Janhunen J. The Mongolic Languages

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421

Abaga 179

Abaganar 179

Abakha 58

accent see prosodic features

action nouns 11, 22, 50, 233, 242

actor nouns 11, 50, 242

adjectives 10, 135, 161, 215, 233, 252, 269,

294, 311

adstratal influences 104

Afghanistan xvi, 248–9, 364

Aga District 102, 104

agent 26

agglutination 10, 87, 158, 274

agreement see congruence

Aktionsarten 207, 234, 243

Alar 104

Alashan 180, 193, 211, 385

aleph xxviii, 41, 43

Alima Hangshar 287

al-Juwainî 59

allography 394

allomorphy 13–14, 108, 199–200, 351–2

allophony 41, 63–4, 196, 267, 289, 348–51

Altaic xix–xx, 4, 403–5

Altaic Hypothesis 403–4, 40

Altai region 210, 214, 413

Altai Turkic 411–14, 417

Altai Uryankhai 227

Altan Tobchi 59–60, 193

Amdo xvi, 210, 325; see also Qinghai

Amdo Tibetan/s 265, 284, 287, 292, 294,

302, 304, 326–8, 330–1, 334, 340, 344

Amur xvi, 83, 129

Amur Dagur 129

analytic constructions 117, 140, 378, 380

Anatolia 412

Ancient Mongolian 4

Anggar see Nggar

animacy 108–9, 170, 174

anthroponymy 127, 178

Anxi 346

Aokhan 179, 184

apertural harmony 8

Aqtaghlïq Khojas 407

Arabic 59, 174, 230, 248–51, 254, 256,

261–3 , 325–6, 351, 362, 365, 376, 411

Arabic authors 59

Arabic script 30, 58–9, 61, 63, 71, 73–4,

77–8, 249, 251, 348

archaisms 42, 47, 53, 71, 80, 131, 140, 148,

151, 189, 193, 195, 199, 219, 271, 347,

385–6, 396–7, 408

archiphonemes xxi, 8, 88, 134, 160, 197,

293, 375

areal features xx, 2, 16, 86, 90, 126, 248–52,

260, 263, 287, 294, 302, 307–8, 316, 340,

349–51, 364–5, 371, 375–6, 383, 388,

409, 414–15, 417–18

Arghun 58

Argun 33, 83

Armenian 59

Armenian script 58

Armenian sources 59–60

articles 237, 295, 333

Arugh Wang 58

Aru Khorchin 179

aspect see temporal–aspectual systems

aspiration 63, 105, 131, 157, 196, 214, 267,

291–2, 309, 329–30, 349

Astrakhan 229

auxiliary verbs 77, 95, 117–19, 125, 148–9,

169–70, 222–3, 234, 277–82, 319–20,

323, 342–3, 360–1

Avar 406

Azeri 411–12

Baarin 179, 181, 386

Baikal region xvi–xvii, 102, 104, 210, 406

banner system 178

Baoan see Bonan

Baonan see Bonan

Baoan Town 325

Baoan Xiazhuang 325, 327, 329, 333–4,

336–44

Barga 83, 104

Barguzin 102, 104

INDEX

Bargut xix, 104, 180, 184, 365–6, 373, 377–8

Bashkir 411–12

basic vocabulary 28, 191, 226, 304, 344,

367, 403, 415

Bayangol 211

Bayit 211

Beitan 265

Bei Wei see Northern Wei

bilingualism 32, 83–6, 100, 102, 129–30,

152, 178, 180, 190, 227, 230, 304, 307,

344, 413

binomes 55

Black Khitan 406

block prints see xylographic publications

Bodic 307, 316, 365

Bokhan 104

Bonan xvii, xviii, xix, xx, 9, 12, 27, 28, 31,

265, 286, 302, 307, 310, 322, 325–45,

347–8, 353, 356, 360, 364–73, 375–89

Boro Balghasun 193

Bortala 211

Börü Bashi 211

Borzya 83

Brahmi script 58, 409

breaking see vowel breaking

British missionaries 34

Buddhism 32–5, 54, 80, 102, 174, 193, 201,

210, 226–7, 229, 287, 307, 325–6, 344

Buddhist sources 58–9, 73–4, 77, 226–7

Bulaghat 104

Bulgharic see Bulghar Turkic

Bulghar Turkic 28, 405, 407–10, 415–16;

