:AMemoir(NewYork:QuadrangleBooks/TheNewYorkTimesBookCo.,

1976),pp.152‐163.

NewYorkTimes,Feb.9,1972.TheLosAngelesTimesonFeb.4evenreturnedtotheconceptofanABM‐only

agreement.

See,e.g..TadSzulc,in“HowKissingerDidIt:BehindtheVietnamCease‐FireAgreement,”ForeignPolicy,no.15

(Summer1974),andinTheIllusionofPeace(NewYork:TheVikingPress,1978),pp.544‐545.Szulcclaimsthis

wasthefirstexplicitUSproposalofacease‐fireinplacethatdroppedthedemandformutualwithdrawal.Infact,

acease‐fifeinplacehadbeenproposedinthePresident’sspeechofOct.7,1970.Anyexpectationofnegotiating

amutualwithdrawalwasdroppedinthesecretproposalofMay31,1971—andindeedimplicitlyinour

accelerationofunilateralwithdrawals.Acease‐fireinplacewasofferedagaininoursecretproposalofOct.11,

1971,andpubliclyinthePresident’sJanuary25,1972,speech.Allthatwasleftofmutualwithdrawalinour1971‐

72proposalswastheprovisionthat“theproblemsexistingamongtheIndochinesecountrieswillbesettledby

theIndochinesepartiesonthebasisofmutualrespectforindependence,sovereignty,territorialintegrityand

noninterferenceineachother’saffairs.Amongtheproblemsthatwillbesettledistheimplementationofthe

principlethatallarmedforcesofthecountriesofIndochinamustremainwithintheirnationalfrontiers.”

SeeRN,p.592.

XXVII

TheShowdown

NewYorkTimes,Jan.5,1973.

ExcerptsfromNixon’sApril30memorandumtomeareprintedinRN:TheMemoirsofRichardNixon(NewYork:

Grosset&Dunlap,1978),pp.593‐594.

SeeRN,p.594.

IwasnotpresentattheMay8leadershipmeeting.AnaccountofitisinWilliamSafire,BeforetheFall(Garden

City:Doubleday&Co.,1975),pp.422‐427.

TheSenatorsarequotedinCongressionalQuarterly,May13,1972.

NewYorkTimeseditorial,May9,1972.

NewYorkTimes,WashingtonPost,ChristianScienceMonitor,andBostonGlobeeditorialsofMay10,1972.

MarvinKalbandBernardKalb,Kissinger(Boston:Little,Brown&Co.,1974),p.310.

ThismemorandumisquotedinRN,pp.606‐607.

XXVIII

TheMoscowSummit

See,e.g.,WashingtonPost,May18,1972.

MarvinKalbandBernardKalb,Kissinger(Boston:Little,Brown&Co.,1974),p.328.

ThetextoftheMiddleEastsectionofthe1972US‐Sovietcommuniquéwasasfollows:

ThetwoSidessetouttheirpositionsonthisquestion.Theyreaffirmtheirsupportforapeaceful

settlementintheMiddleEastinaccordancewithSecurityCouncilResolution242.

NotingthesignificanceofconstructivecooperationofthepartiesconcernedwiththeSpecial

RepresentativeoftheUNSecretaryGeneral,AmbassadorJarring,theUSandtheUSSRconfirmtheirdesireto

contributetohismission’ssuccessandalsodeclaretheirreadinesstoplaytheirpartinbringingaboutapeaceful

settlementintheMiddleEast.IntheviewoftheUSandtheUSSR,theachievementofsuchasettlementwould

openprospectsforthenormalizationoftheMiddleEastsituationandwouldpermit,inparticular,consideration

offurtherstepstobringaboutamilitaryrelaxationinthatarea.

The“generalworkingprinciples”workedoutwithGromykoasaresultoftheMay1972summitdiscussionsread

asfollows:

1.Thefinalagreementshouldbecomprehensive,coveringallpartiesandissues.Thisdoesnotpreclude

thattheimplementationoccursinstagesorthatsomeissuesanddisputesareresolvedonaprioritybasis.

2.TheagreementshouldcontainprovisionsforthewithdrawalofIsraeliforcesfromArabterritories

occupiedin1967.

