IEA Statistics. Coal Information 2011

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I.30 - COAL INFORMATION (2011 Edition) PART I

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia includes Albania,

Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina,

Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus

, Gibraltar, Kazakhstan,

Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Former Yugoslavia

Republic of Macedonia, Malta, Republic of Moldova,

Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia

, Former

Soviet Union

, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine,

Uzbekistan and Former Yugoslavia

Africa includes Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana (from

1981), Cameroon, Congo, Democratic Republic of

Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon,

Ghana, Kenya, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Morocco,

Mozambique, Namibia (from 1991), Nigeria, Senegal,

South Africa, Sudan, United Republic of Tanzania,

Togo, Tunisia, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Other Africa.

Other Africa includes Botswana (until 1980),

Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cape Verde, Central African

Republic, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Equatorial

Guinea, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Lesotho,

Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania,

Mauritius, Namibia (until 1990), Niger, Reunion,

Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Sierra

Leone, Somalia, Swaziland, Uganda and Western

Sahara (from 1990).

Latin America includes Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil,

Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic,

Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras,

Jamaica, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Panama,

Paraguay, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay,

Venezuela and Other Latin America.

Other Latin America includes Antigua and Barbuda,

Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, British

Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Falkland

Islands, French Guyana, Grenada, Guadeloupe,

2. Note by Turkey:

With respect to the Cyprus question, Turkey reserves its position as

stated in its declaration of 1 May 2004. The information in the report

under the heading Cyprus relates to the southern part of the Island.

There is no single authority representing both Turkish and Greek Cyp-

riot people on the Island. Turkey recognises the Turkish Republic of

Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is

found within the context of United Nations, Turkey shall preserve its

position concerning the “Cyprus” issue.

Note by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and

the European Commission:

The Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of the United

Nations with the exception of Turkey. The information in this report

relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the

Republic of Cyprus.

3. Data for Serbia include Montenegro until 2004 and Kosovo until

1999.

4. Data is shown only under Former Soviet Union and Former

Yugoslavia until 1989. After 1990, data is shown by country only.

Guyana, Martinique, Montserrat, Puerto Rico

(for

natural gas and electricity), St. Kitts and Nevis,

Saint Lucia, Saint Pierre et Miquelon, St. Vincent and

the Grenadines, Suriname, and Turks and Caicos Islands.

Asia includes Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia

(from 1995), Chinese Taipei, India, Indonesia, DPR of

Korea, Malaysia, Mongolia (from 1985), Myanmar,

Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka,

Thailand, Vietnam and Other Asia.

Other Asia includes Afghanistan, Bhutan, Cambodia

(until 1994), Cook Islands, East Timor, Fiji, French

Polynesia, Kiribati, Laos, Macau, Maldives, Mongolia

(until 1984), New Caledonia, Palau (from 1994),

Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga

and Vanuatu.

China includes the People’s Republic of China and

Hong Kong (China).

Former Soviet Union

includes Armenia, Azerbaijan,

Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,

Latvia, Lithuania, Republic of Moldova, Russia,

Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan.

Middle East includes Bahrain, Islamic Republic of Iran,

Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar,

Saudi Arabia, Syria, United Arab Emirates and Yemen.

Please note that the following countries have not been

considered due to lack of data:

• Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia: Liechtenstein

(except for oil data), Montenegro

(after 2004),

and Kosovo (after 1999);

• Africa: Saint Helena;

• America: Anguilla; and

• Asia and Oceania: Christmas Island, Nauru and Niue.

5. Oil statistics as well as coal trade statistics for Puerto Rico are

included under the United States.

6. Oil data for Liechtenstein are included under Switzerland.

7. Data for Montenegro are included under Serbia until 2004.

COAL INFORMATION (2011 Edition) PART I - I.31

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

6. ABBREVIATIONS, CONVERSION FACTORS

AND CALORIFIC VALUES

Units and technical abbreviations

t : metric ton = tonne = 1000 kg

kt : thousand tonnes

Mt : million tonnes

toe : tonne of oil equivalent

Mtoe : million tonnes of oil equivalent

tce : tonne of coal equivalent (= 0.7 toe)

Mtce : million tonnes of coal equivalent

kcal : kilocalories (10

calories)