see also enclitic particles/pronouns

coaffixes 15

codeswitching 307

Codex Cumanicus 411

Common Mongolic 3, 6–16, 19, 22, 24–5,

27, 43, 49, 64, 69, 72–4, 76, 89–90,

92–3, 95, 108, 110, 112–14, 116–17,

119, 144–5, 163–6, 174, 182, 186,

190, 196, 198, 203–5, 212–13, 215,

219, 221, 223–6, 230, 233–4, 236–7,

240–1, 243, 254, 259–60, 262, 269,

272–7, 279, 282–3, 290–1, 294–5,

297–302 , 304, 310—16, 318, 323,

422 INDEX

334–5, 337–9, 341–3, 351–8, 360–2, 367,

369, 371, 377–8, 381–2, 385–6

Common Turkic 28, 407–12, 415–16

comparative method 26

comparison 68, 109, 120, 138, 163, 200–1,

217–18, 236, 252, 271, 296, 333, 354

compounding 108, 136, 152, 162, 169, 201,

234, 254, 269, 281–2, 332

complementizer 172–3

congruence 53, 78–9, 97, 119, 169, 261,

270, 315

conjunct/disjunct systems 316; see also

perspective

conjunctional particles 125

conjunctions 79, 91, 95, 121, 125, 146, 151,

173, 207, 226, 233, 252, 261, 311, 323

connective consonants 9–10, 14, 88–9, 93,

107–8, 134, 142, 161–2, 199, 202, 214,

232, 236, 268

connective vowels 9–10, 12, 14, 17, 21, 24,

44, 50–2, 66, 73, 88–9, 93–4, 112, 235,

240, 251–2, 254, 258–9, 268

connectors 121–2, 125

connegative forms 98, 273

conservativeness 85–7, 91, 175; see also

archaisms

contact linguistics see areal features

contraction see vowel contraction

copulas 20, 26, 27, 53, 76–7, 79, 96, 98,

119–20, 170–1, 173, 204, 223, 225, 242,

244–5, 296, 302–3, 311, 316, 318–19,

338, 340–3, 359–61, 382–4

corrogative forms 27, 53, 97–8, 119, 150,

171, 343

Cossacks 83

counters see numeral classifiers

creolization xx, 263, 308–9, 325

Cultural Revolution 31, 177

cultural vocabulary 404–6

Cyrillic script xix, xx, 30–4, 55, 105, 129–30,

154–8, 177, 183, 190–1, 211, 229, 231–2

Dadun 325, 327

Daghur see Dagur

Dagur xvii, xviii, xix, 3, 5, 7, 9, 14, 19,

24–5, 28, 31–2, 42, 62, 83, 85–6, 96, 105,

129–53, 182–4, 186, 189–90, 193, 290,

364–87

Dahe 265

Dahejia 325

Dahur see Dagur

Dalad 193

Dari 248

Dariganga 179, 181

Darkhan 179

Darkhat 179, 181

Datong 286

Daur see Dagur

Dauria 84, 85

Daurian 84

Dawoer see Dagur

deaffrication 184, 214, 373, 415

Deed Mongols 211

definiteness 53, 93, 120, 163, 170, 174,

200, 207, 216, 235, 237, 271, 295–6, 312,

333, 354

demography xviii, 32, 84, 102, 129, 154,

193, 229, 248, 265, 286–7, 307, 325, 346,

391–2, 404

dentalization 185–6

depalatalization 397

descriptive words see symbolic

vocabulary

desibilization 86–7, 102, 106, 374, 415

determination 226; see also definiteness

devoicing 309, 348, 350–1

dGe.lugs.pa 287, 307

diacritics xxi–xxii, 32, 35, 212

dialectology 62, 85–6, 103–5, 129, 154,

