Каталог - Оружие России 2000 c82-795

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GROUP 58 COMMUNICATIONS,

DETECTION AND COHERENT

RADAR EQUIPMENT

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372

PART 2 - . 2

AIRBORNE

RADARS

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KOPYO AIRBORNE RADAR

The Kopyo airborne radar is intended for newly devel-

oped and modernized lightweight fighters of the MiG-21

type. The radar ensures control of the airborne weapon-

ry comprising guns, unguided rockets, up-to-date mis-

siles with infrared and radar homing heads, including

active ones, and guided aerial bombs.

Kopyo is an airborne coherent multifunction multimode

radar which detects and locks on aerial targets in free

airspace and against earth background, in cloud cover-

age, as well as on pursuit and head-on courses.

Equipping the MiG-21 fighter with the Kopyo radar

turns it into a state-of-the-art fourth-generation multi-

function fighter-bomber.

The Kopyo airborne radar ensures:

- in the air-to-air operating mode: target detection and

rangefinding; single target tracking; several target

tracking and airspace scanning; critical target selection

and attack of several targets; close maneuvering air

combat;

- in the air-to-surface

operating mode: ground

mapping by a scanning

antenna beam; Doppler

beam narrowing and

antenna aperture syn-

thesizing; map freezing;

moving ground target

detection; ground target

ranging.

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Basic Characteristics

Frequency range X

Antenna:

type slotted array

diameter, mm 500

Target detection range, km:

air-to-air operating mode:

collision/pursuit 57/30

against earth background:

collision/pursuit 57/25

Number of simultaneously tracked/engaged targets 10/2

Probability of troubleshooting (continuous on call

and through in flight and on ground) by built-in test system, % 95

Mean cycles between failures, h 200

Combat capabilities of MiG-21-93 fighter:

weapons used:

infrared homing missiles R-60MK, R-73E

air-to-ship missiles Kh-31A

radar homing missiles for long-range

head-on combat RVV-AE, R-27R1(T)

guided aerial bombs MK82, MK83, KAB-500Kr

GROUP 58 COMMUNICATIONS,

DETECTION AND COHERENT

RADAR EQUIPMENT

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373

PART 2 - . 2

AIRBORNE

RADARS

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 

ARBALET AIRBORNE RADAR

The Arbalet airborne radar is intended for equipping the

Ka-52, Mi-28 and Ka-32 helicopters. It is a multimode

unified multifunction airborne radar developed to

markedly enhance fighting strength of these heli-

copters.

To achieve the required resolving ability with the limit-

ed antenna dimensions, the Arbalet family radars use

the Ka-band radio waves. New engineering solutions

help obtain the required performance characteristics in

any weather conditions. For some types of radars, a

combination of various radio wave bands is used.

The comparative analysis of the performance charac-

teristics of existing foreign similar-class radars and

those of the Arbalet family radars shows that the com-

bination of X and Ka or L and Ka wave bands enables

the Arbalet family radars to operate in a wider range of

weather conditions and ensures a greater operating

range.

The Arbalet radar, developed for the Ka-52 strike heli-

copter, ensures a circular scan via a mast-mounted

antenna that makes it possible to detect an aerial tar-

get (an attacking missile) in any azimuth angle.

In addition, the Arbalet radar is provided with a low-

altitude flight-operations support mode with a wide

sector of searching for obstacles, detecting weath-

er formations, and determining the danger area

boundaries.

The Mi-28N single-rotor helicopters are equipped with

a two-band radar provided with a mast-mounted anten-

na system. Its basic performance characteristics are

close to those of the Arbalet radar developed for the

Ka-52 strike helicopter.

A two-band surveillance/navigation radar complex is

being developed from the Arbalet radar as a main all-

weather information support system for the Ka-32 heli-

copters. As well as the optronic complex, the radar

system ensures all-around surveillance of the

ground/sea surface and detection of both large and

small targets.

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GROUP 58 COMMUNICATIONS,

DETECTION AND COHERENT

RADAR EQUIPMENT

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374

PART 2 - . 2

AIRBORNE

RADARS



 

The Faraon phased-array radar is designed for equip-

ping the MiG-21MF, MiG-21bis, Su-22 (Su-17), Su-25,

Yak-130, MiG-AT aircraft. The radar enables the crew to

engage aerial, ground and surface targets. In the map-

ping mode, Faraon allows it to discriminate ground/sur-

face targets and track moving ones. The radar is inter-

faced with sophisticated weapons (missiles and guided

aerial bombs) and ensures their combat use.

