Horace G. Lunt. Grammar of the Macedonian literary language. Грамматика македонского литературного языка

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

11.01

However

the verbs

BHJIH

(

T)

'

see',

ce#n

(

I)

'

sit',

(T)

'

sit,

visit'

have

irregular

aorists:

the

stem-vowel

H

is

replaced

by

e

in

2-3 sg.

and

by

o

in all

other

persons:

e.g.

:

BH^OB,

BHfle,

BHfle;

BHAOBM6,

BHJlOBTe,

B

HflOa.

17.011

The

compounds

of

Ba,™

'take

out'

may

have

these

forms,

beside

the

regular

ones:

e.g.

H3Ba,unB/H3Ba,aoB,

H3BaAH/H3Baj3.e.

,

17.1

Some

verbs

retain

the

stem-vowel

e

in

the

aorist,

aorist

1-participle,

and

n-particSp!e

(contrary

to

10.03

[12.01],

13.02,

13.03):

flonpe

'reach'

—

.uonpes,

.uonpeju

AonpeH.

So:

(,uo)npe,

2

(so)Bpe

'boil

1

,

(sa^Ape

'flay',

(Ha)spe

'observe',

(y)wpe

'die',

(cnpojcrpe

'spread'_

37.11

Compounds

of

crwe

'sleep'

and

JKHHC

'harvest',

and

OASBHC

'resound,

answer'

replace

the

-

HCT

b

y.

a

in

the

aorist,

aorist

1-parti

ciple,

and

n/t

participle:

sacnaB/oXHaB/OASBaB,

sacnaji/o^KHaji/OASBaji,

sacnaH/o^cHaT/OASBaH

(but

cnHeji/>KHHeji).

17.2

A

few

verbs

have

a

completely

different

stem

for

the

aorist,

aorist

1-participle

and

n-participle;

6epe

'take'

—

(Ha)6"paB,

(Ha)6paji,

(Ha)6paH;

.aepe

'flay'

—

(o)ApaB,

(o)flpaji,

ApaH;

nepe

'wash'

—

(o)npaB,

(o)npaji,

npan;

KOJie

'slaughter'

—

(saJKJias,

(3a)KJiaji,

KJiaH;

(no)crejie

'spread'

—

(no)cJiaB,

(nojcjiaji,

>(no)cJiaH;

iwejie

'grind'

—

(co)MjieB,

(co)iwj^eji,

(co)MJieH/MejieH:

The

unprefixed

KOJie

and

Me^t

have

alternate forms

Me/ieji/MJieji,

KOjien/Kjiaji.

17.3

Further

irregularities

concern

a*

limited

number

of

roots,)

and

will

be

presented

in

tabular

form

without

further

discussion.

17.31

A

very

common

group

of

verbs

has

a

secondary

stem-

vowel

o

in

the

aorist

in

all

forms

except

the

2-3

singular,

where

the

primary

e

remains.

The

o

is

also

found

in

the

masculine

form

of

the

aorist

1-participle

in

many

verbs,

but

the

other

forms

have

a

zero

stem-vowel,

.17.311

stem

n-part.

aor.

2-3

sg.

aor.

1

sg.

aor.

1-part.

rn./f.

rpece

(c)rpeceH

(c)rpece

(c)ipecoB

(c)rpecoji,

(c)rpecjia

'shake'

nace

nacen

(najnace

(Ha)nacos

(Ka)nacojj,

-nacjia

'pasture'

Bese

BeseH

(Ha)Be3e

(Ha)BesoB

(na-BesoJi,

-Besjia

'embroider*.

rpHse

(H3)rpM36H

(HS

rpwse

(H3)rpn3OB

(H3)rpH3OJi,

-rpwsjia

:

.

"

'gnaw'

2

When

the

prefix

is

enclosed

in

parentheses,

the

rule

applies

to

all

verbs

formed

by

prefixation

^from

the

same

root

and

having

the

same

suffixes

and

sten-vowef.

