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seceded states (Confederacy); also known in the South

as the War between the States and in the North as the

War of the Rebellion

Colonization: an action in which an existing country estab-

lishes a new community or state in a foreign land

Confederacy: eleven Southern states that seceded from the

United States in 1860 and 1861

Conscription: forced enrollment of able-bodied men into a

nation’s armed forces; also known as a draft

Discrimination: unfair treatment of people or groups be-

cause of their race, religion, gender, or other reasons

Emancipation: the act of freeing people from slavery or op-

pression

Enlistment: the act of joining a country’s armed forces

Federal: national or central government; also refers to the

North or Union, as opposed to the South or Confed-

eracy

Founding Fathers: political and community leaders who es-

tablished the United States after the War for Indepen-

dence in 1776; this term is often specifically used for

the men who wrote the U.S. Constitution in 1787

Guerrillas: small independent bands of soldiers or armed

civilians who use raids and ambushes rather than di-

rect military attacks to harass enemy armies

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Impeachment: formal accusation of wrongdoing made by

Congress against an elected official in an attempt to

remove him or her from office; the term usually in-

cludes both the bringing of charges by the House of

Representatives and a trial by the Senate

Industrialization: a process by which factories and manufac-

turing become very important to the economy of a

country or region

Militia: an army composed of ordinary citizens rather than

professional soldiers

Offensive: an attack or aggressive action

Pardon: to forgive and release from punishment

Plantation: a large estate dedicated to farming

Quakers: a religious group that strongly opposed slavery and

violence of any kind

Rebel: Confederate; often used as a name for a Confederate

soldier

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Reconstruction: the period from 1865 to 1877 during which

the Confederate states were readmitted into the Unit-

ed States

Regiment: a military unit of organized troops; regiments

usually consisted of one thousand men and were di-

vided into ten companies of one hundred men each

Secession: the formal withdrawal of eleven Southern states

from the Union in 1860–61

Siege: surrounding and blockading of a city, town, or fortress

by an army attempting to capture it

States’ rights: the belief that each state has the right to de-

cide how to handle various issues for itself without in-

terference from the national government

Tariffs: additional charges or taxes placed on goods import-

ed from other countries

Territory: a region that belongs to the United States but has

not yet been made into a state or states

Treason: betrayal of one’s country

Underground Railroad: a secret organization of free blacks

and whites who helped slaves escape from their mas-

ters and gain freedom in the Northern United States

and Canada

Union: Northern states that remained loyal to the United

States during the Civil War

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Veto: a power held by the U.S. president to stop a legislative

bill passed by Congress from becoming a law; a bill

can become law without the president’s approval only

if two-thirds of each chamber of Congress vote again

in favor of it; such a vote is known as overriding the

president’s veto

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Robert Anderson (1805–1871): Union major who surren-

dered Fort Sumter to Confederates in April 1861

John Andrew (1818–1867): governor of Massachusetts,

1860–66; organized the Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts

Regiment, the first black Northern unit in the Civil

War

Pierre G. T. Beauregard (1818–1893): Confederate general

who captured Fort Sumter in April 1861; also served

at First Bull Run and Shiloh

John Wilkes Booth (1838–1865): American actor who assas-

sinated President Abraham Lincoln

Braxton Bragg (1817–1876): Confederate general who led

the Army of Mississippi and the Army of Tennessee;

fought at Perryville, Chickamauga, and Chattanooga

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James Buchanan (1791–1868): fifteenth president of the

United States, 1857–61

Ambrose E. Burnside (1824–1881): Union general who

commanded the Army of the Potomac at Fredericks-

burg; also fought at First Bull Run, Antietam, and in

Ulysses S. Grant’s Wilderness campaign

John C. Calhoun (1782–1850): South Carolina politician;

vice president of the United States, 1825–32

Henry Clay (1777–1852): Kentucky politician who wrote

Missouri Compromise and Compromise of 1850

Jefferson Davis (1808–1889): president of the Confederate

States of America, 1861–65

Dorothea Dix (1802–1887): educator who fought for hu-

mane treatment of the mentally ill

Stephen Douglas (1813–1861): Illinois politician; defeated

Abraham Lincoln in 1858 U.S. Senate election

Frederick Douglass (c. 1818–1895): escaped slave who be-

came a leading abolitionist

Jubal Early (1816–1894): Confederate lieutenant general

who led the 1864 campaign in Shenandoah Valley;

