Janhunen J. The Mongolic Languages
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question marking see interrogation
quotative constructions 26, 54, 173–4, 311,
323, 342, 356
Rašîd ad-Dîn 59
Rasûlid Hexaglott 59–60
Reb.gong 325
reduplication 12, 13, 66, 73, 135, 137, 200,
220, 269, 276, 332, 352, 417
relativization 125–6, 172, 207–8, 252,
261–2
repetition see reduplication
restructuring 51, 94, 107, 187, 349
retensions see archaisms
rhotacism of Dagur 133, 374
rhotacism-lambdacism of Bulghar
Turkic 408
Romanization xxi, xxii, xxvii–xxviii, 34–7,
39–42, 59–60, 155–8, 212, 251, 288, 309,
330, 348
Roman script 30–1, 35, 39, 58, 104,
129, 229
Rostov 229
rotation see vowel rotation
Ruanruan 406
Rubruck, William of 59
Russia xvi, 31, 34, 83–5, 104, 180,
229–30, 249
Russian 35–6, 47, 55, 84, 86, 99–100, 102,
110, 127, 152, 174–5, 190, 229–32, 237,
365, 415
Russian Civil War 83
Russian empire 83
Russian Federation xvii, 102, 229
Russians 33, 83, 229
Russification 102, 229
Sagai 411, 413–14
Saghang Sechen 193
Salar 304, 307, 325, 344, 412, 418
Samoyedic 103, 365, 405, 408–9, 413
Sanchuan 287
sandhi 89–92, 268, 278–9
Sanskrit 6, 35, 39–40, 52, 54, 80–1, 127,
174, 196, 227, 230
Santa xvii, xviii, xix, xx, 5, 27, 28, 31,
265, 295, 307, 322, 325–6, 333, 346–73,
375–89
Sarai 59
Sart 346
Sart Kalmuck 211
Sartul 104, 179–80, 182–4, 189, 365–7, 386
Sarygh Yughur 265, 276, 284, 411–12, 414,
416, 418
Sayan region 102, 407
Sayan Turkic 416
schwa vowels 159, 167, 183, 289, 310
scripts see writing systems
Seal of Güyüg Khan 33
Secret History of the Mongols 59–61, 69,
73–4, 151, 391
Selenga 104, 367
Semitic scripts 30, 36, 41
sentence types 119–24
sGod.mar 325, 327, 336, 343
Shaanxi 193
Shamanism 102
Shilingol 178–80, 184, 190, 372
Shirongol 286, 325, 366
Shira Yughur xvii, xix, 25, 31, 265–86,
294, 298, 300, 342, 356, 364–73, 375–89
Shiwei 406
Shor 411–12, 414, 417
Siberia xvii, 126, 405, 407, 410, 418
Siberian Tatar 411–13
Sijiaji 347
singular marking 12, 294–5, 312, 333,
353, 376
singulative see singular marking
Sinitic languages 307, 310, 312, 365
Sinitic scripts 394
Sinkiang xvii, 32, 129, 180, 211, 346
Sinkiang Dagur 129
Sinkiang Oirat 385
Sino-Soviet expedition xix, 266, 288,
325, 347
sKa.gsar 325, 327, 336
Sogdian 28, 54, 80, 411
Solon 130, 136, 152
Sönit 179, 386
sound symbolism see symbolic vocabulary
South-Central Mongolic 388
Southeastern Mongolic 389
Southeastern Turkic 411
Southern Buryat 104
Southern Mongolic 366
Southern Mongols 210
South Siberian Turkic 413–14, 417
South Siberian Turks 407
Southwestern Mongolic 389
Soviet period 32, 83, 127, 177
specificness 53, 109, 120, 216, 295–6
spirantization 6, 87, 106, 132, 157, 182,
184, 196, 213–14, 231–2, 267–8, 291–2,
310, 350, 373–4, 397–8, 412
Spoken Moghol 250–2
Spoken Oirat 210–28, 368
sprachbunds 307–8
430 INDEX
standardization 32–3, 104–5, 154
Stavropol’ 229
Stele of Yisüngge 33, 58
stem types 9–10, 43–6, 88–9, 107, 137, 162,
165, 199–200, 216, 235–6, 251–2, 270
Steppe Tungus 83
