IEA Statistics. Coal Information 2011
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II.6 - COAL INFORMATION (2011 Edition) PART II
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
Geographic location of proved coal reserves
Although coal resources are widely distributed around
the world
2
, proved coal reserves tend to be concen-
trated in the countries which rely on coal for domestic
energy or export revenue. OECD Americas and the
Transition Economy countries controlled 26.6% and
23.2% of the proved total coal reserves, respectively.
The People’s Republic of China accounts for 19.1%
of proved reserves and 10.4% are in Asia (excluding
the People’s Republic of China). Thus, almost 80% of
proved coal reserves are concentrated in just four re-
gions. Looking at hard coal reserves, OECD Americas
contains 32.3% of world reserves and the same four
regions contain 85.9% of all coal reserves.
CONSUMPTION
Total coal consumption
In 2010, 76.9% of world consumption of coal was
accounted for by just five countries: the People’s
Republic of China, the United States, India, the
Russian Federation and Japan (Table II.5). This is an
increase from 75.5% in 2009. If a second set of five
countries is added to this list – South Africa,
Germany, Korea, Poland and Australia, then 86.7% of
the world coal consumption is accounted for.
OECD consumption
As OECD rebounded from the economic crisis in
2009, so did their coal consumption. OECD coal con-
sumption increased by 5.9% in 2010 and reached
1 558.7 Mtce
3
, accounting for 29.8% of global coal
consumption.
The United States, the largest OECD coal consumer,
increased its coal consumption by 5.7% to 733.0 Mtce
above its 2009 level. In OECD Europe, coal
consumption is estimated to have reached 419.3 Mtce
in 2010, a 4.8% increase from the level of
consumption in 2009. The largest increases in
consumption were 9.0 Mtce in Poland, followed by
2. The range of definitions of coal resources and reserves and an
overview of the national classification systems is provided in an
Appendix to Major Coalfields of the World, IEA Coal Research, London,
June 2000.
3. Total coal, discussed in this section, refers to the sum of hard coal
and brown coal, converted to a common energy unit, million tonnes of
coal equivalent (Mtce).
Germany (5.5 Mtce) and Turkey (4.9 Mtce). Total
coal consumption in the OECD Asia Oceania was
353.4 Mtce, an increase of 8.3% from 2009. This was
driven by Japan, where coal consumption increased
by 19.8 Mtce, and Korea (10.4 Mtce).
Table II.5 Total Coal Consumption [Mtce]
(Selected Countries)
2008 2009 2010E
OECD Countries
United States 778.3 693.6 733.0
Japan 162.9 145.0 164.8
Germany 112.4 100.1 105.6
Korea 89.0 92.4 102.8
Poland 84.8 77.6 86.6
Australia 79.1 78.4 75.6
Turkey 42.0 42.4 47.3
United Kingdom 50.8 42.6 44.4
Canada 38.6 33.0 32.2
Czech Republic 28.2 24.8 24.7
Italy 23.5 18.5 20.1
France 18.1 15.1 16.1
Mexico 9.7 11.2 12.6
Spain 19.8 13.7 11.7
Netherlands 11.3 10.5 10.6
Greece 11.9 12.0 10.4
Israel 11.1 10.6 10.2
Finland 4.4 4.7 6.0
Chile 6.2 5.2 5.9
Other OECD 45.0 40.2 38.1
Non-OECD Countries
PR of China 2030.0 2187.2 2516.7
India 368.1 405.6 433.8
Russian Federation 169.8 137.3 176.9
South Africa 150.7 140.5 141.2
Chinese Taipei 57 54.4 60.2
Ukraine 58 51.6 53.3
Kazakhstan 49.1 44.5 48.8
Indonesia 36.8 43.6 38.4
Thailand 22 21.3 22.7
DPR of Korea 24.3 23.4 22.1
Brazil 18.1 15.2 20.3
Vietnam 16.7 17.9 18.6
Malaysia 13.6 15.1 16.3
Philippines 9.8 8.3 13.5
Serbia 11.8 10.8 10.2
Bulgaria 10.6 9.1 9.6
Romania 12.7 10 9.3
Hong Kong (China) 10 10.9 9.1
Other Non-OECD 46.6 46.3 54.7
European Union 437.4 382.7 397.9
Total IEA 1593.0 1438.3 1522.4
Total OECD 1627.1 1471.6 1558.7
Total Non-OECD 3115.7 3253.0 3675.7
World 4742.9 4724.6 5234.4
See Tables 2.1 and 2.4 in Part III for historical data.