The radar comprises:

- electronic beam scanning antenna with a high beam

scanning rate within the scan sector of ±70

, without

spurious radiation lobes. The antenna is high-tech in

the manufacture and features high performance stabil-

ity from set to set;

- coherent transmitter built around a travelling wave

tube with an average power corresponding to one of

the following values: 1,000 W, 400 W, 150 W. Three

types of transmitters are developed and one of them is

installed on a carrier depending on its power supply

system;

- receiver and driving oscillator. The receiver is

designed around a two/three-channel configuration

(with a noise factor < 2 dB, microelectronic version,

with a 12-bit analog-digital converter and a built-in

processor) with a perfect preliminary processing of the

received signal. The driving oscillator shapes the trans-

mitted signals required to obtain assigned radar perfor-

mance characteristics, including interference immunity;

- programmed signal/data processor with a response

speed of up to 900 mln instructions per second with a

floating point.

The Faraon airborne radar can also be used for pro-

tecting the aft hemisphere of various aircraft.

FARAON AIRBORNE PHASED-ARRAY RADAR

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GROUP 58 COMMUNICATIONS,

DETECTION AND COHERENT

RADAR EQUIPMENT

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375

PART 2 - . 2

AIRBORNE

RADARS



 

MOSKIT AIRBORNE RADAR

The Moskit airborne radar is intended to equip light and

medium fighters, in particular to replace the Sapfir-23

airborne radar, and makes it possible to convert the

MiG-23 fighter into a sophisticated powerful multifunc-

tion aircraft capable of conducting air defense and

delivering attacks against ground and sea targets.

There are two versions of modernization of the aircraft

with the Moskit airborne radar.

First Version

The first version involves replacing the Sapfir-23 air-

borne radar or its modifying with the Moskit-23 radar to

be installed in the aircraft nose section in place of the

main monoblock unit (antenna, receiver, transmitters of

the main and illuminating channels of the Sapfir-23

radar).

In addition to the main operating modes of the Sapfir-23

radar, the Moskit-23 radar features the following oper-

ating modes:

- air-to-air operating mode: surveying/ranging and

tracking; while-scan tracking eight targets and

simultaneously engaging two of them; close air

combat;

- air-to-surface operating mode: ground mapping while

searching for ground (sea) targets by the following

methods: scanning beam, Doppler beam narrowing,

antenna aperture synthesizing; detection of moving

ground (sea) targets; ground ranging.

The Moskit-23 airborne radar is interfaced with the up-

to-date R-27R(T), RVV-AE and R-73 air-to-air missiles

and allows the use of the R-23T and R-24T missiles,

Kh-31A air-to-ship missiles, as well as the KAB-500Kr

aerial guided bombs, unguided rockets, gun armament

and unguided aerial bombs.

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 «aRWTUQ-23» WR]GOVKHQWO W WRSGHYHJJZYU GKTHQKYU

TNKWWK «SRLIPg - SRLIPg»: -27(), -, -73 U ]RLSR-

NOHQ UW]RN`LRSKQ` GKTHQZ -23, -24, «SRLIPg - TRGKXN`»

h-31, K QKTeH TRGGHTQUGPHYZH XRYXZ -500G, ,

F U KSUKXRYXZ.

WJKcHJUH WKYRNHQRS YJRVR^PJTdURJKN`JR[  «aR-

WTUQ-23» ]RLSRNUQ WPcHWQSHJJR PSHNUMUQ` Ug XRHSPf i^-

^HTQUSJRWQ`, S ]HGSPf RMHGHI` LK WMHQ:

GROUP 58 COMMUNICATIONS,

DETECTION AND COHERENT

RADAR EQUIPMENT

 58  !"#, $%&",

'$(()*  +$'$)$$

$%$+$!

376

PART 2 - . 2

AIRBORNE

RADARS



 

- PSHNUMHJUO IKN`JRWQU RXJKGPeHJUO SRLIPkJR[ dHNU

IR 90 TY;

- UW]RN`LRSKJUO GHeUYK TKGQRVGK^UGRSKJUO INO ]GUYH-

JHJUO ]GRQUSRTRGKXHN`JZg GKTHQ h-31 W KTQUSJZYU VR-

NRSTKYU WKYRJKSHIHJUO (IKN`JRWQ` ]PWTK ]R YRGWTUY dH-

NOY IR 100 TY), K QKTeH TRGGHTQUGPHYZg XRYX -500G.