MBtu : million British thermal units

GWh : million kilowatt hours

USD : US dollars

CIF : cost, insurance and freight

FAS : free alongside ship

FOB : free on board

GDP : Gross Domestic Product

GCV : gross calorific value

PCI : coals for pulverised injection

TPES : Total primary energy supply

EU : European Union

FSU : Former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics/Soviet Union

OECD : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

UN : United Nations

0 or 0.0 : negligible

c : confidential

e : estimated

.. : not available

- : nil

x : not applicable

I.32 - COAL INFORMATION (2011 Edition) PART I

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

General conversion factors for energy

To:

TJ Gcal Mtoe MBtu GWh

From: multiply by:

1 238.8 2.388 x 10

-5

947.8 0.2778

Gcal

4.1868 x 10

-3

1 10

-7

3.968 1.163 x 10

-3

Mtoe

4.1868 x 10

1 3.968 x 10

11630

MBtu

1.0551 x 10

-3

0.252 2.52 x 10

-8

1 2.931 x 10

-4

GWh

3.6 860 8.6 x 10

-5

3412 1

Conversion factors for mass

To:

kg t lt st lb

From: multiply by:

kilogramme (kg)

1 0.001 9.84 x 10

-4

1.102 x 10

-3

2.2046

tonne (t)

1000 1 0.984 1.1023 2204.6

long ton (lt)

1016 1.016 1 1.120 2240.0

short ton (st)

907.2 0.9072 0.893 1 2000.0

pound (lb)

0.454 4.54 x 10

-4

4.46 x 10

-4

5.0 x 10

-4

Conversion factors for volume

To:

gal U.S. gal U.K. bbl ft

l m

From: multiply by:

U.S. gallon (gal)

1 0.8327 0.02381 0.1337 3.785 0.0038

U.K. gallon (gal)

1.201 1 0.02859 0.1605 4.546 0.0045

Barrel (bbl)

42.0 34.97 1 5.615 159.0 0.159

Cubic foot (ft

)

7.48 6.229 0.1781 1 28.3 0.0283

Litre (l)

0.2642 0.220 0.0063 0.0353 1 0.001

Cubic metre (m

)

264.2 220.0 6.289 35.3147 1000.0 1

Decimal prefixes

deca (da) 10

-1

deci (d)

hecto (h) 10

-2

centi (c)

kilo (k) 10

-3

milli (m)

mega (M) 10

-6

micro (µ)

giga (G) 10

-9

nano (n)

tera (T) 10

-12

pico (p)

peta (P) 10

-15

femto (f)

exa (E) 10

-18

atto (a)

COAL INFORMATION (2011 Edition) PART I - I.33

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2009 COUNTRY SPECIFIC AVERAGE NET CALORIFIC VALUES [MJ/t]