The term Total Coal refers to the sum of Hard Coal and Brown
Coal after conversion to a common energy unit (tonne of coal
equivalent - tce). The conversion is done by multiplying the calo-
rific value of the coal in question by the total volume of hard coal
and brown coal used, measured in physical units, i.e. in tonnes.
The energy content of one tonne of coal equivalent is 29.3 Giga-
joules (GJ) or 7000 kcal and corresponds to 0.7 tonnes of oil
equivalent (toe).
Consumption refers to Total Primary Energy Supply.
COAL INFORMATION (2011 Edition) PART II - II.7
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
Non-OECD consumption
Total coal consumption in the non-OECD countries
continued its strong growth, increasing by 13.0% to
3 675.7 Mtce. This was mainly due to the People’s
Republic of China, which strengthened its position as
the largest coal-consuming country in 2010. Con-
sumption was up in China by 15.1%, following an
increase of 7.7% in 2009. China, therefore, consumed
2 516.7 Mtce of coal or 48.1% of total world coal
consumption.
Consumption also increased in other major coal con-
suming countries, including India (7.0%), the Russian
Federation (28.8%), and Chinese Taipei (10.7%).
Steam coal consumption
World steam coal consumption was up 11.0% in
2010, to 5 437.3 Mt (Table 2.3, Part III). Steam coal
consumption in the OECD countries increased by
5.5% in 2010, to 1 462.1 Mt. Viewed on a regional
basis, steam coal consumption increased by 4.5% in
OECD Americas, 6.6% in OECD Europe, and 7.5%
in OECD Asia Oceania. The countries with the largest
increases in 2010 were: the United States (37.0 Mt),
Japan (17.4 Mt), Germany (6.9 Mt), Turkey (6.4 Mt),
Poland (6.4 Mt) and Korea (5.8 Mt).
Non-OECD steam coal consumption increased by
13.2% to 3 975.2 Mt. Steam coal consumption in-
creased in several of the major non-OECD consumer
countries led by the People’s Republic of China, in-
creasing consumption from 2 445.2 Mt in 2009 to
2 816.4 Mt in 2010. In addition, the Russian Federation
(30.7 Mt) and India (25.5 Mt) also had relatively large
increases in their steam coal consumption in 2010.
Coking coal consumption
Coking coal consumption in the OECD (Table 2.2,
Part III) increased significantly, by 14.5% to 183.9 Mt
in 2010, as demand for steel began to recover. How-
ever, it was still 6.4% below the pre-economic crisis
level of 2008. Despite some recent growth in 2004,
2006 and 2007, coking coal consumption has gener-
ally been declining in the OECD since the mid-1980s.
Several factors have combined to weaken coking coal
consumption. First, this is due to the growing use of
pulverised coal injection (PCI) and heavy fuel oil in-
jection into blast furnaces. Coal used for PCI is gener-
ally of steam coal quality, so steam coal is displacing
coking coal as a carbon source. Second, the steel
industries in the OECD countries are experiencing
technological evolution where traditional integrated
steel production, which relies on coke oven coke, is
losing ground to electric arc furnace technology,
which does not require coke. Third, there has been a
general migration of integrated steel manufacturing
from the OECD to the non-OECD countries.
World consumption of coking coal in 2010 is esti-
mated to have increased by 15.5% to 879.5 Mt. In
2010, the People’s Republic of China accounted for
57.2% of global coking coal consumption down from
57.6% in 2009. The next five major coking coal con-
sumers are: India, the Russian Federation, Japan,
Ukraine and Korea. Together they accounted for an-
other 27.0% of world annual coking coal consumption.
The OECD countries mostly used the coking coal to
produce coke oven coke. In 2010, they produced
122.6 Mt of coke oven coke and consumed 124.4 Mt
of coke oven coke (Tables 1.5 and 2.5, Part III).
But the latest available data for 2009 shows that total
PCI consumption declined from 2008 by 20.3%, as
the world economic crisis affected this industry as
well (Table II.6). (For comparison purposes, world
coking coal consumption declined by 18.2% in 2009
compared to 2008.) The four top PCI consumers
(Japan, Korea, the Russian Federation and India) ac-
counted for 69.6% of all PCI consumption. But the
largest declines occurred in Germany, Japan, France
and the United States.
Table II.6 PCI Used in Blast Furnaces
(major consumers in thousand tonnes)
2008 2009
Japan 9705 8625
Korea 6663 6123
Russian Federation 3996 3315
India 2493 2615
Germany 3071 1833
France 2046 1036
United States 1829 1032
Netherlands 1353 900
Italy 887 726
United Kingdom 961 709
Chinese Taipei 1113 678
Australia 825 498
Turkey 345 389
Slovak Republic 406 383
Colombia 255 300
Sweden 439 275
Spain 507 238
Belgium 403 45
Total 37 297 29 720
See Table 5.4 in Part III for other countries and historical data.
