Jones G.S., Claeys G. The Cambridge History of Nineteenth-Century Political Thought
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the cambridge history
of nineteenth-century
political thought
This major work of academic reference provides the first comprehensive survey of political thought
in Europe, North America and Asia in the century following the French Revolution. Written by
a distinguished team of international scholars, this Cambridge History is the latest in a sequence
of volumes firmly established as the principal reference source for the histor y of political thought.
In a series of scholarly but accessible essays, every major theme in nineteenth-century political
thought is covered, including political economy, religion, democratic radicalism, nationalism,
socialism and feminism. The volume also includes studies of major figures, including Hegel, Mill,
Bentham and Marx and biographical notes on every significant thinker in the period. Of interest
to students and scholars of politics and history at all levels, this volume explores seismic changes
in the languages and expectations of politics accompanying political revolution, industrialisation
and imperial expansion and less-noted continuities in political and social thinking.
gare th st e dman jo nes was formerly Professor of Political Thought at the University of
Cambridge. He is currently Professor of the History of Ideas at Queen Mary, University of London.
He is also Director of the Centre for History and Economics and a Fellow of King’s College,
Cambridge. Professor Stedman Jones has published numerous books and articles, including Outcast
London, Languages of Class, The Communist Manifesto – Penguin introduction and An End to Poverty?
He is currently working on an intellectual biography of Marx.
gregory claeys is Professor of the History of Political Thought at Royal Holloway, University
of London. He has edited numerous works including Modern British Utopias 1700–1850 (8 vols.),
Restoration and Augustan British Utopias, Late Victorian Utopias (6 vols.), and The Cambridge Com-
panion to Utopian Literature. Professor Claeys has written several studies of aspects of the Owenite
socialist movement, of the French Revolution debate in Britain, and of Thomas Paine’s thought.
THE CAMBRIDGE
HISTORY OF
NINETEENTH-CENTURY
POLITICAL THOUGHT
edited by
GARETH STEDMAN JONES
University of Cambridge
and
GREGORY CLAEYS
Royal Holloway, University of London
cambridge university press
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˜
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c
Cambridge University Press 2011
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2011
Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data
The Cambridge history of nineteenth-century political thought / edited by Gareth Stedman
Jones and Gregory Claeys.
p. cm. – (The Cambridge history of political thought)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
isbn 978-0-521-43056-2
1. Political science – History – 19th century. I. Stedman Jones, Gareth. II. Claeys, Gregory.
ja83.c24 2011
320.01 –dc22 2011003322
isbn 978-0-521-43056-2 Hardback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or
accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to
in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such
websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
Contents
List of contributors page xiii
Acknowledgements xvi
Introduction 1
Part I: Political thought after the French Revolution
1 Counter-revolutionary thought
9
bee wilson
1 Mallet du Pan and the intellectual roots of counter-revolution 12
2 Joseph de Maistre and Louis de Bonald: throne and altar 16
3 Maistre and Bonald: women, power and mœurs 22
4 The German Burkeans 27
5 The attack on popular sovereignty and the social contract 30
6 Pierre-Simon Ballanche and the end of the counter-revolution 35
2 Romanticism and political thought in the early nineteenth century
39
john morrow
1 Conservative romanticism in England and Germany, 1800–1830 41
2 The radical reaction to conservative romanticism
in the post-war years 60
3 Romanticism and modernity, 1815–1850 64
3 On the principle of nationality
77
john breu illy
1 Introductory comments 77
2 The national idea before 1800 78
3 The nation as civilised 79
4 The nation as historic 83
5 Nation as ethnicity 88
v
Contents
6 Nationality as political programme 97
7 Expanding the discourse of nationality 100
8 Nationality as dominant norm 106
9 Concluding points 108
4 Hegel and Hegelianism
110
frederick c. beiser
1 Problems of interpretation 110
2 Reason in history 112
3 Ethical life and the critique of liberalism 118
4 The analysis of civil society 124
5 The structure and powers of the state 127