Anthracite Coking

coal

Other

bituminous

coal

Sub-

bituminous

coal

Lignite Peat Patent

fuels

Coke

oven

coke

Coal tar BKB

ustralia 0 28500 28794 20857 9310 0 0 25650 35714 21951

ustria 32363 29073 28067 22200 9003 8800 31003 29000 41800 19303

Belgium 25184 29308 25781 0 8370 0 29308 27696 0 20097

Canada 27700 26905 30134 19150 15000 0 0 27389 0 0

Chile 0 28638 21851 0 0 0 0 28645 41366 0

Czech Republic 30000 28268 23005 0 12573 0 0 27955 37161 22318

Denmark 0 0 24645 0 0 0 0 29300 0 18300

Estonia 0 0 27160 0 8998 10383 0 28500 0 16000

Finland 0 29300 24600 0 0 10200 0 29300 37000 0

France 0 30500 26000 0 17000 0 32000 28000 38000 0

Germany 28958 29000 25901 0 9000 0 31400 28650 0 21037

Greece 0 0 26000 0 5276 0 0 30356 0 0

Hungary 0 31430 25070 16271 7244 0 0 29687 38000 20269

Iceland 0 28050 28050 0 0 0 0 26670 0 0

Ireland 27842 0 27838 0 19820 8824 0 0 0 18548

Israel 0 0 25146 0 2931 0 0 0 0 0

Italy 0 30984 26587 18832 10468 0 0 29000 0 0

Japan 26362 28130 24801 0 0 0 0 29400 35393 0

Korea 23625 28261 24911 20934 0 0 19259 29308 37000 0

Luxembourg 26700 0 29300 0 0 0 0 28500 0 20100

Mexico 0 23483 23483 19405 14100 0 0 26521 0 0

Netherlands 29300 28671 24789 0 20000 0 0 28500 41900 0

New Zealand 0 29420 28230 20610 13380 0 0 29500 0 0

Norway 0 0 28100 0 0 0 0 28500 0 0

Poland 0 29589 22661 0 8930 0 23191 27231 37499 17487

Portugal 30464 0 25579 0 0 0 0 29229 0 0

Slovak Republic 27183 29250 26766 0 11373 0 28000 28124 0 23827

Slovenia 0 0 23896 18857 11097 0 0 29498 0 0

Spain 19352 28600 22390 10023 0 0 0 30139 38519 0

Sweden 0 30000 27400 0 0 12668 0 28080 0 0

Switzerland 28100 0 28100 0 20100 0 0 28100 0 0

Turkey 0 27419 25481 18833 8660 0 0 27914 0 0

United Kingdom 0 28967 25060 0 0 0 30970 28310 38519 0

United States 28800 29707 26775 19015 13898 0 0 28842 0 0

Source: IEA/OECD Coal Statistics

I.34 - COAL INFORMATION (2011 Edition) PART I

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Coal classification

The IEA collects statistics on coal production, trade and consumption according to a technically precise

classification based on the quality of coal as follows:

• Coking coal is coal with a quality that allows the production of coke suitable to support a blast furnace charge;

• Other bituminous coal and anthracite are non-agglomerating coals with a gross calorific value not less than

23 865 kJ/kg (5 700 kcal/kg) on an ash-free but moist basis;

• Sub-bituminous coal is a non-agglomerating coal with a gross calorific value between 23 865 kJ/kg

(5 700 kcal/kg) and 17 435 kJ/kg (4 165 kcal/kg) containing more than 31% volatile matter on a dry mineral

matter-free basis; and

• Lignite/brown coal is a non-agglomerating coal with a gross calorific value less than 17 435 kJ/kg

(4 165 kcal/kg) and greater than 31% volatile matter on a dry mineral matter-free basis. Oil shale combusted

directly is reported in this category.

However, when publishing these data, the IEA adopts a simplified classification of hard coal and brown coal. The

correspondence is as follows:

• Hard coal: this is the sum of coking coal and steam coal;

• Coking coal is reported in the category coking coal;

• Other bituminous coal and anthracite are reported in the category steam coal;

• Sub-bituminous coal is reported in the category brown coal except for: Australia, Belgium, Chile, Finland,

France, Iceland, Japan, Korea, Mexico, New Zealand, Portugal, and the United States where it is included in

steam coal (because of its relatively high calorific value); and

• Lignite is reported in the category brown coal.

The term “Total Coal” refers to the sum of hard coal and brown coal after conversion to a common energy unit

(tonne of coal equivalent - tce). The conversion is done by multiplying the calorific value of the coal in question

(the conversion factors are submitted by national administrations to the IEA Secretariat each year) by the total

volume of hard and brown coal used, measured in physical units, i.e. in tonnes. One tce has an energy content of

29.3 Gigajoules (GJ) or 7 000 kcal and corresponds to 0.7 tonnes of oil equivalent (toe).

Defining coal consumption

Energy statistics are compiled and presented to take account of the complexity in the way fuels are used and to

avoid double counting. Misunderstandings can arise when statistics on coal consumption are used because of the

particular terminology used by energy statisticians.

Coal is used in four possible ways:

• As a primary input to produce electricity or a secondary/tertiary fuel that is used elsewhere or sold - this is

referred to as use in transformation processes;

e.g. coking coal used to produce coke in a coke oven, steam coal used to produce electricity.

• As a fuel used to support (but not used in) a transformation process - this is referred to as energy industry own

use;

e.g. coke oven gas used to heat the coke oven, steam coal used to operate the power plant.

• As a fuel consumed in manufacturing industry, mining and construction, in transport, in agriculture, in

commercial and public services and in households - this is referred to as use in the final consumption sectors;

e.g. steam coal used to produce heat in cement kilns, steam coal used to produce industrial process steam.