World totals are Secretariat estimates. Includes granular coal
injection for some countries.
II.8 - COAL INFORMATION (2011 Edition) PART II
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
TRADE
World coal trade
The trade of all types of coal in the world rose by
13.4% in 2010, reaching 1 083.1 Mt (Table II.7). This
was composed of 955.1 Mt of hard coal exports and
128.0 Mt of brown coal exports. World hard coal
trade grew by 10.4% (90.1 Mt) in 2010 and brown
coal trade rose by 37.6 Mt, a 41.6% increase. Again,
the large increase in both hard and brown coal trade
was due to the worldwide recovery and the expanding
intake of coal by the People’s Republic of China.
Table II.7 World coal trade [Mt]
2008 2009 2010e
Hard coal exports 860.2 865.0 955.1
Brown coal exports 78.9 90.4 128.0
Hard coal imports 908.2 915.4 1 048.1
Brown coal imports 21.6 15.6 15.2
Total exports 939.1 955.4 1 083.1
Total imports 929.8 931.0 1 063.3
Balancing item 9.3 24.4 19.8
Note: The balancing item is the difference between total coal
imports and total coal exports. This is primarily due to the different
coal classification methodologies used by the importing and ex-
porting countries. It also occurs because of coal in-transit, coal
that is unaccounted for, and reporting discrepancies by importing
and exporting countries.
The breakdown between coking, steam, and brown
coal statistics in world coal trade is affected by the
practice of some countries. For example, Australia
includes some steam coal (soft or semi-soft coking
coal, used for blending or as PCI) in their coking coal
statistics. However, other countries include this trade
in their steam coal import statistics. This results in a
discrepancy between reported world coal imports and
exports. It has also become an increasing problem of
some countries classifying certain coal exports as
subbituminous, while their trading partner is classify-
ing those imports as bituminous coal. This also con-
tributes to the growing divergence between world
hard coal imports and exports statistics.
(Note: Due to new information obtained from the
Indonesian Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources,
Indonesian coking coal production in the 2011 edition
has been reduced significantly resulting in changes to
the export figures. The Japanese trade data have not
been modified, so that they remain consistent with the
Japanese reporting methodology. The new informa-
tion from the Ministry also indicates a much larger
portion of brown coal in production and exports
than was previously reported. This causes larger
discrepancies between the export and import data of
those countries.)
Exports
Australia remains the world's leading hard coal ex-
porter with total hard coal exports reaching 297.7 Mt
in 2010, up 13.8%, after an increase of 3.8% in 2009
(Table II.8).
Indonesia continues to show strong export growth with
an increase of 8.4% to 161.9 Mt in 2010, and remains
the second largest hard coal exporter in the world, as
demand in the Asia-Pacific region grew by 21.4%.
The Russian Federation’s exports of hard coal in-
creased by 3.0% to 108.8 Mt in 2010, due to large
increases in demand in the People’s Republic of
China, and remained the world’s third largest hard
coal exporter. Exports from the United States in 2010
rebounded to just above its 2008 level with 73.9 Mt.
South African exports grew by 3.0% or 2.1 Mt in
2010 and Colombian coal exports increased by 2.5%,
reaching 68.5 Mt in 2010. However, Colombia
dropped to be the 6th-largest hard coal exporter in
2010.
Table II.8 Major hard coal exporters [Mt]
2008 2009 2010e
Australia 252.2 261.7 297.7
Indonesia 128.0 149.4 161.9
Russian Federation 97.5 105.6 108.8
United States 73.7 53.4 73.9
South Africa 57.9 67.5 69.6
Colombia 67.8 66.8 68.5
Canada 31.5 28.5 33.3
Kazakhstan 32.0 29.1 32.8
Vietnam 19.4 25.0 22.4
PR of China 45.3 22.3 20.1
Other 54.9 55.7 66.1
Total 860.2 865.0 955.1
Statistics for hard coal exports presented in this table are shown
for selected countries with historic data in Part III, Tables 3.14
and 3.16.
The People’s Republic of China remained as the 10
th
largest hard coal exporter, exporting 20.1 Mt. This is
less than half of the amount they exported in 2008
(45.3 Mt). Moreover, the People’s Republic of China
imports almost nine times more than it exports.
Imports
Total world hard coal imports which can be allocated
were 1 048.1 Mt in 2010, a 14.5% increase over 2009
imports, as the world economic recovery took hold
(Table II.9).