3.Anyborderrectifications,whichmaytakeplace,shouldresultfromvoluntaryagreementamongthe

partiesconcerned.

4.Mutualarrangementsforsecuritycouldincludedemilitarizedzones,thetemporarystationingofUN

personnelatSharmel‐Sheikh,andthemosteffectiveinternationalguaranteeswiththeappropriateparticipation

oftheSovietUnionandtheUnitedStates.

5.Theagreementsshouldleadtoanendofastateofbelligerencyandtheestablishmentofpeace.

6.FreedomofnavigationthroughtheStraitsofTiranandtheSuezCanalshouldbeassured.Thisisfully

consistentwithEgyptiansovereigntyovertheCanal.

7.RecognitionoftheindependenceandsovereigntyofallstatesintheMiddleEast,includingIsrael,isone

ofthebasicprinciplesonwhichthesettlementmustbebased.



UnilateralPoints:



TheUSpositionisthatcompletionoftheagreementsshouldatsomestageinvolvenegotiationsamong

thesignatories.

TheSovietpositionisthattheproblemofthePalestinianrefugeesshouldbesolvedonajustbasisandin

accordancewiththeappropriateUNdecisions.

XXIX

SummitAftermath

TheconventionalrevisionistviewiswellexemplifiedbytheseriesofarticlesbyGeorgeW.BallintheWashington

Star,March14‐16,1979;andBall’slettertotheeditorofTheEconomist,Feb.17,1979.

ComparetheWashingtonPosteditorialsofJune7andJuly27,1971,withitseditorialsofOct.7,1972,andFeb.

21,1973.

XXX

SadatExpelstheSoviets

SeeAnwarel‐Sadat,InSearchofIdentity(NewYork:HarperandRow,1978),pp.219,221‐222.Sadatmadethe

samepointinhisaddresstotheIsraeliKnessetonNov.20,1977.

SeeMarilynBerger,“Envoy‘Paper’CompromisesU.S.inMideast,”WashingtonPost,June29,1971.

Sadat,InSearchofIdentity,p.225.

SeeChapterXXVIII,note4.

Sadat,InSearchofIdentity,p.229.

Ibid.

XXI

FromStalematetoBreakthrough

TheUSdraftoftherelevantarticlewasasfollows:

TheCompositionoftheCommitteewillbeasfollows:

—RepresentativesoftheRepublicofVietnamtobedesignatedbytheGovernmentoftheRepublicof

Vietnam;

—RepresentativesoftheNLFtobedesignatedbytheNLF;

—RepresentativesofvariouspoliticalandreligioustendenciesinSouthVietnamassociatedneitherwith

theGovernmentoftheRepublicofVietnamnortheNLFbutdesignatedbymutualagreementbetweenthe

GovernmentoftheRepublicofVietnamandtheNLF.



PresidentThieuandhisstaffgaveusaproposedredraft,asfollows:

TheCommitteewillbecomposedofrepresentativesofallthepolitical,religiousforcesandtendenciesin

SVN[SouthVietnam].TheNLFisconsideredasoneoftheabove.Therepresentativeswillbedesignatedby

mutualagreement.



WepreferredtobespecificbecauseitgaveHanoithetripartiteformwhiledrainingitofsubstance.Ourscheme

transformedthecoalitiongovernmentintoanelectoralcommissionwithafifty‐fiftysplitandaSaigonveto.In

ourjudgmentSaigon’sformulationwaslessfavorabletoitsowncausebecauseitwouldhavegiventheNLFa

vetoovereventheSaigonrepresentativesontheCommittee.

SeeRN:TheMemoirsofRichardNixon(NewYork:Grosset&Dunlap,1978),p.690.

SeeCharlesW.Colson,BornAgain(OldTappan,N.J.:ChosenBooks,Inc.,1976),p.76.

TheresultcanbestbejudgedbycomparingHanoi’soriginaldraftwiththeversionthatemergedonOctober11.