Thus

(^o)npe

stands

also

for

sanpe,

onpe,

nornpe.

Irregularities

will

:

be

noted

in

the

vocabulary.

7.7-

17.31

2

pe«ie

peMCH

PCMC

PCKOB

peKOJr,

So

also

the

compounds

of

peqe

'say';

reqe

'flow'

and

its

com

pounds;

cofijieHe

'undress',

od-neqe

'dress',

(no)BJieqe

'drag'

and

other-

compounds;

ceMe

'cut'

and

compounds;

TOJme

'push,

knock'

and

compounds.

17.313

(B)jiese

(B)jieseH

(B);ie3e

(B)jieroB

(B)jieroji,

-Jieivia

.

'enter'

17.314

MOJT36

MOJ136H

(H3)MOJ13e

(H3)MOJI30B/

(HSjMOJlSOJl,

(MS^MOJirOB

(H3)MOJirOJI,

-

'milk'

17.315

cTpn)Ke

ctpimaH/

ocrpH^ca/

CTpHXCeH

OCTpMXe/

OCTpHFOB/

OCTpHFOJl,

ocrpHMCH

ocrpH)KHB

'shear'

17.316

(H3)B6JI,

-BCJI3

'lead

(out)'

So

also

tfafle

'give'

ja^e

'eat',

Hse^e

'eat

up',

KJia^e

'put';

'steal'.

17.317

nuere

njiereH

(HC)njieie

(Hc)n^eroB

(HC;njie^,

-njiejia

'braid'

So

also

Mere

'sweep',

cpeTe

'meet',

and

compounds.

17.318

There

mereM

(Ha)rHere

(Ha)rHeroB

FHCJI,

rnejia

(rare)/

'press'

17.319

(H3)nece

(H3)HeceH

(n3)Hece

(n3)HecoB

(H3)Heco.n,

-i

(more

rarely)

(H3)HCJi,

'carry

(out)'

17.320

pacre

(H3)pacT6H

(M3)pacre

(n3)pacroB

(H3)pacTOJi,

-pacjia

78

'grow'

n.321

3CMC

36MCM

36H6

36flOB

36J1

36^3

'take'"

17.322

MAC

HA6H

(oT)H.ne

(OT)HAOB

HUIOJI.

Hiii/ia

'go'

So

also

oTMAe

'go

out,

away',

and

other

compounds.

17.323

AOJAC

AOJA6H

AOJAe

AOJAOB

Roiuoji/

'arrive'

So

also

HaJAe

'find',

nojAe

'set

out',

saJAe

'set',

npej^e

'cross'.

'find'.

IS,0

T

he

verb

'to

be*

is

irregular,

and

has

various

stems.

The

present

tense

is:

jac

cyM,

TH

en,

TOJ

e;

Hue

CMC,

sue

ere,

rue

ce.

The

imperfect

is

formed

from

a

stem

6e-:

See,

Geiiie,

6eiue;

OCBMC,

fieBTCj

6ea,

These

forms

are

also

used

for

the

aorist,

although

there

is

a

rare

3rd

singular

form

6n,

and

an

even

rarer

and

dialectal

form

6nAe

occurs

occasionally

in

the

literature.

The

terminative

verb

fi.MAHe

may

furnish

a

regular

aorist

SKAHSB

which

is

frequently

used

where

6eB

would

be

less

clear.

'

SOIIJTO

HC

6HAH3

TaKa?

Why

wasn't

it

like

that?

Why

didn't

it

happen

like

that?

The

terminative

imperfect

1-participle

GHACJI

is

used

in

some

cases

where

the

terminativeness

is

to

be

stressed,

but

the

usual

interminative

1-participle

(both

for

sorist

a

nd

i

mperfect)

is

6mi.

The

imperative

is

6nan,

CH^CTC

'be!'

19.

This exhausts

the

inventory

of

the

verbal

forms

of

Mace

donian.