The top seven ranked hard coal-importing countries in
2010 were, in order: Japan, the People’s Republic of
COAL INFORMATION (2011 Edition) PART II - II.9
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
China, Korea, India, Chinese Taipei, Germany, and
Turkey. Collectively, these seven accounted for al-
most all of the increase in world hard coal imports in
2010. The People’s Republic of China’s imports grew
40.6% to 177.0 Mt, while India’s imports grew by
23.0%.
Table II.9 Major hard coal importers [Mt]
2008 2009 2010e
Japan 184.4 164.1 186.6
PR of China 40.3 125.8 177.0
Korea 99.6 103.0 118.6
India 59.0 73.3 90.1
Chinese Taipei 58.0 52.7 63.2
Germany 45.4 38.5 45.7
Turkey 19.5 20.4 26.9
United Kingdom 43.9 38.2 26.5
Italy 25.1 18.9 21.5
Netherlands 21.2 19.9 20.4
Russian Federation 31.0 23.8 19.3
Malaysia 18.1 17.0 19.1
France 21.3 15.4 17.5
United States 30.9 20.4 17.4
Brazil 15.3 12.7 17.3
Other 195.2 171.4 180.7
OECD Total 603.3 538.6 575.8
Non-OECD Total 304.9 376.9 472.3
A
sia Pacific 503.7 580.3 704.5
Europe + Eurasia 307.4 255.2 258.6
A
frica + Mid. East 24.2 21.8 21.2
North America 46.5 34.8 34.0
Latin America 26.5 23.5 29.9
World 908.2 915.4 1048.1
Statistics for hard coal imports presented in this table are shown for
selected countries with historic data in Part III, Tables 3.5 and 3.7.
Steam coal trade
Total world steam coal exports increased by 30.6 Mt or
4.7% in 2010 (Table II.10). Ranked in terms of change
in tonnage, Indonesia, Australia, Kazakhstan, the
United States, the Russian Federation, South Africa,
Colombia, and Poland all experienced increases in
their steam coal exports.
Table II.10 Major steam coal exporters [Mt]
2009 2010e
Indonesia 147.3 159.7
Australia 136.5 143.1
Russian Federation 92.3 95.1
Colombia 66.8 68.5
South Africa 66.2 68.2
Kazakhstan 28.8 32.5
United States 19.6 23.0
Vietnam 25.0 22.4
PR of China 21.7 19.5
Poland 6.7 8.1
Other 42.6 44.0
Total 653.5 684.1
Statistics for steam coal exports presented in this table are shown
for selected countries with historic data in Part III, Tables 3.10,
3.12, 3.19 and 3.21.
In 2010, Indonesia further increased their world steam
coal market share from 22.5% to 23.3%. Australia, the
Russian Federation, Colombia, and South Africa fol-
lowed with respective shares of 20.9%, 13.9%, 10.0%,
and 10.0%, as Australia and Indonesia both produced
record exports.
In 2010, steam coal imports in the Asia-Pacific market
increased by 20.6%, or 91.2 Mt, to reach 534.5 Mt
(Table II.11). Asia-Pacific imports represented 67.5%
of total world steam coal trade in 2010, up from
62.2% in the previous year. This demonstrates that
growth in the Asia-Pacific market has supported in-
ternational steam coal trade in the recent past.
Table II.11 Major steam coal importers [Mt]
2009 2010e
Japan 111.5 129.0
PR of China 91.4 128.6
Korea 82.3 90.9
India 48.6 59.8
Chinese Taipei 48.7 58.4
Germany 32.0 37.9
United Kingdom 33.0 20.3
Turkey 15.2 20.1
Russian Federation 23.6 19.2
Malaysia 17.0 19.1
Thailand 16.7 16.8
Italy 15.7 16.4
United States 19.5 16.0
Netherlands 16.9 15.9
France 11.8 12.9
Other 128.6 130.6
OECD Total 421.1 433.4
Non-OECD Total 291.4 358.5
A
sia Pacific 443.3 534.5
Europe + Eurasia 207.8 195.2
A
frica + Mid. East 18.0 17.9
North America 31.6 29.5
Latin America 11.8 14.8
World 712.5 791.9
Statistics for steam coal imports presented in this table are shown
for selected countries with historic data in Part III, Tables 3.10,
3.12, 3.19 and 3.21.