LeDucTho’sdraftofOctober8read:

Immediatelyafterthecease‐fire,thetwoSouthVietnamesepartiesshallholdconsultationsinaspiritof

nationalconcord,equality,mutualrespect,andmutualnon‐eliminationtosetupthethree‐segment

administrationofnationalconcordandtosettleallotherinternalmattersofSouthVietNaminkeepingwiththe

SouthVietNampeople’saspirationsforpeace,independence,democracy,andneutrality.ThetwoSouth

VietnamesepartiesshallassoonaspossiblesignanagreementontheinternalmattersofSouthVietNam,and

notlaterthanthreemonthsaftertheenforcementofcease‐fire.



TheversiononOctober11read:

Immediatelyafterthecease‐fire,thetwoSouthVietnamesepartiesshallholdconsultationsinaspiritof

nationalreconciliationandconcord,mutualrespect,andmutualnon‐eliminationtosetupanadministrative

structurecalledtheNationalCouncilofNationalReconciliationandConcordofthreeequalsegments.The

Councilshalloperateontheprincipleofunanimity.AftertheNationalCouncilofNationalReconciliationand

Concordhasassumeditsfunctions,thetwoSouthVietnamesepartieswillconsultabouttheformationof 

councilsatlowerlevels.ThetwoSouthVietnamesepartiesshallsignanagreementontheinternalmattersof

SouthVietnamassoonaspossibleanddotheirutmosttoaccomplishthiswithinthreemonthsafterthecease‐

firecomesintoeffect,inkeepingwiththeSouthVietnamesepeople’saspirationsforpeace,independenceand

democracy.

Thiswasweakenedfurtherinlaternegotiationsbydroppingthephrase“administrativestructure,”the

Vietnamesetranslationofwhichwascontroversial.SeeChapterXXXIII.

XXXII

TheTroubledRoadtoPeace

RN:TheMemoirsofRichardNixon(NewYork:Grosset&Dunlap,1978),p.693.

See,e.g.,Nixon’snewsconferenceofMarch15,1973;hisaddressofMarch29,1973;thejointstatementof

PresidentsNixonandThieu,April3,1973;SecretaryofDefenseRichardsonon“MeetthePress,”April1,1973;

RichardsontestimonytotheSenateArmedServicesCommittee,April2,1973;Richardsonremarkstonewsmen

priortoappearingbeforetheHouseAppropriationsCommittee,April3,1973;myinterviewwithMarvinKalb,

CBS‐TV,February1,1973;remarksofAmbassadorWilliamSullivanon“MeetthePress,”Jan.28,1973;andother

sourcescollectedinUSCongress,Senate,CommitteeonAppropriations,EmergencyMilitaryAssistanceand

EconomicandHumanitarianAidtoSouthVietnam,1975,HearingsbeforetheCommitteeonAppropriations,94th

Cong.,1stsess.,1975,pp.19‐24.

TherelevantassurancesIhadrecitedbacktoHanoiinamessageonOctober20read:

WithrespecttoCambodia,theU.S.sideoperatesonthebasisofthefollowingstatementsmadeby

SpecialAdvisorLeDucThoatprivatemeetingswithDr.KissingeronSeptember26and27andOctober8and11,

1972:

—“ThequestionsofthewarinVietnamandCambodiaarecloselylinked:whenthewarissettledin

Vietnam,thereisnoreasonforthewartocontinueinCambodia”(September27);

—“OncetheVietnamproblemissettled,thequestionofCambodiacertainlywillbesettled;andtheend

oftheVietnamesewarwillcreateaverygreatimpactthatwillendthewarinCambodiaperhapsimmediately”

(October8);

—“ItisanunderstandingbetweenusthattheDRVwillabidebytheprinciplethatallforeignforces,

includingitsown,mustputanendtotheirmilitaryactivitiesinCambodiaandbewithdrawnfromCambodiaand

notbereintroduced”(September26);

—“TheDRVwillfollowthesameprinciplesinCambodiathatitwillfollowinSouthVietnamandLaos,that

is,itwillrefrainfromintroducingtroops,armament,andwarmaterialintoCambodia”(October11);and

—“AsArticle18[later23]states,theobligationsofthisagreementcomeintoforceonthedayofits

signing”(October11).