• As a raw material - this is referred to as non-energy use;

e.g. coal used to produce carbon electrodes for the aluminium industry.

In the wider community, the term “consumption” is commonly understood to include all four of the above end-

uses. However, in this book the term “consumption” refers only to use in the final consumption sectors (i.e. in the

third item above).

COAL INFORMATION (2011 Edition) PART II - II.1

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

PART II

WORLD COAL MARKET REVIEW

COAL INFORMATION (2011 Edition) PART II - II.3

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

WORLD COAL MARKET REVIEW

SUMMARY

In 2010, total global coal production increased by

6.0% to 7 228.7 Mt (Table II.1), making it the 11

year in a row of the growth. With 1999 being the last

year when production declined, global coal production

in 2010 was 61% higher than in 1999. This was driven

almost entirely by growth in hard coal production

which was 73% higher than in 1999.

However, there has been a divergence of coal production

patterns between OECD and non-OECD economies in

recent years. The OECD countries had a combined

growth rate for 2010 of 0.6%, while the non-OECD

countries grew by 8.2%.

Gross electricity production in 2010 in the OECD (in-

cluding generation from pumped storage plants) was

10 841.5 TWh, an increase of 3.6%, following the

economic crisis of 2009. Coal and peat used to gener-

ate electricity in OECD countries increased by 3.2%

to 3 734.8 TWh.

With the rebound from the economic crisis in 2009, cok-

ing coal use also grew, as it was used more in the iron

and steel industry. As a consequence, coking coal

consumption increased in the OECD region by

23.3 Mt to 183.9 Mt. (Part III Table 2.2).

The People’s Republic of China continues to drive

much of the world coal markets as:

• hard coal consumption grew by 15.1% or

435.4 Mt;

• total coal production grew by 9.2% or 266.8 Mt;

and

• hard coal imports rose by 40.7% or 51.2 Mt.

Total global coal consumption increased by 10.8% or

510 Mtce in 2010 (Table II.5). The OECD region

accounted for 87.1 Mtce of that growth. Although

they increased their coal consumption by 5.9%, they

still had less than a 30% share of total worldwide coal.

Global coal exports grew by 127.7 Mt in 2010 (Ta-

ble II.7). Of this total, hard coal exports increased by

90.1 Mt (10.4%) in 2010, while brown coal exports

increased by 37.6 Mt (41.6%). (It should be noted that

because of differences in coal classification by trading

partners, difficulties in assigning trade to specific desti-

nations, and because trade is not instantaneous, import

volumes do not exactly match export volumes.)

Steam coal export prices began to recover in 2010, as

the FOB prices of most of the exporting countries rose.

For example, South Africa’s prices rose 49.6% com-

pared to 2009, as did Colombia (32.7%), Indonesia

(28.4%) and Australia (7.2%).

Regarding CO

emissions in 2008, coal remains the

largest source of world CO

emissions at 12.6 Gt. In

fact, coal emissions are 1.73 Gt greater than those

from oil and more than twice those of natural gas.

Once more, coal-related emissions increased in the

non-OECD countries (510.2Mt), while OECD coal

emission declined by 146.8 Mt (Figure II.6).

PRODUCTION

Total world coal supply

Total world coal production (hard and brown coal)

reached a record level of 7 228.7 Mt in 2010, increas-

ing by 6.0% over 2009 (Table II.1). This is an average

annual growth rate of 4.5% since 1999. China was the

leading producer, with 3 162.2 Mt of total coal pro-

duction, followed by the United States (997.1 Mt),

India (570.7 Mt) and Australia (420.3 Mt).

II.4 - COAL INFORMATION (2011 Edition) PART II

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Table II.1 Total world coal production* [Mt]

2008 2009 2010e

Hard coal 5 688.4 5 789.7 6 185.8

Brown coal 1 040.6 1 033.0 1 042.9

Total 6 729.0 6 822.7 7 228.7

* Production includes recovered slurries.

Hard coal production

In 2010, world hard coal production increased by

6.8%, compared to 1.8% in 2009, and was the 11

straight year of increased production. It continued to

be driven by growth in production from the non-

OECD countries with 8.4% (or 364.9 Mt) growth in

2010. Among the major producing non-OECD

countries, production increased in the People’s

Republic of China, the Russian Federation, Indonesia,

Kazakhstan, India, South Africa, Colombia, and

Vietnam (Table II.2).