Japan remained the world's largest single market for
steam coal imports, receiving 129.0 Mt in 2010,
17.5 Mt more than in 2009 (Table II.11). Just behind
Japan, the People’s Republic of China’s steam coal
imports grew by 40.7% to 128.6 Mt in 2010. Other
major importers in the region were Korea (90.9 Mt –
up 8.6 Mt), India (59.8 Mt – up 11.2 Mt), and Chinese
Taipei (58.4 Mt – up 9.7 Mt).
In 2010, the major steam coal suppliers to this Asia-
Pacific market were Indonesia, Australia, South Africa,
Vietnam, the Russian Federation and Colombia.
II.10 - COAL INFORMATION (2011 Edition) PART II
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
Steam coal exports to the European market were
195.2 Mt in 2010, 6.1% lower than in 2009. This
market now represents 24.6% of total world steam
coal trade - down from 29.2% in 2009.
Within the region, the major Europe/Eurasian import-
ers were Germany (37.9 Mt), the United Kingdom
(20.3 Mt), Turkey (20.1 Mt), the Russian Federation
(19.2), Italy (16.4 Mt), the Netherlands (15.9 Mt), and
France (12.9 Mt).
The 2010 main steam coal suppliers to this market
were the Russian Federation, Colombia, South Africa,
Indonesia, the United States, Australia, and Poland.
In North America, steam coal shipments decreased by
6.6% to 29.5 Mt in 2010. The largest supplier to the
North American market is Colombia, followed by
trade between Canada and the United States.
In 2010, 8.2 Mt of steam coal were exported to Latin
American countries, (56% of which went to
Brazil). The largest suppliers to Latin America were
Colombia, South Africa, Venezuela, and Australia.
The estimated cost of steam coal imported by OECD
countries rose slightly in 2010 to USD 99.55/t, as the
economies began to emerge from the financial crisis
of 2009. However, they were still 17.5% below the
2008 record level of USD 120.60/t.
The average cost of steam coal imported into Japan was
USD 110.40/t, a decrease of 0.6% in 2010 (Table 11.12
and Figure II.1). The cost of steam coal imported into
the European Union averaged USD 104.13/t in 2010,
3.8% more than the average price in 2009. This was
after the 27.2% drop from 2008.
Table II.12: Steam coal: Import unit values CIF
[US$/t]
OECD Japan EU
2008 120.60 125.42 137.79
2009 97.53 111.12 100.28
2010 99.55 110.40 104.13
Change 2008 to 2009 -19.1% -11.4% -27.2%
Change 2009 to 2010 2.1% -0.6% 3.8%
See Tables 4.3 and 4.4 in Part III for previous years for Japan
and EU.
The average FOB export unit value (in US dollars) for
Australia, Indonesia, Colombia and South Africa in-
creased in 2010 as the financial crisis receded
(Table II.13 and Figure II.2). The US FAS prices had
increased in both 2008 and 2009, but declined by
11.9% in 2010.
Table II.13: Steam Coal: Export unit values
(FOB/FAS) [US$/t]
A
verage to all markets
A
ustralia Indonesia Colombia South Africa US
FOB FOB FOB FOB FAS
2008 92.23 115.48 120.27 88.19 62.76
2009 80.03 55.29 58.26 60.99 81.33
2010 85.81 71.01 77.31 91.26 71.63
Change
08 to 09 -13.2% -52.1% -51.6% -30.8% 29.6%
09 to 10 7.2% 28.4% 32.7% 49.6% -11.9%
See Table 4.5 in Part III for previous years.
Coking coal trade
Total world coking coal trade increased by 28.1% to
270.9 Mt in 2010 (Table II.14).
Australia remained by far the largest exporter of cok-
ing coal at 154.6 Mt, accounting for about half of the
worldwide increase in coking coal trade in 2010. The
United States remained as the second-ranking coking
coal exporter with a volume of 50.9 Mt, a 50.6% in-
crease from 2009, while third-ranked Canada exported
27.5 Mt of coking coal, a 27.9% increase over 2009.
Table II.14 Major coking coal exporters [Mt]
2009 2010e
Australia 125.2 154.6
United States 33.8 50.9
Canada 21.5 27.5
Russian Federation 13.3 13.7
Mongolia 4.6 10.9
Czech Republic 4.0 3.8
New Zealand 2.0 2.3
Indonesia 2.0 2.2
Poland 1.7 1.8
South Africa 1.4 1.4
Other 2.0 1.8
Total 211.5 270.9
Statistics for coking coal exports presented in this table are
shown for selected countries with historic data in Part III, Tables
3.18 and 3.20.
Coking coal exports to Asia-Pacific are estimated to
have increased 24.1% to 170.0 Mt in 2010. Japan ac-
counted for 22.5% (57.7 Mt) of the world market in
2010, and remains the world’s largest single market
for imported coking coal (Table II.15). In 2010, the
People’s Republic of China’s coking coal imports rose
to 48.4 Mt, and now accounts for 18.9% of the world
market.