177–92, 194, 211, 229–30, 250, 266, 286,

308, 326–7, 347, 364–8; see also tribal

dialects

dictionary form 22, 258

diglossia 30, 180

digraphia 32

digraphs xxviii, 41–2, 157

diphthongization 409

discourse structure 78–9, 93, 112

dissimilation 18, 169, 184, 200, 234, 292,

329, 372

divergence 27–8, 364

Dolgan 412–13

Dolot 286

Don 229

Dongbu Yugu see Shira Yughur

Donghu 391–2, 405

Dongtan 265

Dongxiang see Santa

Dongxiang County 346

Dörben Küüket 179

Dörben Oirat 210

Dörbet of Mongol 179, 184, 186, 190,

365, 374

Dörbet of Oirat 210–11, 217, 220, 225, 229

double declension 15, 69, 198, 201, 218,

237, 254, 296, 298

double negation 150

double plural 13, 45, 137, 199, 254, 270

INDEX 423

double umlaut 187

dual number 260, 273

Dunhuang 58–9

Durdu 325

dynastic histories 58–9, 392–3

Dzungaria see Jungaria

East Asia 393

Eastern Buryat 31, 102–4, 106, 127, 182,

184, 364–5, 371, 373, 386–7

Eastern Middle Mongol 62, 66, 385

Eastern Mongolic 193, 365–7

Eastern Mongols 210

Eastern Turkestan xvii, 364, 406–7, 418

Eastern Turkic 413

Eastern Yughur 265–6; see also Shira Yughur

edicts 58

Ekhirit 104

elision see vowel elision

embedded constructions 52, 121–5, 138,

172–4, 320–3

emphatic particles 147, 149–50, 152, 226,

311, 323, 343–4, 361–2

emphatic pronouns 20, 26, 73, 79

enclitic particles 89, 98, 118–19, 142, 147,

150–1, 164, 166, 169, 222–3, 225–6, 239

enclitic postpositions 312–13

enclitic pronouns 19, 78, 165, 169–70, 202,

220, 226, 239, 245, 273

endangerment see linguistic assimilation

entry form see dictionary form

epigraphic documents 33, 58, 72, 393, 395

English 168–71, 175

Equestrian Tungus 83

Erdeni-yin Tobchi 193

ergative 294

Ergulong 287

Esen 210

ethnic identity xviii

ethnonymy xvi, 83, 102, 129, 154, 179–80,

193, 210, 229, 248, 250, 265, 286, 325,

346, 391–2, 405–7

etymology see loanwords

Europe xvii, 406

European languages 47, 55, 405

Europeans 34, 59

evidentiality 119, 167–8, 223, 244, 308,

323, 340; see also perspective

Ewenki 32, 83–6, 89, 100, 102, 126, 130,

151–2

Ewenki Arrow 83

Ewenki Banner 129

exclusive forms see inclusive/exclusive

forms

existentials 27, 80, 98, 120, 150, 262,

302–3, 340–1, 343, 361–2

experientiality 168

ezafe construction 252, 255–6, 263

feminine forms 11, 16, 21–2, 70, 72,

75–7, 233

final particles see emphatic particles

Finno-Ugrian Transcription xxi

Five Nations 31

focus marking 120, 171

fragments 59

free variation 46

fricativization 157, 267; see also

spirantization

Fulan Nuraghol 286

fusion 138

Fuyu Kirghiz see Manchurian Kirghiz

Galig Alphabet xxviii, 35, 37, 39, 55

Gangou creole 308–9

Ganhetan 325, 327