6 The foundation of law 133
7 The rise and fall of Hegelianism 140
5 Historians and lawyers
147
donald r. kel ley
1 Law and political thought 147
2 The historical and the philosophical schools 150
3 The coming of law in France 152
4 The new history in France 155
5 The historical school in Germany 157
6 Conservatism and radicalism in England 162
7 Conclusion 166
6 Social science from the French Revolution to positivism
171
cheryl b. welch
1 Social science during the revolutionary era 172
2 Political economy: queen of the social sciences or dismal
science? 174
3 The emergence of a scientific logic of the ‘social’ 179
4 Comtism in England and France 187
5 Conclusion 198
7 Radicalism, republicanism and revolutionism: from the principles of ’89
to the origins of modern terrorism
200
g regory claeys and christine latte k
1 Introduction 200
2 Radical and republican traditions 202
vi
Contents
3 Secret societies and revolutionary conspiracies 223
4 From tyrannicide to terrorism 235
5 Conclusion 252
Part II: Modern liberty and its defenders
8 From Jeremy Bentham’s radical philosophy to J. S. Mill’s
philosophic radicalism
257
frederick rosen
1 Dumont’s Trait
´
es 260
2 Evidence 263
3 Codification 266
4 Ford Abbey 269
5 Philosophic radicalism 276
6 ‘Remarks on Bentham’s Philosophy’ 282
7 ‘Bentham’ and ‘Coleridge’ 286
9 John Stuart Mill, mid-Victorian
295
ross harrison
1 Intellectual and biographical context 296
2 The logic of the moral sciences 299
3 Harriet 301
4 On what On Liberty is about 302
5 More misconceptions 303
6 Value base 305
7 Utility old and new 306
8 Civilisation 308
9 The harm principle 310
10 Act and rule 312
11 Paternalism 315
12 Feminism and other unpopular causes 316
10 The ‘woman question’ and the origins of feminism
319
lucy d el a p
1 The passionate languages of utopian socialism 325
2 Mid-century debates: liberalism and sexual difference 334
3 ‘Redundant women’ and social democracy 340
4 Character and individualism 345
vii
Contents
11 Constitutional liberalism in France: from Benjamin Constant to
Alexis de Tocqueville
349
jeremy jennings
1 Introduction 349
2 Benjamin Constant 354
3 The doctrinaires 360
4 Alexis de Tocqueville 365
5 Conclusion 372
12 American political thought from Jeffersonian republicanism
to progressivism
374
jame s p. young
1 Introduction 374
2 Jeffersonian republicanism 379
3 Jacksonian democracy 389
4 Antebellum reform 390
5 The pro-slavery arguments 396
6 Lincoln’s synthesis 398
7 The new nation 402
13 German liberalism in the nineteenth century
409
wol f gan g j. mo m m sen
1 Enlightenment, war and reform from above 409
2 The emergence of a liberal movement 411
3 Liberals, Radicals and the Revolutions of 1848 416
4 The ‘new era’, the constitutional conflict and unification 421
5 Liberal divisions in imperial Germany 425
6 Moves towards realignment and the First World War 430
14 Visions of stateless society
433
k. steven vincent
1 Moral and rational foundations 433
2 Scientific assumptions 437
3 Strategy 439
4 William Godwin and rationalist anarchism 442
5 Thomas Hodgskin and individualist anarchism 447
6 Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and mutualist anarchism 454
7 Michael Bakunin and collectivist anarchism 460
8 Peter Kropotkin and communist anarchism 469
9 Conclusion 475
viii
Contents
Part III: Modern liberty and its critics
15 Aesthetics and politics
479
douglas moggach
1 Foundations of modern aesthetics 484
2 Aesthetics and revolution 486
3 Spontaneity and autonomy: Schiller and H
¨
olderlin 489
4 Spontaneity, schism and expression: Schelling and
the var ieties of romanticism 495
5 Art, modernity and autonomy: Hegel and the Hegelian School 502
6 The denial of autonomy and aesthetic redemption:
Schopenhauer and Wagner 508
7 Decadence, classicism and alternative modernities:
from Baudelaire to Nietzsche 512
8 A new synthesis? 518
16 Non-Marxian socialism 1815–1914
521
gregory claeys
1 Introduction: ‘political’ and ‘anti-political’ socialism 521
2 Definitions, historiographic controversies and boundary issues 524
3 Owen and Owenism 529
4 Fourier and Fourierism 532
5 Saint-Simon and Saint-Simonism 537
6 Paternalistic or feudal socialism: Thomas Carlyle and John
Ruskin 542
7 The revolutions of 1848 544
8 Christian Socialism and the problem of religion 545
9 Leading trends 1875–1914 547
10 Later non-Marxian socialism 549
11 Extra-European socialism: Australasia and the USA 552
12 Conclusion 554
17 The Young Hegelians, Marx and Engels
556
gare th sted man jon e s
1 From Hegel to Hegelianism 556
2 Hegelians, Saint-Simonians and the formation of
Young Hegelianism 561
3 The breakup of the Young Hegelian movement 566
4 Marx’s move from republicanism to communism 570
ix