COAL INFORMATION (2011 Edition) PART II - II.11
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
Table II.15 Major coking coal importers [Mt]
2009 2010e
Japan 52.5 57.7
PR of China 34.4 48.4
India 24.7 30.4
Korea 20.7 27.7
Brazil 9.1 12.5
Ukraine 5.3 10.5
Germany 6.4 7.8
Turkey 5.2 6.8
United Kingdom 5.2 6.2
Italy 3.2 5.1
Chinese Taipei 4.0 4.8
France 3.6 4.6
Netherlands 3.0 4.6
Poland 2.3 3.2
Canada 2.2 3.1
Other 21.1 22.8
OECD Total 117.5 142.4
Non-OECD Total 85.4 113.8
Asia Pacific 137.0 170.0
Europe + Eurasia 47.4 63.4
Africa + Mid. East 3.7 3.3
North America 3.2 4.5
Latin America 11.7 15.1
World 202.9 256.2
Statistics for coking coal imports presented in this table are
shown for selected countries with historic data in Part III, Tables
3.9 and 3.11.
Other major importers in the region were India
(30.4 Mt) and Korea (27.7 Mt). The major coking coal
supplier to this regional market in 2010 was Australia,
with nearly 64.4% of supply, followed by Mongolia,
the United States, Canada, and the Russian Federation.
Coking coal trade to the Europe/Eurasian market was
63.4 Mt in 2010, which increased dramatically from
47.4 Mt in one year. This increased its market share to
24.7% in 2010.
Within the region, the major importers are: Ukraine
(10.5 Mt), Germany (7.8 Mt), Turkey (6.8 Mt), the
United Kingdom (6.2 Mt), Italy (5.1 Mt), France
(4.6 Mt), and the Netherlands (4.6 Mt). The main cok-
ing coal suppliers to this market in 2010 were the
United States, Australia, Canada, the Czech Republic,
the Russian Federation, and Poland.
Within North America, coking coal trade is primarily
between Canada and the United States. About 4.5 Mt
of coking coal was traded in the region in 2010, up
from 3.2 Mt in 2009.
In 2010, Latin America had imports of 14.6 Mt of
coking coal, 12.7 Mt of which went to Brazil. The
main suppliers to this regional market are the
United States, Australia and Canada.
In Japan, the average customs unit values (CIF) for
coking coal import prices decreased by 7.6% in 2010
(Table II.16). This followed an 11.0% price drop in
2009. This is despite the fact that Japan’s coking im-
ports rebounded in 2010 back to its 2008 level.
Table II.16: Coking coal: Import unit values
(CIF) [US$/t]
Japan EU
2008 184.13 197.84
2009 163.82 187.29
2010 151.45 194.02
Change 2008 to 2009 -11.0% -5.3%
Change 2009 to 2010 -7.6% 3.6%
See Tables 4.1 and 4.2 in Part III for previous years.
In the EU, the average customs unit values (FOB) rose
slightly in 2010 by 3.6%, after a 5.3% decrease in 2009
from 2008. In 2010, coking coal export unit values
increased for Australia and the United States by
19.4% and 23.5%, respectively (Table II.17).
Table II.17: Coking coal: Export unit values
(FOB/FAS) [US$/t]
Australia US
2008 194.87 148.39
2009 143.83 129.77
2010 171.75 160.32
Change 2008 to 2009 -26.2% -12.5%
Change 2009 to 2010 19.4% 23.5%
See Table 4.6 in Part III for previous years.
Coke oven coke trade
The OECD countries’ imports of coke oven coke rose
by 46.4% (4.4 Mt) between 2009 and 2010 as imports
rose to 13.9 Mt (Table 3.13, Part III). Germany alone
accounted for 31.1% of the OECD coke imports in
2010. Imports in the United States rose by 250%,
reaching 1.1 Mt in 2010, however, still 2.2 Mt less
than in 2008.
Coke exports from the OECD countries rose from 10.2 Mt
in 2009 to 11.8 Mt in 2010, an increase of 15.8% (Ta-
ble 3.22, Part III). Poland, the United States, the
Czech Republic, and Japan were the top exporters in
2010 accounting for 78.4% of OECD coke exports.