Stone of Chinggis Khan 33
stress see prosodic features
structuralism 130
stylistics 33, 45–6, 103, 167
subject marking 53
subjunctive 257, 259–60, 383
subordination 25, 97, 146, 163, 165, 172–4,
207–8, 225, 243–4, 261–2
substratal influences 104
Sunan 265
Suonan 347
superlative see comparison
supine 116, 146
suppletion see suppletivism
suppletivism 140, 164, 201, 252, 256, 297
suprasegmentals see prosodic features
syllabification 37–41, 134–5, 196, 232
syllable structure of 9–10, 87–9, 106–7,
133–4, 155, 158–61, 196, 232, 250–2 ,
267–8, 292–3, 310, 330–1, 349, 351, 375
symbolic vocabulary 107, 126, 135
syncretism 14, 138, 240, 295, 312, 315,
334, 376
Tabghach 392–3, 396, 405–6
taboo words see lexical taboo
Tajik 248, 250–1, 254, 260
Tangut 58
Tanjur 32
Taoism 58
Tarbagatai 211
Tatar, ancient 407
Tatar, modern 412, 415, 417; see also
Siberian Tatar
taxonomy xvi–xvii, 85–6, 182–5, 364–90
temporal–aspectual systems 24–5, 51–2,
75–6, 97, 114, 147, 155, 167–9, 189,
206–7, 222–3, 244, 259, 278–82, 315–16,
339–40, 358–9, 381–3, 415
tense see temporal–aspectual systems
terminology xxii, 23–4
Three Rivers Region 83
Tianzhu 286
Tibet xvi, 174, 193
Tibetan xvii, 28, 33, 35, 47, 52, 54, 58, 91,
110, 127, 174, 193, 196–7, 201, 210, 213,
219, 227, 230, 237, 269, 284, 286–8,
290–4, 297, 304, 307–8, 316, 325–6,
329–31, 334–5, 340, 344, 362, 365, 375,
378, 383, 388, 411; see also Amdo
Tibetan
Tibetanization 180, 330
Tibetans 307, 325
Tibetan script 30, 36, 57–8, 409
Tocharian 407
Tofa 102, 126, 412–13, 415–16
Toghon 210
tones 152, 308, 310
Tongren 325–6, 347
topic marking 53, 79, 98–9, 119–20, 151,
170–2, 226, 299, 343, 361
Toquz Tatar 406
Töregene 58
Torghut 210–11, 220, 229, 365
Transbaikalia 83–5
transcription xxi–xxii, 34, 38–40, 63, 66,
194, 212
transitivity 171–2, 317–19
transliteration 35, 37, 212; see also
Romanization
tribal dialects 2–3, 178–81, 210, 250, 391
trigraphs xxviii
truncation 163–4, 355, 378–9
Tsewangrabdan 210
Tsitsikar 129
Tsitsikar Dagur 129, 132
Tsongol 104, 179–80, 182–4, 189,
366–7, 386
Tu see Monguor
Tugnui 104
Tümet 179, 184, 193, 374
Tungus 83–4
Tungus Ewenki 83
Tungusic xvii, xix–xx, 2, 28, 80, 83,
100, 102, 126, 130, 136, 140, 144,
365, 371, 376, 391–4 , 396–400,
403–4, 409
Tunka 104
Tuoba see Tabghach
Türk 406, 410
Turkestan 367, 412; see also Eastern
Turkestan
Turkey 417
Turkic xvi–xvii, xix–xx, 2, 28, 59, 66, 70,
80, 102, 104, 126, 227, 230, 261, 265,
269, 277, 284, 288, 304, 307, 344, 346,
362, 365, 376, 383, 386, 391, 393,
403–19
Turkicization 406
Turkish 411–12, 417
Turkmen 407, 411–12, 417
Turko-Mongolic relations xx, 403–19
INDEX 431
Turks, historical 405–6; see also Türk
Tuva 102, 227, 404, 411–14, 416–17
Tuva region 407
typology xx, 287, 294, 307–8, 364, 367,
393, 400, 415, 417–18
Ubsu 211
Üc Qurïqan see Kurykan Turks
Üdzümüchin 179, 181
Uighur, ancient 10, 28, 30, 32, 35–6, 40,
54, 58, 80–1, 174, 265, 394, 406, 410–11
Uighur, modern 227, 411–12, 417
Uighur-Mongol script 32, 34–5, 229
Uighur script 30, 36, 42, 57–61, 63–4, 67,