TheUnitedStatesreiteratesitsviewasexpoundedbyDr.KissingeronOctober11,1972,thatif,pendinga

settlementinCambodia,offensiveactivitiesaretakentherewhichwouldjeopardizetheexistingsituation,such

operationswouldbecontrarytothespiritofArticle15(b)[later20(b)]andtotheassumptionsonwhichthis

Agreementisbased.



HanoiconfirmedthesestatementsinawrittenmessageonOctober21andaddedawrittenassurancethatit

would“activelycontributetorestoringpeaceinCambodia.”

WhatcomplicatedmattersevenfurtheristhatNixonseemedtobereactingalsotomessagessentthedaybefore

dealingwithanentirelydifferentproblem.HeseemedtobelievethatIwasdeterminedtogotoHanoi,whichthe

recorddoesnotsustain.Andhequotesinhismemoirsasaproof(RN,p.699)acablefromOctober21dealing

withquiteadifferentsituation.

OnthemorningofOctober21,whentheSouthVietnameseteamhadsubmitteditstwenty‐three

proposedchangesintheagreement,wewerefacedwiththequestionofwhereandhowtoraisethemwiththe

NorthVietnamese.InordertokeepHanoifromgoingpublic,IsuggestedthatImightmaintainthe“shedyule,”go

toHanoi,putforwardtherequestedchanges,andtrythustousemyvisitasameanstodelayaconclusionofthe

agreementuntilaftertheelection.ThatmessagearrivedinWashingtonduringthenightandwasthusnotacted

onforabouttwelvehours.(ThequotefrommycableinRN,p.699,isfromastillearliercableIsentwhenIwas

undertheimpressionthatSaigonwouldacceptthedocumentprovideditcouldgetsomechanges.)Bythattime

ThieuhadcanceledthemeetingscheduledforlaterthatdayandsubjectedBunkertotheindignitiesalready

described.UnderthesecircumstancesIwithdrewmyoriginalrecommendation.Beforehavinganyresponseto

myfirstmessageIcabledHaig:“Iwilldomyutmosttopreventablowuphere.InanyeventIdonotseewhat

Thieuhastogainfromit.IwillfindsomepretextforcancellingthetriptoHanoi.”Forsomereasonthatsecond

cablewasneitheracknowledgednordiditreceiveareply.ButthefirstonesuggestingthetriptoHanoibe

maintainedwasthesubjectofpassionateexchangesallthemoreinfuriatingbecausetheyhadmeanwhile

becomeirrelevant.

XXXIII

“PeaceIsatHand”

McGovern’spositionwasspelledoutinhisspeechofOct.10,1972;seealsohisappearanceonthe“Today”

show,April4,1972,andhisremarksinNewHampshirereportedbyUPIonFeb.9,1972(reLaosandCambodia).

NewYorkTimes,Nov.6,1972.McGovern’sremarkson“MeetthePress”arereportedintheWashingtonPost,

Oct.30,1972.

OrianaFallaci,InterviewwithHistory(Boston:HoughtonMifflinCo.,1977),chapter1.

SeeJohnOsborneinTheNewRepublic,Dec.16,1972,reprintedinOsborne,TheFourthYearoftheNixonWatch

(NewYork:Liveright,1973),pp.200‐201.

SeeChapterXXXII,note2.

QuotedinWilliamShawcross,“Sihanouk’sCase,”TheNewYorkReviewofBooks,Feb,22,1979.

RN:TheMemoirsofRichardNixon(NewYork:Grosset&Dunlap,1978),p.721.

ThefulltextofthePresident’smessagetomeofDec.6isinRN,pp.729‐730.

RN,p.731.

RN,p.733.

RN,p.736.

E.g.,MarvinKalbandBernardKalb,Kissinger(Boston:Little,Brown&Co.,1974),p.413.

ChristianScienceMonitor,Dec.21,1972;WashingtonPost,Dec.21,1972.

GuenterLewy,AmericainVietnam(NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress,1978),pp.413‐414(footnotesomitted).

AgoodaccountofthemoodoftheWhiteHousestaffcanbefoundinWilliamSafire,BeforetheFall(Garden

City,N.Y.:Doubleday&Co.,1975),pp.666‐670.

CharlesW.Colson,BornAgain(OldTappan,N.J.:ChosenBooks,Inc.,1976),pp.79‐80.