OECD hard coal production was 1 467.0 Mt in 2010,

2.2% higher than the 2009 level, but still below the

level reached in 2005. Australia had the largest in-

crease in OECD hard coal production with an increase

of 18.4 Mt, with the United States (10.5 Mt) and

Canada (5.7 Mt) also contributing to the rise in pro-

duction in 2010.

Table II.2 Major Hard Coal Producers* [Mt]

2008 2009 2010e

PR of China 2 734.4 2 895.3 3 162.2

United States 1 007.2 921.8 932.3

India 488.6 528.4 537.6

Australia 325.4 334.6 353.0

South Africa 252.2 250.6 254.7

Russian

Federation

222.4 207.0 247.9

Indonesia 128.6 150.3 173.5

Kazakhstan 106.3 95.8 105.2

Poland 84.3 78.1 76.7

Colombia 73.5 72.8 74.4

Ukraine 59.5 55.0 54.4

Vietnam 38.8 43.7 44.7

Canada 32.8 28.0 33.7

DPR of Korea 25.1 24.6 24.6

United Kingdom 18.1 17.9 18.2

Other 91.1 85.9 92.8

Total 5 688.4 5 789.7 6 185.8

* Production includes recovered slurries.

See Table 1.1 in Part III for historic data on selected countries.

In 1978, the OECD accounted for about 45% of the

world hard coal production. However, since then its

share has declined as a general trend as more non-

OECD countries have increased their hard coal pro-

duction. While OECD production increased through-

out the ’70s and ’80s, its share of world production

dropped from 47.7% in 1980 to below 40% in 1993

and by 2010 it had declined to 23.7%. In recent years,

this was largely due to the prodigious expansion of the

Chinese coal industry since 2001.

The largest OECD hard coal-producing region is

OECD Americas, with two-thirds of the OECD pro-

duction. Nearly one quarter of the OECD production

is in the Asia Oceania region and the remaining 9% is

in the OECD Europe region.

Hard coal production in the non-OECD countries in-

creased by 8.4% to 4 718.9 Mt in 2010. However,

over 99% of the non-OECD hard coal production is

accounted for by the 10 largest producing countries.

The People’s Republic of China now accounts for

51.1% of world hard coal production and 67.0% of

non-OECD production. In 2010, its production

reached 3 162.2 Mt, an increase of 266.8 Mt (9.2%)

above its 2009 level. In 2010, its growth in hard coal

production accounted for just over two-thirds of the

total increase in world hard coal production. (It should

be noted that the IEA Secretariat currently incorpo-

rates lignite and sub-bituminous coals in hard coal

figures for the People’s Republic of China while it is

in the process of determining accurate figures with

Chinese counterparts.)

Hard coal production in the People’s Republic of

China has experienced a remarkable recovery since

the late 1990s when the government instituted a series

of company consolidations and mine closures. Their

production has increased by more than 150% since

2000, which allowed the country to meet the fast

growing demand for coal to generate electricity and

make steel. However, as a major coal exporter, the

People’s Republic of China moved from the second

largest hard coal exporter in 2001 to be 10

in the

world in 2010. When also taking into account that the

People’s Republic of China was the second largest

coal-importing country in 2010, their trade balance

moved from net exports of 5.0 Mt in 2008, to net im-

ports of 156.9 Mt in 2010. Their imports grew dra-

matically from 40.3 Mt to 177.0 Mt (Table II.9), while

exports were more than cut in half from 45.3 Mt to

20.1 Mt (Table II.8) over this two-year period.

India is the second largest non-OECD hard coal pro-

ducer and third in the world. India hard coal produc-

tion increased by 1.7% to 537.6 Mt and follows an

8.2% increase in 2009. Although it dominates South

Asian production, it contains a very high ash quotient

and is almost exclusively consumed domestically.

Indonesia was the 7th largest hard coal producer in

2010 with coal production reaching 173.5 Mt, up

COAL INFORMATION (2011 Edition) PART II - II.5

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

15.4% from its 2009 level. Indonesia is also the sec-

ond largest hard coal exporter worldwide behind

Australia and the largest exporter of steam coal, sur-

passing Australia in 2006.