70–1, 73, 79, 394
Ulan Bator 154–5, 177, 184, 187
Ulan Tsab 178–80, 184, 190, 372
umlaut see palatal umlaut
underdifferentiation 40–4, 63
Unga 104
Ural–Altaic xix, 404
Uralic xix, xx, 391, 405
Ural region 229
Urat 179, 193
Urdus see Ordos
Urulga 85–6, 374
Urulyungui 83
Uryankhai 211, 220
Ust’-Orda District 102, 104
Üüsin 193
uvularization 231
Uzbek 411–12, 417
valence 121, 198, 294
velarization 8, 86, 159, 187, 289
verbalization 79, 135, 198, 269, 294,
332, 352
verba meteorologica 121
verticalization of script 36
vocabularies 59–60, 84
voice 10, 65, 136, 162, 215–16, 234, 269,
353, 357, 417
voicing 105, 157, 214, 291, 329
Volga region 210, 229, 366, 405, 407, 411
Volgograd 229
vowel breaking 4–5, 9, 43, 61, 133, 185–6,
212, 289; see also labial/palatal breaking
vowel contraction 7, 131, 185, 188, 195,
213, 231–2, 290, 349, 371, 398, 414
vowel elision 89, 106, 110, 134–5, 183,
187, 197, 267, 292–3
vowel harmony xxi, 8, 10, 13, 18, 44, 46,
50–1, 63–4, 73, 86–8, 90, 96, 107–8, 112,
134, 141, 148, 159–61, 165, 183, 194,
197, 201–2, 213, 216–19, 232, 253, 268,
292, 309, 330, 351, 367–8, 400, 409
vowel metathesis 183
vowel raising 266
vowel reduction 9, 15, 62, 107, 156, 158–9,
181, 185, 188, 213, 219, 231–2, 266, 328,
351, 371–2, 398, 408–9
vowel rotation 8, 86, 105, 131, 134, 155,
159, 184, 187–8, 197, 212, 230, 368–70,
398, 400
vowel shift 169
vPhags.pa Monk 58
vPhags.pa script 30–1, 57–8, 60, 63, 68, 73
Wanderwörter 410
Wang 193
Wangji 347, 349, 351
Western Buryat 102–6, 126–7, 182, 364–5,
368–9, 371, 373, 376, 379, 385, 387,
413, 415
Western Middle Mongol 62–3, 70, 212, 385
Western Mongolic 221, 225, 229, 283,
365–7 , 417
Western Mongols 210
Western Yughur 265–6; see also Sarygh
Yughur
women’s language 227
word order 26, 53, 71–2, 78, 97–8, 119,
169–70, 207, 226, 261, 303, 314, 317,
335, 343, 361
writing systems 30, 57–60, 62–4, 66–7, 71,
79–80, 129, 249, 348
Written Buryat-Mongol 103
Written Chinese 55
Written Manchu 31, 55, 397
Written Moghol 250–2
Written Mongol xvii, xix, 1–8, 13–15, 22,
24, 26, 30–56, 58–9, 91–2, 95–6, 99, 103,
127, 129, 154, 177, 180–1, 189–91, 193–5,
198, 210–12, 215–16, 226, 229, 368–9,
374, 382–4, 391, 393–4, 398, 407, 412–13
Written Oirat 210–28, 368, 379, 384
Written Tibetan 344
Wutun creole 286, 325–6
Xianbei 391–3, 405–6
Xiaojing 59–60
Xiazhuang see Baoan Xiaxhuang
Xibu Yugu see Sarygh Yughur
Xining 286
Xinjiang see Sinkiang
Xiongnu 405–6
Xunhua 325
xylographic publications 32, 210–11
432 INDEX
Yabaqu 407
Yakut 103, 126, 404, 406, 411–15, 417
Yeke Mingan 182
Yellow River 193, 286, 307
Yellow Sea xvi
Yellow Uighur 265
Yelü Tiela 394
Yeniseic 103, 365, 391
Yili see Ili
Yisüngge 33
Yoghor see Yughur
Yongdeng 346
Yuan dynasty xvi, xviii, 31, 58–9, 180,
287, 407
Yughur xviii, 265; see also Sarygh/Shira
Yughur
Yugu see Yughur
Yugur see Yughur
Yunnan Mongols 180, 182
Zakamna 104
Zaya Pandita 210, 229
zero derivation 10, 253
Zeya 129
Zhang Yingrui 58
Zhiyuan yiyu 59–60, 81
Zhongwei 58
INDEX 433