2-F? @ABCADE

FGU WRgGKJHJUU  «K]^UG-23» RWPcHWQSNOHQWO IR-

]RNJUQHN`JKO PWQKJRSTK  «aRWTUQ-21» S ]RISHWJRY

TRJQH[JHGH, MQR JH QGHXPHQ ]HGHTRY]RJRSTU WKYRNHQRS

aUb-23, aUb-23, aUb-27. «aRWTUQ-21» WR]GOVKHQWO W

QHY eH SRRGPeHJUHY, MQR U «aRWTUQ-23».

WJKcHJUH WKYRNHQRS YJRVR^PJTdURJKN`JR[  «aR-

WTUQ-21» ]RLSRNUQ PSHNUMUQ` i^^HTQUSJRWQ` WKYRNHQK

LK WMHQ:

- PSHNUMHJUO IKN`JRWQU RXJKGPeHJUO SRLIPkJR[ dHNU IR

50 TY U UW]RN`LRSKJUO JRSRVR ]KGTK GKTHQ «SRLIPg - SRL-

IPg»: -, -27(), -73;

- UW]RN`LRSKJUO GHeUYK TKGQRVGK^UGRSKJUO U ]GRQUSR-

TRGKXHN`JZg GKTHQ h-31 W KTQUSJR[ VRNRSTR[ WKYRJKSH-

IHJUO W IKN`JRWQ`f ]PWTK ]R YRGWTUY dHNOY IR 50 TY, K

QKTeH TRGGHTQUGPHYZg XRYX -500G, , F U

KSUKXRYX.

Equipping the aircraft with the Moskit-23 multifunction

radar makes it possible to markedly enhance aircraft

combat efficiency, first of all, due to:

- increasing the aerial target detection range up to 90 km;

- using the mapping mode to employ the Kh-31A anti-

ship active-homing missiles (with an effective range of

up to 100 km against sea targets) and the KAB-500Kr

guided aerial bombs.

Second Version

On retention of the Sapfir-23 airborne radar, the Moskit-

21K airborne radar is additionally pod-mounted, which

does not require equipment rearrangement of the MiG-

23, MiG-23BN and MiG-27 aircraft. Much like the

Moskit-23 radar, Moskit-21K is interfaced with the same

armament.

Equipping the aircraft with the Moskit-21K multifunction

radar makes it possible to enhance aircraft combat effi-

ciency due to:

- increasing the aerial target detection range up to

50 km and using new air-to-air missiles RVV-AE,

R-27R(T) and R-73;

- using the mapping mode to employ the Kh-31A anti-

ship active-homing missiles (with an effective range of

up to 50 km against sea targets), KAB-500Kr guided

aerial bombs, unguided rockets, gun armament and

unguided aerial bombs.

GROUP 58 COMMUNICATIONS,

DETECTION AND COHERENT

RADAR EQUIPMENT

 58  !"#, $%&",

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$%$+$!

377

PART 2 - . 2

AIRBORNE

RADARS



 

+$'$)$/*

)'./* $(' «$ »

 !" !# $% &'(! )*+, !

,'(-,($%. (,/! 0,1-29. 

«'!» ' 8!",)*! )9 ! ( )9

:(+)9 (<), ?$+() @A

'+! ,)*! ,A , !* ,A !+(

' !+(,* @A,, /)$&!+(,* @A, ,

(/$)*@A, 1 * :,)+)9 ") 

(+) &' ' &B$)A /, *:,  120°)

'/)')- ) )*A )

')/)*)F!(G 8 I$9 , '($%(G

/) 4 ," ,. *) *'9 &B$)*)9 ")  , 16 - * ")  )-")!, !

(!+F ')*AL!(G F,A@ !-)(@ +! !$)* «*)"&. -

*)"&.» , «*)"&. - /)*. )'(G».

OSA AIMING RADAR

COMPLEX

The Osa aiming radar complex is

intended for equipping the

MiG-29-type aircraft. The Osa

phased-array radar complex,

ensuring electronic scanning and a

wide-zone (with a cone angle

of 120

) guidance of active, semi-

active and infrared-homing mis-

siles, is capable of simultaneously

tracking eight targets and engag-

ing four of them throughout the entire angular zone and

16 in the scanning zone, as well as combining the air-

to-air and air-to-surface operating modes.