Gansu 265, 286, 310, 325–6, 346, 412

Gansu Bonan 326–8, 332–6, 338–44, 347,

384–6

Gansu-Qinghai complex xvii, 1, 3, 4, 7, 14,

19, 25–6, 31, 131, 182, 265, 269–70, 273,

277, 280, 284, 287–9, 291–2, 294, 297,

300–2, 304, 326, 329–30, 334, 337, 342,

353, 355–6, 364–8, 370–7, 379, 382–3,

385–6, 388

Gansu-Qinghai region xvi, xx, 286–7,

307–8, 316, 347, 364–5, 372, 418

Gantimur 83

gCan.tsha 347

gemination 44, 67–9

gender marking see feminine forms

genera verbi see voice

generic plural 12, 137, 295, 332, 353, 417

Georgian script 58

Georgian sources 59

Germanic 174

Geser Epos 210, 288

Ghaldan Boshokhtu 210

Ghaldantseren 210

Ghazan 58

Ghor 248

glottalization 413

glottochronology 367

glyphs 37–8

gNyan.thog 325–7, 329, 332, 336–9, 341–4

Gobi Desert xvi

Gorlos 179

Goryeo dynasty 59

424 INDEX

government 53, 121–2

graffiti 58

grammatical cases 14

grammaticalization 11, 20, 26, 27, 53, 71,

78, 89, 119, 122, 124, 142, 149, 169, 203,

312, 320, 323, 358–9, 383

graphemes 32, 35–7, 40–2, 60, 155–8

Greater China xvi

Great Wall xvi, 193, 287

Greek 174; see also Middle Greek

Grigor of Akner 59

Güyüg Khan 33

habeo-construction see possessive

constructions

Hailar City 129

Hailar Dagur 129, 132, 141, 147, 182

Hailar River 83

Halchighol 286, 288, 292, 300, 377

Han Chinese 287, 307, 346

handwriting 38–9

Hazara 248

hearsay evidential see evidentiality

Heihe region 129

Heilongjiang xvii, 32, 129, 178, 182, 412

Henan Mongols 180

Herat 248

heteroclisis 297

Hezhou creole 325–6

hiatus 61, 64, 68–9, 212, 338

Hindu 58

history of research xviii–xx, 3–4, 33–4,

60–1 , 84–5, 103–4, 130, 154–5,

181–2, 194, 211–12, 230, 248–9,

265–6, 287–8, 308–9, 326, 347–8,

365–8, 392–4, 403–4

hJahur 286

Hoboksar 211

Hongshiwo 265–6

honorific pronouns 19, 48, 92, 94, 110–11,

141, 164, 239, 272, 331, 336

Horse Tungus 83–5

úP’ags-pa see vPhags.pa

Huangcheng 265

Huangnan 325

Huangshui 286

Hua-Yi yiyu 59–60, 151

Hui Chinese 286–7, 307, 325, 346

Huihui see Hui Chinese

Hulun Buir 83, 104, 129

Hungarian 408

Huzhu 286–7, 307

Huzhu Mongghul see Mongghul

Hwari 287

Ike Juu 193

Ili region 129, 210, 346

Ilkhanid dynasty xvi, 58, 248, 412

inclusive/exclusive forms 19, 48–9, 71, 91,

110, 114, 140, 142, 148, 164, 219, 238,

272, 298, 314, 356, 379, 417–18

individualization 112

Indo-European 252, 405, 410, 416

inferentiality 118, 168; see also evidentiality

infixation 245

Inggar 265

initial clusters 267–8, 292–3, 310, 330–1,

351, 372

Inner Asia see Central Asia

Inner Mongolia xvii, 31–3, 38, 47, 55, 83,

91, 102, 104, 129, 174, 177–81, 184–5,

189–90, 193–4, 211, 266, 288, 348, 367,

386, 395, 418

inscriptions see epigraphic documents