Each

one

of

the

forms

expresses

certain

of

the

categories

sketched

previously

in

section

5,

taking

on

additional

nuances

from

the

context

and

speech

situation

in

which

it is

used.

Before

discussing

the

meanings

and

uses

in

detail,

let

us

give

a

tabular

synopsis

of

the

forms

themselves.

The

verb

peiuasa

(TJ/peuuM

(/>

'decide

1

has

been

used

as

a

model,

since

it

occurs

often

in

the

subsequent exam

ples.

The

first

and

second persons

singular

and

the

third person

plural

are

given

for

each

possible

set

of

forms.

To

illustrate

the

distinction

between

the

interminative

imperfect

and

aorist

i-participies,

•the

forms

of

yMH

'study'

are

supplied,

for

peuuaBa

has

but

a

single

form.

On

the

compounds

made

up

of

the

1-participles

plus

the

forms

of

'to

be',

see

below,

24.03.

it

may

be

noted

here

that

in

translating

the

interminative

verb

pemasa

it

is

often

better

to

use

such

locutions

as

»try

to

decide,

work

on,

deliberate".

1

In

many

dialects,

the

aojjo.eJi

forms

are

specifically

i

mperfect

1

-participles;

some

other

dialects

do

not

even

have

the

forms.

79

co

o

PRESENT

PAST

Imperfect

Aorist

Imperative

n/t

participle

.

Adverb

Substantive

INTERMI

NATIVE

DIRECT

peiuaeaM

yMa.v.

peuiaBam

yinui

peiuasaaT

y«iaT

peiiiasas

ytes

pewasauie

yneme

peuianaa

ynea

pejuasas

;

yqwB

peuiasa

•;

y

i«

pemaBaa

;

yMHja

DISTANCED

cyM

peiuaBaji

en

peuiaBaji

pemaBajre

cyM

yieji

yqe;i

cyM

yq«^

CM

yu.M.n

yiHjie

pevuaBaj(Te)

peuiasaH

peuiasajKH

peuiaBatbe

T

E

R

M

I

N

A

T

I

V

E

DIRECT

peuiaM

peuiMiii

p

eiiJ

«

peiues

peoieuie

pemea

peuiHB

pernw

petunia

DISTANCED

cyM

peoieji

peuren

cyM

peuiHJi

CH

peuiHJi

peuiH^ie

peiiiH,

peuiere

pemeH

B.

Meaning

and

Use

of

the

Verbal

Forms

Direct

forms

20.0

P

resent

forms.

G

eneral

meaning,

w

itnessed

or

vividly

conceived

action,

given

without

specific

reference

to

time.

I

t

is

op

posed

to

the

past

forms

(imperfect

and

aorist),

which

specifically

state

time

prior

to

the

moment

of

utterance,

and

like

them

is

opposed

to

the

1-participles,

which

specifically

denote

distancing.

20.1

The

usual

meaning

of

the

present

is

action

viewed

as

con

temporaneous

with

the

speech

event,

i.

e.

,,now".

It

may

be

an

action

actually,

in

progress

(,,now"),

an

action

which

habitually

is

performed

(,,now

4-

specific

other

times")

or

a

statement

of

general

validity

(,,now

+

always").

'

Toj

Gam

cera.ja

peuiasa

He's

deciding

the

matter

raa

pa6ora.

right

now.

To]

ceKOj

fleH

peujaea

He

solves

problems

every

day.

aajjiyBa

Ha

sanafl.

The

sun

sets

in

the

west.

20.11

The

context

may

show

that

an

action

which

is

viewed

as

now

in

progress

has

been

continuing

for

some

time

(,,now

+

past").

Toj

flBa

.n;eHa

ja

petuaea

He

has

been

working

at

•v*^>

s

\

r\

*\

T

V

*-»

r

t

*•*

^

V»

i-v

-4.

w*

**

s

~\

l

-v

1

j-i

•-*-»

+

^-\

«*

-i

*

-

,,

s^

iaa

£a,u,ci*ia.

uiui

piuuiuui

iui

ivvu

days.