$4567589 :;<;=>9<?4>?=?

!$G )'(G, +A:

)- !&F ,% (j I$, - 5 A

) 85

"!.*!(! I$, ! !*()A!(,#'+) ')/)*)F , 65

0!''!, +B 120

Basic Characteristics

Range, km:

target detection (target ERA = 5 m

)85

target lock-on for automatic tracking 65

Weight, kg 120

BARS RADAR WEAPON

CONTROL SYSTEM

The Bars radar weapon control system is

intended for equipping the Su-35, Su-37

and Su-30MKI aircraft.

Bars is a multifunction multirole radar

system with electronic beam control. Its

main features, enabling it to outperform

other similar radar systems, are as fol-

lows:

- use of a phased array with a mechani-

cally-corrected turn. The single-gimbal

(azimuth) and two-gimbal phased arrays

are developed;

- use of a high-gain and low-side lobes

phased array;

- provision for a powerful transmitting

channel output amplifier built around the

Chelnok travelling wave tube boasting an average

power of 5 to 7 kW and a duty cycle of 4, having no

analogs in the world.

+$'$)$"  ( !'"

!$$&( «% »

 !" !# ! $% &'(! )*+, ! '!A)$-

(@ &-35, &-37 , &-300. «!'» -

A )B)8& +I,) !$G !%, A )B)I$*!%

q ' ?$+() @A &/!*$ ,A $&#)A.

' )* @ )($,#,($G @ )')- )'(,,

)-'/#,*!rL,  /*)'.)'(*) !

&B,A, ! !$)B,# @A, ','(A!A,:

- ,'/)$G")*! , 8!",)*! )9 ! ( )9

:(+, (<) ' A.! ,#'+,A )*))-

()A. !"!-)(! @ *!,! (@ +!+ ) )+!-

! )B) (!",A&(), (!+ , *&.+!! )B)

/)*'! <;

- < ' *@')+,A +)?88,I, ()A &',$-

,% , ,"+,A &)* A -)+)*@. $/'(+)*;

- !$,#, A)L )B) *@.) )B) &',$,($%

/!rLB) +! !$!, ')"! )B) ! -!"

$!A/@ -B&L9 *)$ @ «s$ )+» ' 9 A)L )'(, 5 - 7

+(, '+*!F )'(Gr 4 ,  ,ArLB) ! !$)B)* * A,)*)9

/!+(,+.

$4567589 :;<;=>9<?4>?=?

!-)#, &B$@, B!.:

/) !",A&(& 90

/) &B$& A'(! 60

!$G )'(G )- !&F ,% I$, (,/! «,'(-,($G», +A:

! *'(# @. +&'!. 250 - 300

! )B) @. +&'!. 60 - 65

)$,#'(*) ) )*A ) ')/)*)F!A@. I$9

(,'+( ) ')/)*)F ,):

!(!+&A@. *)"&: @. 8

!"A @. 2

'/)$G"&A) &/!*$%A) )&F,:

«*)"&. - *)"&.» -, -27, -73

«*)"&. - /)*. )'(G» t-31

Basic Characteristics

Scan angles, deg:

azimuth 90

elevation 60

Fighter type target detection range, km:

head-on course 250 - 300

stern-on course 60 - 65

Number of simultaneously

tracked targets (discrete tracking):

attacked aerial targets 8

ground targets 2

Guided weapons used:

air-to-air RVV-AE, R-27, R-73

air-to-surface Kh-31

378

PART 2  2

LANDING GEAR STRUTS   

Tu-160 STRATEGIC BOMBER

NOSE LG STRUT

Basic Characteristics

Nose landing gear shock strut

Configuration telescopic

Number of wheels 2

Piston stroke, mm 551 (±3,5)

Weight, kg 474

*+, -./.01.+ *-*/2 34

/.54.,*5* 6*76/04/*894, :-160

*;<=><?@ ABCBDE@CF;EFDF

G=CEFHBIF=<<BJ ;E=KDB L@C@M<@K =L=C?

;<=> ?<@<ABCDEF<AB>G

C@EF<A?HC BC@<A 2

ICJ K?CB>, == 551 (±3,5)

L>AA>, BM 474

*+,4 *1*81*+ 4 -./.01.+ *-*/2

34 0N1.5* 6*76/04/*894,

:-227

*;<=><?@ ABCBDE@CF;EFDF

E=KDB =;<=><=K =L=C?