intentionality 117, 146, 225, 244

interjections 196

internal reconstruction 2, 4, 13, 16–17

International Phonetic Alphabet xxi

interrogation 27, 53, 79–80, 97–8, 119,

150, 171, 208, 222, 239, 303, 316

intonation see prosodic features

iotation 155, 157–8

Iranian xvii, 248–9, 252, 262, 365, 411

Irkutsk Province 102

irreality 169, 281; see also subjunctive

Islam 249, 261–3, 325–6, 344, 346–7

Islamization 346

isoglosses 180, 182, 185, 190, 364

Issyk Köl 211, 229

Istanbul vocabulary 59–60

Jakhachin 211, 219, 222, 225, 365

Jalait 179, 184, 186, 190, 374

Japan 177

Japanese xix, 403–4

Japonic 403–4

Jarut 179, 181

Jasag 193

Jasagtu 179

Jehol 178

Jerim 178–80, 184, 186

Jianzha 347

Jigüntei 58

Jilin xvii, 178

Jin dynasty 395–6, 400

Jishishan 325–6

Jiuquan 265

Jochi 210

Josotu 178–80, 184, 186–7, 189–90

INDEX 425

Jungaria 210–11, 227, 229, 413

Junggar 193

Junghar Khanate 210, 407

Jurchen 395–6, 398–400

Jurchen script 396

Juu Uda 178–81, 184–7, 189–90, 369, 372

Juyongguan 58

Kacha 413–14, 417

Kalmuck xvii, xix, xxi, 113, 159, 180,

210–13 , 229–47, 364–9, 373, 375–84,

386–7, 407, 415–17

Kalmyk see Kalmuck

Kalmykia, Republic of xvii, 229

Kandahar 248

Kanggin 193

Kangjia 347–8

Kangle 265

Kangxi 32

Kanjur 32

Kaori 347

Karakalpak 411–12

Karlung 286

Kashgaria 407

Kazakh 227, 411–12, 417

Kentei 83

Kereit 2, 391, 406–7

Kerulen 406

Keshigten 179

Khakas 126, 412–14, 416–17

Khalaj 409–10, 412

Khalkha xvii, xix, xxi, 3, 6–8, 31–4, 55, 84,

86, 104, 110, 154–81, 183–5, 187–91,

194, 196, 211, 213–14, 225, 227, 229,

231–2, 365–8, 370–4, 376, 382, 386–8,

407, 413–14

Khamnigan 32, 83–5, 89, 265

Khamnigan Ewenki 83, 85, 93, 100

Khamnigan Mongol xvii, 1, 9, 25, 27–8,

31, 42, 83–102, 104–5, 156, 180, 182–4,

189–90, 193, 364–5, 375–6, 377–88 , 412

Kharachin 179–81, 185–6, 365–6, 369,

385–6

Khara Khorum 58

Khitan 392–6, 398, 400, 405–6

Khitan scripts 393–6, 399–401

Khoit 210, 365

Khorchin 86, 90, 179–81, 184–5, 190, 191,

365–6, 369–74, 386

Khori 104–5

Khoshut 210–11, 229, 365

Khotogoit 179, 365–6, 386

Khoton 211, 227

Khubilai 58

Khuuchit 179

Khwarizm-Shah 248

Kipchak Turkic 59, 407, 411–12, 415, 417

Kirakos 59–60

Kirghiz, ancient 406–7

Kirghiz, modern 411–12, 417; see also

Manchurian Kirghiz

Kobdo 180, 211, 366

Korea 59

Korean xix, 403–4

Kirghiz 227

Küärik 414

Kudara 104

Kukunor region 210–11; see also Qinghai

Kumanda 414

Kurykan Turks 102–3, 406

Kyrgyzstan 211, 229

labial attraction 8, 197; see also labial

harmony

labial breaking 133, 369

labial harmony 8, 62, 67, 88, 93, 107–8,

134, 160, 183, 213, 268, 368, 398

labialization 131, 133–5, 137, 142, 289