Tpn

Aena

e

KOJioHara

BO

The

column

has

been

on

noxo^.

the

march

for

three

days.

EOUIKO

Ofl

ceajiSaTa

nwe-

Bo§ko

hasn't

put

a

drink

H>eBetfe

B

ycia

neiypa.

into

his

mouth

since

the

wedding

(and

he's

not

drinking

now).

20.12

The

context

may

show

that

an

action

is

future;

the

speak

er

considers

it

so

certain

that

he

views

it

as

a

present

fact.

Vrpe,

sa^yipe,

TH

w^e

yMH-

Tomorrow,

day

after

to-

paqKa.

.

morrow,

your

time

(death)

is

coming.

TH

ja

.nasaM

tfepKa

MW!

I'll

give

you

my

daughter

(in

marriage)!

20.13

The

context

may

indicate

that

the

action

is

past.

Two

cases

may

be

distinguished.

In

a

subordinate

clause,

the

use

of

the

present

interminative

indicates

an

action

contemporaneous

with

the

time

of

the

main

verb.

Snaes

rorauj

^exa

TOJ

ja

1

knew

at

the

time

that

he

pemasa.

.

was

solving

it.

fti

8

M

acedonian

grammar

O

i

The

wnow"

has

here

been

transferred

to

the

time

of

the

event

narra

ted

instead

of

the

time

of

utterance.

In

the

other

case,

an

indepen

dent

statement

using

the

present

may

be

part

of

a

larger

context

which

has

been

specifically

defined

as

taking

place

prior

to

the

mo

ment

of

utterance.

The

definition

can

be

achieved

by

the

use

of

the

past

tenses

or

by

time

expressions.

FloToa

TO]

OAK

(pres.)

BO

Then

f

after

1895)

he

goes

PycHJa,

Kajje

UITO

Ann.no-

to

Russia,

where

he

gra-

MMpa

(pres.)

1902...

duates

in

1902...

(Cf.

text

on

p.

121)

This

so-called

,,historical

present"

is

a

widely

used

device

for

mak

ing

an

account

of

past

events

more

vivid.

20.2

All

these

instances

illustrate

the

use

of

the

interminative

present

(/pr)

forms.

The

terminative

present

(Tpr)

has

in

common

with

them

the

general

meaning

of

presentness

(opposed

to

pastness>,

but

adds

the

terminative

sense

of

completion

of

action.

7pr

forms

indicate

that

the

completion

is

viewed

as

achieved

either

in

the

plan

of

the

speaker,

or

immediately

following

upon

the

completion

of

some

other

action.

These

forms

can

be

used

only

with

certain

con

junctions

which

define

more

closely

the

time

or

condition

of

the

completion

(sa

'that',

cf.

21

below;

axo

'if;

and

sypH

Ke

'until'),

or

with

the

projective

modal

particle

KC.

For

example,

He

HaJAaM

HCLUTO

3a

Until

I

find

something

wea,

He

tfe

noj^aM.

for

her,

I

won't

go.

„

Until"

sets the

term

for

the

completion

of

the

action,

which

will

{hen

be

followed

by

another

action.

20.21

With

KC

(which

itself

denotes

the

manifestness

of

the

action),

the

Tpr

usually

indicates

a

confidently

expected

future action.

Toj

tfe

ja

peiiJH

aaAanara

He

will

solve

the

problem

yTpe.

tomorrow.

20.211

The

negation

of

this

future

may

utilize

the

normal

ne

gative

particle

HC:

Toj

He-ife-id-peiUM.

1

More

usual,

however,

is

the

impersonal

HeMa

+

aa+present:

Hewa

Aa

ja

peiun,

HeMa

Aa

ja

pe-

'He,

you

won't

solve

it.'

.

20.212

Future

actions

may

be

expressed

by

the

impersonal

verb

ana

-f

•4-

present,

but

the

meaning

then

includes

—

to

a

greater

or

lesser

degree.