;<=> NOF>PQC-S>@>QAENQ>G

C@EF<A?HC BC@<A 6

ICJ K?CB>, == 382 (±2)

L>AA>, BM Q< SC@<< 899

G=CEFHBIF=<<BJ ;E=KDB L@C@M<@K =L=C?

;<=> ?<@<ABCDEF<AB>G

C@EF<A?HC BC@<A 2

ICJ K?CB>, == 390 (+3; -2)

L>AA>, BM Q< SC@<< 251

Y-160

u-160

Y-22L

u-22L

GROUP 15 AIRCRAFT

AND AIRFRAME

STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS

5/R-- 15 N..N12.

--/2 4 *812.

4 ,*/-R*8

84S4*112. *+,4 34

LANDING GEAR STRUTS

MAIN AND NOSE LG STRUTS

OF Tu-22M LONG-RANGE

BOMBER

Basic Characteristics

Main landing gear unit

Configuration levered rocker

Number of wheels 6

Piston stroke, mm 382 (±2)

Weight, kg, max. 899

Nose landing gear shock strut

Configuration telescopic

Number of wheels 2

Piston stroke, mm 390 (+3; -2)

Weight, kg, max. 251

379

PART 2  2

LANDING GEAR STRUTS   

Su-27 FIGHTER

MAIN AND NOSE LG STRUTS

Basic Characteristics

Main landing gear shock strut

Configuration telescopic

Number of wheels 1

Piston stroke, mm 402 (±2)

Weight, kg 199.1

Nose landing gear strut

Configuration semi-levered, steerable, equipped

with steering/damping control valve

Number of wheels 1

Piston stroke, mm 152 (+3,8; -3,2)

Weight, kg, max. 143

+,-. +/+0/+, . 12324/2, +1+35 6.

.327.289 :-27

+;<=><?@ ABCBDE@CF;EFDF

G=CEFHBIF=<<BJ ;E=KDB =;<=><=K =L=C?

FGHI JGKGLMNOPQGLMIR

NKPQGLJSN MNKGL 1

TNU VJNMI, HH 402 (±2)

WILLI, MX 199,1

E=KDB L@C@M<@K =L=C?

FGHI ONKYZ[QI\]IR, YOZISKRGHIR, L ^_W

(ZI`UGKPJGKa]N-UGHObPZYcdPe HGFI]P`H)

NKPQGLJSN MNKGL 1

TNU VJNMI, HH 152 (+3,8; -3,2)

WILLI, MX ]G fNKGG 143

+,-. +/+0/+, . 12324/2, +1+35 6.

.327.289 NFO-29

+;<=><?@ ABCBDE@CF;EFDF

E=KDB L@C@M<@K =L=C?

FGHI ONKYZ[QI\]IR, YOZISKRGHIR,

YMNZIQPSIcdIRLR OZP YfNZMG

NKPQGLJSN MNKGL 2

TNU VJNMI, HH 132 ( +3; -2)

WILLI, MX ]G fNKGG 93

E=KDB =;<=><=K =L=C?

FGHI JGKGLMNOPQGLMIR

NKPQGLJSN MNKGL 1

TNU VJNMI, HH 300 (+3; -2)

WILLI, MX ]G fNKGG 86,85

Y-27

Su-27

WPX-29

Mig-29

GROUP 15 AIRCRAFT

AND AIRFRAME

STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS

O3S11 15 8228/52

1135 . +0/52

. -+31S+0

MiG-29 FIGHTER

MAIN AND NOSE LG STRUTS

Basic Characteristics

Nose landing gear strut

Configuration semi-levered, steerable,

folding while retracting

Number of wheels 2

Piston stroke, mm 132 (+3; -2)

Weight, kg, max. 93

Main landing gear strut

Configuration telescopic

Number of wheels 1

Piston stroke, mm 300 (+3; -2)

Weight, kg, max. 86.85

381

PART 2  2

AIRCRAFT

COMPLEX SIMULATORS



 !"!

GROUP 69 TRAINING AIDS

AND DEVICES

Class 6930 Operation Training Devices

 69 -!"# !$

! %!&! '"

4566 6930 7895:87; 6<6=8> ?@75A489<B

&/0&#1 2 &-34 /0 3-124

78C95D95E89 C4B 95D8>9FGF FH?E89<B < =789<7FAI< E48-

9FA KI<@5:5 65>F48=5 9-124 @<4F=<7FA59<N < 65>F48-

=FAF:C89<N.