Lanzhou 287, 346

laryngeals 4, 43, 61, 87, 106, 132, 182,

291–2, 329–30, 350, 373, 397, 409–10

Late Pre-Proto-Mongolic 2, 4–8, 19, 30,

34, 43, 372, 375, 391, 398

Latin 174

lCang.skya Khutukhtu 287

Legend of Alexander 59

Leiden manuscript 59–61

Lena 102–3

Lena Turkic 413–14

letters see orthography

lexical borrowing see loanwords

lexicalization 11, 12, 21, 48, 65, 70, 78,

94–5, 111, 137, 141–2, 161–2, 169, 198,

224, 242, 269, 271, 276, 281, 294, 332,

334, 352, 375, 400

lexical taboo 227, 283, 414

Liao dynasty 392–5, 400

Liaoning xvii, 178

Liao Shangjing 395

Liao Taizu 394

Liao Zhongjing 395

ligatures xxvii, 36, 39

Lijiacun 325, 327

lingua francas 177

linguistic assimilation 178, 286–7

linguistic interaction see areal features

Linxia 325, 346

Literary Mongol 30

426 INDEX

loan translations 55, 152, 254, 256,

262–3, 413

loanwords 28, 39–40, 47, 54–5, 80–1, 85,

99–100, 106, 110, 126–7, 131, 133,

151–2, 157, 174–5, 193–7, 201, 213, 219,

230–2, 237, 250–2, 254, 261–3, 267, 284,

287–94, 297, 304, 308, 310–11, 314, 318,

320, 328–31, 334–5, 343–4, 349–56,

360–2, 376, 378–9, 384, 386, 392, 394,

396–401, 403–19

local cases 15

Longquan 347

Lower Uda 104, 112, 379, 413

Lubsandanjin 193

Macro-Altaic 404

Maúmûd al-Kâšgarî 407

Manchu 129–31, 151–2, 178, 189, 210,

396–401; see also Written Manchu

Manchu empire 31–2, 178, 193, 210

Manchuria xvi, 83, 130, 177–8, 181–2, 210,

364, 391–2, 395–6, 405, 418

Manchurian Kirghiz 411–12

Manchurian Öelet 182, 211

Manchu script 36, 129

Mandarin see Chinese

Mangghuer xvi, xvii, xviii, xix, xx, 16, 27,

31, 265, 286–8, 291–2, 295, 298, 300,

302, 304, 307–24, 326, 337, 340, 347–8,

353, 360–1, 364–5, 368–73, 375–80,

382–9

Mankovo 85–6

Mannai–Öelet 182

manuscripts 32–3

Marco Polo 59

marginal cases 139, 200–1, 218, 271,

353, 377

marginal letters 40

marginal phonemes 6, 40, 87, 106, 152,

157, 186, 195, 231, 289, 310, 349–50,

398

Mator 413

measure words see quantifiers

Mediterranean xvi

Menyuan 286

Mergel 83, 85–6

Mergel Khamnigan 86, 91

Mergen 129

Mergen Dagur 129

Merkit 407

metaphony see palatal umlaut

Middle Greek 59

Middle Mongol 1, 3–5, 7, 12–16, 19, 22,

24–7 , 30, 33, 43, 46, 54, 57–82, 85, 151,

180, 193, 212–13, 364–5, 368–70, 372–4,

377, 379, 383–5, 393, 410–16

Middle Mongol dialects 61–2 see also

Eastern/Western Middle Mongol

Middle Turkic 66, 411–12, 416

Ming dynasty 59, 287

Minggat 211

Ming Wanli 325

Minhe 286–7, 307–8, 347

Minhe Mangghuer see Mangghuer

mirativity 118

mixed languages 385; see also creolization

modal cases 15

modal particles 119

Modern Mongolian 154

Modern Written Mongol 33, 36–9, 42,