Coke statistics for the non-OECD countries are not
available for 2010. However, for 2009, non-OECD
coke imports and exports were both substantially af-
fected by the worldwide recession, as the demand for
their exports fell by 80%. As a region, the non-OECD
countries went from a net exporter with imports of
12.9 Mt and exports of 17.2 Mt in 2008 to a net im-
porter with imports of 9.3 Mt and exports of just
3.4 Mt. Within the non-OECD countries, India (2.2 Mt),
Kazakhstan (0.7 Mt), the Islamic Republic of Iran
(0.6 Mt) and Romania (0.6 Mt) were the main importers.
The Russian Federation (1.9 Mt) and Ukraine (0.9 Mt)
accounted for over 80% of the non-OECD coke oven
coke exports in 2009.
II.12 - COAL INFORMATION (2011 Edition) PART II
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
Figure II.1: OECD international trade values for steam coal and oil
(USD/tce)
Notes: Spot prices for heavy fuel oil are not directly comparable to customs unit values for steam coal. They are, however, closely correlated with
average CIF crude oil prices, which are, by definition comparable to customs unit values for steam coal. As a consequence, it is not unreason-
able to compare customs unit values for steam coal with spot prices of heavy fuel oil. Steam coal and crude oil are IEA average and CIF import
values. Steam coal excludes intra-EU trade. Heavy fuel oil is Rotterdam spot market value, 3.5% sulphur.
Source: IEA/OECD Energy Prices and Taxes.
Figure II.2: Steam coal import and export value comparison
(USD/t)
Source: IEA/OECD Energy Prices and Taxes.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
Crude oil (IEA CIF import cost) Steam coal (OECD CIF import cost) Heavy fuel oil (Spot Rotterdam)
Natural gas (pipeline) Liquified natural gas (LNG)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Japan CIF EU Member States CIF
A
ustralia FOB South Africa FOB Colombia FOB
COAL INFORMATION (2011 Edition) PART II - II.13
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
Figure II.3: Delivered steam coal prices in Europe and Asia (USD/t CIF)
Source: The McCloskey Group, McCloskey’s Coal Report
Figure II.4: FOB port steam coal prices in South Africa and Australia (USD/t FOB)
Source: The McCloskey Group, McCloskey’s Coal Report
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
McCloskey Northwest Europe CIF McClo skey Asian CIF
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
South Africa (Richards Bay)
A
ustralia (Newcastle)
II.14 - COAL INFORMATION (2011 Edition) PART II
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
CO
2
EMISSIONS (2008)
World CO
2
emissions from fossil fuels increased by
109.1% between 1971 and 2008, going from 14.1 Gt
in 1971 to 21.0 Gt in 1990 and 29.4 Gt in 2008. Over
the same period, coal-related emissions increased by
142.3% from 5.2 Gt in 1971 to 8.3 Gt in 1990 and
12.6 Gt in 2008 - by then accounting for 42.8% of
CO
2
emissions from fossil fuels (Figure II.5). Coal,
since 2005, is the leading source of world CO
2
emis-
sions ahead of oil and natural gas. Since 2002, CO
2
emissions from coal have grown by 5.7% per year (or
590 Mt/y), over 80% of which has come from rapid
growth in the People’s Republic of China.
Figure II.5: World CO
2
emissions by fuel
Source: IEA/OECD CO
2
Emissions from Fuel Combustion
In 2008, the growth in global coal emissions ac-
counted for 88% of the growth in total global emis-
sions. Coal emissions increased by 363.4 Mt, while
natural gas emissions grew by 147.5 Mt and those
from oil dropped by 98.3 Mt globally (Figure II.6).
The OECD contribution to global emissions actually
declined in 2008 by 342.9 Mt, while non-OECD
sources of CO
2
emissions rose by 754.3 Mt.
The annual growth in emissions from fossil fuels av-
eraged 2.1% between 1971 and 1990, while it aver-
aged 1.1% between 1990 and 2000. This lower pace
of growth after 1990 is in part related to the collapse
of the formerly centrally-planned economies of Central
and Eastern Europe, which led to a rapid decline in
output from inefficient industrial sectors and restructur-
ing of these economies. Other important factors include
the use of more efficient technologies, fuel switching
and renewable energy sources. Rapid expansion of
non-OECD economies since 2000 caused emissions to
increase on average by 5.9% between 2000 and 2008,
with coal emissions increasing by 7.8% per annum
over this period. It is also important to note that these
data precede the global economic downturn, during
which non-OECD coal use continued to grow.
Figure II.6. Global change in CO
2
emissions
(2007-2008)
Source: IEA/OECD CO
2
Emissions from Fuel Combustion
Coal-related emissions in the non-OECD countries
became responsible for the majority of coal-related
global emissions from 1990 onward. The non-OECD
countries almost quadrupled their coal-related emis-
sions from 2.1 Gt in 1971 to 8.2 Gt in 2008, whereas
the increase in the OECD was 39.8% from 3.1 Gt in
1971 to 4.4 Gt in 2008.