Brown coal production

Worldwide brown coal production rose by 1.0% to

1 042.9 Mt in 2010 (Table II.3), reaching a level not seen

since 1991. OECD brown coal production declined for

the 3rd straight year and is at the lowest level re-

corded since 1974, dropping to 598.5 Mt. On the other

hand, non-OECD brown coal production rose to a re-

cord level of 444.3 Mt in 2010, led by Indonesia, who

accounted for over three-quarters of the total increase.

Table II.3 Major Brown Coal Producers* [Mt]

2008 2009 2010e

Germany 175.3 169.9 169.4

Indonesia 120.1 140.9 162.6

Russian Federation 82.5 69.0 76.0

Turkey 76.8 76.6 69.0

Australia 66.0 68.3 67.2

United States 68.7 65.8 64.8

Greece 65.7 64.9 56.5

Poland 59.7 57.1 56.5

Czech Republic 47.5 45.4 43.9

Serbia 38.7 38.5 37.3

Canada 34.9 35.0 34.2

India 32.4 34.1 33.1

Romania 35.9 34.0 30.8

Bulgaria 29.0 27.1 29.3

Thailand 18.0 17.8 18.5

Other 89.3 88.7 93.8

Total 1 040.6 1 033.0 1 042.9

Following its 1989 peak, world brown coal production

declined steadily until 1999, largely as a result of con-

tractions of demand and supply in central and Eastern

Europe. Production stabilised from 2000 onwards,

mainly as a result of an increased use for electricity

generation in countries such as Germany, Greece,

Serbia, Indonesia, Romania, India and Canada.

Coal resources and reserves

Coal reserve estimates

In its most recent study, the German Federal Institute

for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) esti-

mates the current proved recoverable global coal re-

serves at 1 000.5 billion tonnes (Table II.4), which

was an increase of 3.3 billion tons from 2009. The

2009 proved recoverable reserves represent over 138

years of production at current levels, down from 144

years estimated last year.

An estimate published by the World Energy Council

(WEC) in 1978 set proved coal reserves at 636.4 billion

tonnes. Thus, world proved coal reserves are 57%

larger than they were 32 years before. This is even

though production from 1978 to 2010 was

159.2 billion tonnes. It is also important to note that

world hard coal total resources are estimated to be

14.5 trillion tonnes or over 14 times proved reserves.

Another estimate published by the WEC on reserves at

the end of 2002 set proved coal reserves at 909.1 billion

tonnes. Even though it is difficult to compare the esti-

mates from two different sources, the increase observed

between the end-2002 coal reserves and the 2009 coal

reserves suggests that, as the prices increased, a part of

the resources were reallocated to recoverable reserves as

they became economical to mine.

1 Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy Resources, Federal

Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Hanover, Germany

2010.

Table II.4 Proved Recoverable Reserves in 2009 and 2010 Production [Mt]

Region Proved Recoverable Reserves 2009 Production 2010

Hard Coal Soft Brown Coal Total Hard Coal Brown Coal Total

OECD Europe 16 601 55 201 71 802 130.3 431.5 562.2

OECD Americas 233 381 33 138 266 519 976.6 99.0 1 075.6

OECD Asia Oceania 45 296 43 860 89 156 360.2 68.0 428.1

OECD Total 295 278 132 199 427 477 1 467.0 598.5 2 066.0

Transition Economies 123 810 108 039 231 849 408.3 200.7 609.0

of which: Russian Federation 68 655 91 350 160 005 247.9 76.0 323.9

People's Republic of China 180 600 11 000 191 600 3 162.2 0.0 3 162.2

Asia excluding China 83 338 21 209 104 547 804.1 238.0 1 042.1

of which: India 72 009 4 895 76 904 537.6 33.1 570.7

Latin America 8 298 5 073 13 371 83.6 5.6 89.3

of which: Colombia 5 298 - 5 298 74.4 0.0 74.4

Africa and Middle East 31 504 9 31 513 260.6 0.0 260.6

World 723 009 277 529 1 000 538 6 185.8 1 042.9 7 228.7

Sources: Reserves - Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR) www.bgr.bund.de

Production - International Energy Agency, Coal Information 2011