46–54, 86, 98–9, 189, 386

Moghol xvi, xvii, xviii, xix, xx, 3, 5, 16, 19,

22, 24, 26–7, 31, 131, 182, 248–64, 290,

364–85, 387–9, 415

Mongghul xvi, xvii, xviii, xix, xx, 5, 7, 24,

31, 265, 267, 283–4, 286–308, 326, 340,

348, 354, 364–5, 367–73, 375–89

Möngke Khaghan 58

Mongol, definition of xvi

Mongol dialects 42, 105, 154, 177–92,

212, 368

Mongol empire xvi, 2, 57–8, 83, 210, 411

Mongolia xvi, xvii, 31, 83–5, 102, 104,

174, 177–8, 210–12, 227, 248, 364,

391–2, 405–6, 410, 413

Mongolia, Republic of xvii–xviii, 32–4, 45,

47, 55, 154, 177, 180–1

Mongolian see Mongol

Mongolian Plateau xvi–xvii

Mongolic, definition xvi

Mongolization 265, 346–7

Mongol proper xvii, xviii, 5, 20, 27, 31–2,

54, 85–6, 91–2, 95–6, 99–100, 103–5,

107, 126–7, 131, 151–2, 177–97, 212–14,

225–6, 232, 245, 265, 292, 340, 347,

364–86, 388, 412, 416

Mongol script xxvii–xxviii, 30, 34–42, 104,

195, 210, 229

Mongols, ethnic xviii, 31–2, 104, 177–8,

180–1, 193, 325

Mongols, historical xvi, xviii, 2, 31, 57, 83,

248, 287, 391, 396, 405–7, 410

Monguor xvii, xviii, 286–8, 292, 307–8,

325–6, 347, 366–8

monophonemization 183

monophthongization 7, 61, 63, 88, 105,

187, 195, 197, 213, 290, 370–1

Morin Daba Banner 129

INDEX 427

Morin Daba Dagur 129

morphophonology 10, 87–9, 107, 112, 137,

161, 163, 197–8, 232–3, 240, 245, 251–3,

268, 295–6, 310

Muhammad al–Samarqandî 59

Muqaddimat al–Adab 59–60, 66, 68–70,

72–3

Muslims 325, 346; see also Hui Chinese

Muumingan 179

Naiman, historical 2, 30, 391, 406

Naiman, modern 179, 181, 184

Naringhol 286–8, 292–5, 297–8, 300–1, 303

nasalization 18, 107, 133, 148, 182, 344,

350, 410

nationalism 32

nativization 37, 127, 329

negation 27, 50, 53–4, 79–80, 89–90, 95, 98,

113–15, 119–20, 149–50, 165–8, 171, 173,

201, 204, 224–6, 241, 246, 262, 282–3,

303, 311, 315, 320, 341, 343, 362, 384

Nenjiang County 129

Nenjiang Dagur 129

Nenjiang River 129

Neogrammarian school xxi

neologisms 55

Nerchinsk 83

Nerchinsk Tungus 83–4

New Bargut 104, 367, 373, 385

New Script 31

New Testament 34

New Torghut 211

Nggar 265

Nigudari 248

Nigudari Oghlan 248

Ningxia 193

Nizhneudinsk 104

Nogai 417

nomen possibilitatis 205

nominal classes 10, 13; see also numeral

classifiers

nominalization 21, 26, 50, 76, 119, 162, 198,

224, 233, 269, 315, 320, 322–3, 331, 359

nominativization 16, 19, 69, 92–3, 141,

201, 331, 352, 416

nomina–verba 10, 253

Nonni 129

Nonni Dagur 129

Northeast Asia xvi, 403

Northeastern Mongolic 129, 388

Northeastern Turkic 404, 408, 411–13,

415–17

Northern Mongolic 102, 129, 225, 365–7,

388, 417

Northern Tungusic 83

Northern Wei 392

Northwestern Mandarin 284, 350–2;