OECD emissions from fossil fuels increased from
9.4 Gt in 1971 to 11.2 Gt in 1990 and 12.8 Gt in 2008,
which represents an average annual growth rate of
0.8% between 1971 and 2008. As a result, the share
for the OECD countries in total world CO
2
emissions
declined from 67% in 1971 to 53% in 1990 and 43%
in 2008 (Figure II.7). This occurred as the share of the
non-OECD countries in total world CO
2
emissions rose
from 30% in 1971 to 44% in 1990 and 53% in 2008.
Figure II.7: World CO
2
emissions by region
Source: IEA/OECD CO
2
Emissions from Fuel Combustion
One of the most important recent developments in
the world economy is the increasing economic inte-
gration of large non-OECD countries, in particular
0
5
10
15
Gt CO
2
Coal and peat Oil Natural gas Other
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
Coal Oil Natural Gas Other Total
Mt CO
2
OECD Non-OECD
67%
53%
43%
4%
3%
4%
30%
44%
53%
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1971 1990 2008
Gt CO
2
OECD Bunkers Non OECD
COAL INFORMATION (2011 Edition) PART II - II.15
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
Brazil, the Russian Federation, India, the People’s
Republic of China and South Africa, the so-called
BRICS countries (Figure II.8). In 2008, these five
countries represented 31% of global energy use and
36.2% of CO
2
emissions from fuel combustion.
These shares are likely to rise further in coming
years if the ongoing strong economic performance
currently enjoyed by most of these countries contin-
ues, as many commentators expect. In fact, besides
the United States, the People’s Republic of China,
the Russian Federation and India are the other three
countries that emit the most CO
2
emissions in abso-
lute terms.
CO
2
emissions have been clearly linked to economic
growth as shown in the example of China, where
strongly increasing electricity production is the main
driver for record high CO
2
emissions. Coal consump-
tion for electricity generation more than doubled in
China between 2001 and 2008. The impact of this is
visible in Figure II.9, where OECD coal-related CO
2
emissions increase from 4.2 Gt in 1990 to 4.4 Gt in
2008. However, the OECD share of world CO
2
emis-
sions from coal decreased from 50% to 35% as non-
OECD coal-related emissions increase from 4.2 Gt to
8.2 Gt in the same period. In fact, OECD countries
started diversifying their energy consumption after the
two oil shocks, and the share of oil in the CO
2
emis-
sions gradually declined and fell below the 50% line in
1980.
Figure II.8. The growing importance
of the BRICS countries
Source: IEA/OECD CO
2
Emissions from Fuel Combustion
Annex I countries are: OECD nations (with the exception of Chile,
Estonia, Israel, Korea, Mexico and Slovenia), the European Union
(with the exception of Cyprus and Malta), Belarus, Croatia,
Liechtenstein, Monaco, the Russian Federation and the Ukraine.
Figure II.9: Coal-related CO
2
emissions
by region
Source: IEA/OECD CO
2
Emissions from Fuel Combustion
World CO
2
emissions have also been influenced by
changes in international energy prices. Oil had been
the largest contributor to world emissions until 2005,
even though the upward trend was interrupted by the
oil shocks of 1974 and 1979. Even after the decline in
oil prices after 1985, growth in emissions was partially
mitigated because consuming countries adopted more
energy-efficient technologies and behaviour, and some
fuel switching occurred. Oil, as the main contributor
to OECD emissions, generated 41.9% of the CO
2
emissions in 2008 down from 42.5% in 2007, as natu-
ral gas consumption and emissions continued to in-
crease (Figure II.10).
Figure II.10: OECD CO
2
emissions by fuel
Source: IEA/OECD CO
2
Emissions from Fuel Combustion
Within the OECD, coal is the second largest source of
CO
2
emissions. Between 1971 and 1985, coal was
used as the main substitute for oil and its share of
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1990 2008
Gt CO2
Russian
Fed.
Russian
Fed.
Other
Annex I
Other
Annex I
China
China
Other
Non-
Annex I
Other
Non-
Annex I
India
Bunkers
Bunkers
South
Africa
India
South
Africa
Brazil
Brazil
Annex I
Annex I
Non-Annex I
Non-Annex I
60%
50%
35%
(13%)
(23%)
(43%)
40%
50%
65%
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1971 1990 2008
Gt CO2
OECD Non-OECD of which: China
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Coal Oil Natural gas Other