1

Historically,

tfe

is

from

the

verb

xvrfr™

'want,

wish',

but

in

Macedo

nian

it

is now only

a

particle. The

negative

of

/this

old

verb has,

however,

re

tained

the

meaning

and

a

full

conjugation:

n

ej«e.

I

t

functions

as

the

negation

of

the

new

and

typically

Macedonian

verb

cana

'want,

wish,

love'.

82

depending

on

the

context

—

something

of

the

ordinary

significance

of

KSS,

'there

is, one

should'.

MMa

.

aa

ja

peuiMMe

thus

may'

mean

'We

shall

solve

it',

or

'If

s

here

for

us

to

solve',

or

'

We

s

hould

solve

it.

If

the

verb

HMB

takes

personal

suffixes,

the

meaning

of

obligation

or

duty

becomes

somewhat

stronger,

but

the

sense

'to

have'

also

is

present

:

HMaiu

&

a

ja

peuiHui

=

'You

should (ought

to)

solve it',

or

'You

have

it

to

solve.'

20.22

if

the

context

so

indicates,

the

same

form

represents

an

habitual

action;

the

end

is

confidently

expected

to

be

achieved

on

many

occasions.

Toj

tfe

flojue,

tfe

cejjwe,

M

He

usually

comes,

sits

down,

Ke

peiUH

o

GutHO

n

eKOJa

and

solves

some

problem.

sa^ana.

Here

;the

series

of

terminative

forms

shows

that

one

act

follows

another

as

a

chain; first

the

coming

is

achieved,

then

the

sitting,

and

then

the

solving.

Not

infrequently,

such

a

form

may

be

used

in

con-

juction

with

an

interminative

present

(/pr),

emphasizing

the

general

quality

of

the

action,

and

not

mentioning

its

completion.

Kora

tfe

ce

Hajiyrn

(7),

When

(ever)

he

gets angry,

He

ce

ujeryea

(

I).

h

e

doesn't

joke

(

=

he's

in

earnest).

20.23

The

expected

future

may

be

conditional

upon

the

fulfil

ment

of

another

action,

which

is

also

viewed

as

highly

probable.

The

condition

may

be

expressed

by

the

Tpr with

the

conjunction

axo

'if,

or,'

less

frequently,

the

particle

JIH.

AKO

MM

ja

peiuHLu

raa

sa-

If

you

solve this

problem

flaqa,

K-e TM

OnflaM

for

rne

(and

!

think

you

SjiaroAapeH.

will),

I

will

be

grateful

to

you.

AKO

caKaiu,

rfe

Modern.

If

you

want

to,

you'll

be

able

to.

u$

He

aojfleiiJ

Jin,

Ke

TM

If

you

don't

come,

I'll

call

BHKHaAU

YOU.

In

the

last example,

it

would

be

more

usual

to

say

HKO

HC

20.3

The

/pr

forms

are

used

with

£e

in

the

same

way,

except

that

the

completion

of

the

action

is

not

mentioned,

but

the

event

is

presented

as

though

contemporary,

in

process.

Toj

ice

peiuaea

yrpe

3a

He'll

be

working

on

that

problem

Taa

pa6ora.

tomorrow.

6*

20.31

Sometimes,

however,

the

projective

value

of

Ke

does

not

make

the

action

future,

but

rather

injects

an

element

of

surprise:

TaKBa

6ynajiauiTHHa

HC

f

a

S

uch

stupidity

surely

can't

be

ce

naofa

Ha

BBKOB!

found

in

this

age!

Koj

KC

qyxa

BO

oea

Who

could

be

knocking

in

this

HeBpeMe?

.

bad

weather?

Kb]

tfe

e

saKa

flouh-a?

Who

could

if

be

(at

the

door)

so

late?

In

all

these

cases,

the

speaker

recognizes

that

the

action

or

process

expressed

by

the

/pr

is

manifest,

but

he

chooses

to

view

it

as

a

little

bit

remote.