5  -34 F=75H5=;A5N=:

- F6>F=7 < @7FA87I? FHF7?CFA59<B I5H<9; KI<@5:8>

65>F48=5 @878C @F48=F> < @FCGF=FAI? I @F48=? A 6FF=-

A8=6=A<< 6 !?IFAFC6=AF> @F 48=9FQ KI6@4?5=5R<<

(!T);

- @FCGF=FAI? CA<G5=848Q I D5@?6I? < D5@?6I CA<G5=848Q 95

D8>48 < A AFDC?W8;

- AD48= < 95HF7 A;6F=; 6 A<D?54X9FQ A<C<>F6=XN >86=-

An-124 AIRCRAFT COMPLEX SIMULATOR KTS-34

The KTS-34 complex simulator is intended for ground

training of An-124 aircraft crewmembers in flying

technique and air navigation.

The complex simulator helps trainees acquire the

habits and skills required for:

- visual inspection and check of cabin equipment and

flight preparation in compliance with the Flight Manual;

- preparation for engine start and ground/in-flight start

of the engines;

- takeoff and climb via visual contact with the terrain and

horizon line in the daytime and ground lights at night;

:;<= ><? @AB3CDBAC

1 - 6=FQI5 6 68IR<8Q @<=59<B; 2 - gI5h R89=754<DFA599F-

GF @<=59<B; 3 - 6=FQI5 ?@75A489<B <><=5=F75 @878G7?DFI;

4 - I5H<95 95 ij-3; 5 - 6=FQI5 ?@75A489<B; 6 - 6=FQI5

?@75A489<B; 7 - >5I8= >86=9F6=< 6 F6A8=<=848>; 8 - 6=FQ-

I5 ?@75A489<B; 9 - >5I8= >86=9F6=< 6 F6A8=<=848>; 10 -

6=FQI5 =848A<D<F99FQ 6<6=8>; «!56=7-RA8=»; 11 - ?@75A-

4BNo5B R<h7FA5B A;E<64<=84X95B 6<6=8>5 95 H5D8

-2 < -2-1-10; 12 - @?4X= <96=7?I=F75; 13 - @?4X=

<><=5=F75; 14 - @?4X= <96=7?I=F75; 15 - C<6@48Q9;Q >F-

C?4X; 16 - 6=FQI5 6<6=8>; «!56=7-RA8=»; 17 - @?4X= D5@<-

6<; 18 - 6=FQI5 <><=5=F75; 19 - IF9=8Q987; <><=5=F75;

20 - I5H<95; 21 - H4FI G<C7F5II?>?4B=F7FA

General view of KTS-34 complex simulator

1 - rack with electric power supply section ; 2 - centralized

power supply cabinet ; 3 - g-load simulator control rack ; 4 -

cabin on UDS-3 dynamic rig; 5 - control rack; 6 - control

rack; 7 - terrain mockup with light fixture; 8 - control rack;

9 - terrain mockup with light fixture; 10 - Rastr-tsvet TV

system rack; 11 - control digital computer system based on

computers SM-2M and SM-2-1-10; 12 - instructor’s control

panel; 13 - simulator control panel; 14 - instructor’s control

panel; 15 - display module; 16 - rack with central video

monitor of Rastr-tsvet TV system; 17 - recorder panel; 18 -

simulator rack; 19 - simulator containers; 20 - cabin; 21 - set

of hydraulic accumulators

382

PART 2  2

AIRCRAFT

COMPLEX SIMULATORS



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GROUP 69 TRAINING AIDS

AND DEVICES

Class 6930 Operation Training Devices

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- instrument flights throughout the entire aircraft

altitude and speed envelope in manual, automatic,

director and combined control modes with the use of

onboard flight control and navigation equipment,

instruments and systems;

- automated en-route flights by referring to the radar

image of the terrain through the use of radio and radar

facilities;

- maintaining two-way radio communication with the

ground control tower and between the crewmembers

over the interphone system;

- landing approach, planning for landing and landing

procedure with the aid of flight control and navigation

equipment, radio and radar facilities via visual contact

with the runway in the daytime and at night, as well as

in poor visibility conditions;

- practicing crew actions in failure of airborne equipment,

instruments and systems, as well as in flight emergencies;

- training the crew in determining the aircraft flight

weight and center of gravity.

The complex simulator can reproduce the aircraft and

control system performance characteristics throughout

the entire flight envelope.

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