20.32

The

action

expressed

by

Ke

-f-

/pr

may

be

shown

by

the

context

to

be

valid only on

the

fulfilment

of

some

other

action,

which

is

not

necessarily

viewed

as

possible.

/Ja

CM

yMCH,

HC

Ke

s6opy-

If

you

were

intelligent

(and

it

TaKa.

seems

most

unlikely),

you

wouldn't

talk

like

that

Me

caKaiu,

He

Re

imam

it

you

loved

me,

you

wouldn't

crpas.

be

afraid.

21.0

Here

we

will

digress

from

a

discussion

of

the

strictly

verbal

categories

to

treat

an

important

syntactical

combination,

the

conjunction

#

a

+

p

resent,

fla

f

unctions

simply to

show

a

subordi

nation;

the

verb

accompanying

it

is

viewed

as

secondary

to

some

other

action,

expressed

ror'

not

The

exact

nature

of

this

secondary

event

and

of

the

relation

to

the

primary

action

is

determined

by

the

context

or

the

speech

situation.

21.1

Frequently

aa

-f

p

resent

s

imply

is

the

name

of

the

action,

expressing

only

person

-f

number

and

tense.

He

MO*e

na

ja

peiuaBa.

He

can't

work

on

it

He Moxe

fla

ja

peiuH.

He

can't

solve

it.

He

Moaceme

#a

ja

peiuaBa.

He

couldn't

work

on

it

He

MO3Keuie

&

a

j

a

peiuw.

He

couldn't

solve

it.

He

f

a

M

oace

j

ia

j

a

peiuaBa. He

won't

be

able

to

work

on

it.

He

f

a

M

oace

#a

ja

peuiH.

He

won't

be

able

to

solve

it.

Aocra

MH

e

caMO

rede

#a

It's

enough

for

me

only

to

listen

ie

cjiyuiaw

(/)

H

j*a

re

to

you

and

to

look

at

you.

(/).

E,

yiure

#a

Oh,

if

only

1

could

kiss

you

MO5Kam

-7)

aa

re

too!

21.2

It

may

take

on

a

meaning

of

purpose,

with

degrees

of

urgency

which

are

determined

by

the

context:

Aa

ja

pemaBa/peiim.

He

came

to

work

on/solve

it.

My

nopa^aa

Aa

ja

They

ordered

him

to

work

peuiaBa/peiiiH.

on/solve

it.

Cana

Aa

ja

peuiaBa/peuin.

He

wants

to

work

on/solve

it

He

cyM

AOiiiJia

Aa

cjiymaM

1

haven't

come

to

listen,

but

to

(7),

ryKy

Aa

s6opyB3M

talk!

21.21

To

make

explicit

the

meaning

of

purpose,

Aa

may

be

accompanied

by

aa.

Bp33M

aa

A3

ro

(haraM

"

I'm

hurrying

in

order

to

catch

BO30T.

the

train.

21.3

When

w

+

present

i

s

followed

by

a

clause

containing

either

of

the

modal

particles

tie

or

CH,

the

verb

in

the

fla-clause

represents

a

condition

viewed

as

impossible

or

extremely

unlikely;

it

is

dependent

on

still

another

action,

which

may

or

may

not

be

clear

from

the

context.

Jac

Aa

cyM

Ha

TBOC MCCTO,

If

I

were

in

your

place,

I'd

do

HCUJTO

Apyro

6

u

n

anpa- something

else.

BHJia.

Ra

M

O)Ke

6e6ero

Aa

npo3-

If

the

baby

could

talk,

he'd

say

Sopysa,

6

u

T

H

peoo

...

to

you

.

. .

JJa

CH

yM6H,

HC

tfe

3<5opy-

If

you

were

intelligent,

you

Bam

raKa.

wouldn't

talk

like

that.

OOA

K3M6H

Aa

ce

CKpHe,

Even

if

he

hides

under

a

stone,

tfe

ro

nponaJAaM.

I'll

find

him.

Aa

naAHe

na

nJiej<H,

If

he

fell

on

his

back,

he'd

We

C

H

ro

cKpuiH

HOCOT.I

break

his

nose.

IHOCOT

<5n

CH

ro

21.4

fla

4-

p

resent

w

ithout

a

following

tfe

or

CH

may

still

have

a

conditional

sense,

but

the

action

is

viewed

as

more

probable.

If

it

could

be

that

I

could

be

Ra

e

Aa

cyM

na

TBOC

MCCTO!

Wnia

Aa

<J)pJintiJ,

HCMa

Kaj

in

your

place!

May

it

be

that

1

am

in

your

place!

If

you

threw

a

needle,

there'd

naAHe.

be

no

place

for

it

to

fall.

(A

common

saying

meaning

"jam-packed

with"people".^)

85

21.5 It

is

frequently

elliptical

(as

in

some

of

the

above

cases),

and

a

translation

into

English

may

supply

'should',

'would', 'like',

or

'intend'.

In

some

situations

or

contexts,

it

expresses doubt

as

to

the

possibility

or

desirability

of

an

action.

[Monologue,

cf.

text

on

p.

12Q]

fta

oeraM

(/)!

fla

nopyraiw

-Should

1

run

away?

Make

a

(T)

H

TaTKO

H

MaJKa.

laughing-stock

of

both

mother

Jlejie,

UJTO

Aa

npasaM

and

father?

Alas,

what

should

(T)?

1

do?

JJa

HC

caKaiu

(/)

Aa

3a

Hero

You

surely

don't

want

us

to

Aa

ja

ja.au.eMe

(

T)\

m

arry

her

to

him!

21.6

In

other

situations,

the

combination

can

show

a

closer

interest

of

the

speaker

in

the

realization

of

the

action.

E,

aJAe

K33KH.

—

JJa

TH

Go

ahead,

tell

us.

—

I'll

tell

you,

KaacaM,

Aa

TH

Ka>KaM,

let

me

tell

you,

dear

brother...

/

r

*

i

,

J

*

6paTe

cJiaAOK...

SHaeui,

JleHMe,

6ojieH

You

should

know,

/may

you

..

'

know,/

so

that you

know,/

Lence,

I'm

sick.

21.7

This

type

of

clause

may

directly

express

an

exhortation

or

a

wish.

CjiaiKO

Aa

cnHeui,

cJiaTKO

May

you

sleep

sweetly, may

you

Aa

coHysaui.

dream

sweetly.

SapaBJe

Aa

HMaTe!

May

you

have

health!

Cera

Aa

BMAHMe

UJTO

MMaui

Now

let's

see

what

you

have

to

Aa

MM

Ka)Keui.

tell

me.

JJa

ceAHaM.

Let

me

sit

down.

AJAe

Aa

ro

nJiaqeMe!

Come,

let's

mourn

for

him.

BOJIKOT

Aa

ro

jaAe!

May

the

wolf

eat

him!

PaKaTa

Aa

MM

ce

HcyuiH,

May

my

hand

wither, may

the

ajia

A3

Me

H36A6

Tpo-

three-headed

dragon devour

mafia!

me!

21.71

Since

this

meaning

is

not

explicit

in

the

fla,

Aa

with

a

3rd

person

verb

may

be

replaced

by

HCKa,

which

has

no

other

meaning.

HeKa

MH

e.)KHB!

May

he

flourish!

(Stronger

than

the

conventional

formula,

,0(a

MM

e

>KHB!)

HeKa

My

e

na

SApasje!

May

it

be

healthy

for

him!

AKO

CH

rrownajia

HeKa

CH

If

(since)

she's

begun,

let

her

HacTaBH

(7).

continue.

HeKa

He

pacwnysa

(/)

com

Let

him

not

spoil

the

sleep

of

Ha

ApyrwTe.

•

others.

86