also fought at First Bull Run, Second Bull Run, Anti-

etam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg,

the Wilderness, and Spotsylvania

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David G. Farragut (1801–1870): Union admiral who led

naval victories at New Orleans and Mobile Bay

Ulysses S. Grant (1822–1885): Union general who com-

manded all Federal troops, 1864–65; led Union armies

at Shiloh, Vicksburg, Chattanooga, and Petersburg;

eighteenth president of the United States, 1869–77

Henry W. Halleck (1815–1872): general-in-chief of Union

armies, July 1862–March 1864; Abraham Lincoln’s

chief of staff, March 1864–April 1865

Rutherford B. Hayes (1822–1893): nineteenth president of

the United States, 1877–81

Thomas Wentworth Higginson (1823–1911): abolitionist

who led the First South Carolina Volunteers, the first

regiment of former slaves in the Union Army

John Bell Hood (1831–1879): Confederate general who

commanded the Army of Tennessee at Atlanta in

1864; also fought at Second Bull Run, Antietam, Fred-

ericksburg, Gettysburg, and Chickamauga

Joseph Hooker (1814–1879): Union major general who

commanded the Army of the Potomac at Chancel-

lorsville; also fought at Second Bull Run, Antietam,

Fredericksburg, Chattanooga, and Atlanta

Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson (1824–1863): Confederate

lieutenant general who fought at First Bull Run, Sec-

ond Bull Run, Antietam, Fredericksburg, and Chancel-

lorsville; led 1862 Shenandoah Valley campaign

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Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826): primary author of America’s

Declaration of Independence; third president of the

United States, 1801–9

Andrew Johnson (1808–1875): seventeenth president of the

United States, 1865–69

Albert S. Johnston (1803–1862): Confederate general of the

Army of Mississippi

Joseph E. Johnston (1807–1891): Confederate general of the

Army of Tennessee who fought at First Bull Run and

Atlanta

Robert E. Lee (1807–1870): Confederate general of the Army

of Northern Virginia; fought at Second Bull Run,

Antietam, Gettysburg, Fredericksburg, and Chancel-

lorsville; defended Richmond from Ulysses S. Grant’s

Army of the Potomac, 1864 to April 1865

Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865): sixteenth president of the

United States, 1861–65

James Longstreet (1821–1904): Confederate lieutenant gen-

eral in Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia for

much of the war; fought at First Bull Run, Second Bull

Run, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Gettysburg, Chicka-

mauga, Knoxville, the Wilderness, and Petersburg

George McClellan (1826–1885): Union general who com-

manded the Army of the Potomac, August 1861 to

November 1862; fought in the Seven Days’ campaign

and at Antietam; Democratic candidate for U.S. presi-

dent, 1864

George G. Meade (1815–1872): Union major general who

commanded the Army of the Potomac, June 1863 to

April 1865; also fought at Second Bull Run, Antietam,

Fredericksburg, and Chancellorsville

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Napoleon III (1808-1873): emperor of France, 1852-71

Florence Nightingale (1820–1910): nurse who dedicated her

life to the care of the sick and those wounded in war

Rose O’Neal Greenhow (1817–1864): Washington socialite

who was a spy for the Confederacy

John C. Pemberton (1814–1881): Confederate lieutenant

general who commanded Vicksburg defenses during

the siege of Vicksburg

John Pope (1822–1892): Union general of the Army of the

Mississippi and the Army of Virginia, 1862; fought at

Bull Run

William Rosecrans (1819–1898): Union major general of

the Army of the Mississippi and the Army of the

Cumberland, 1861–63; fought at Corinth, Murfrees-

boro, and Chickamauga

Winfield Scott (1786–1866): general-in-chief of U.S. Army,

1841–61; proposed so-called “Anaconda Plan” for

Union in Civil War

William Seward (1801–1872): U.S. secretary of state, 1861–69

Robert Gould Shaw (1837–1863): Union colonel of the Fifty-

Fourth Massachusetts Regiment, the famous all-black

unit in the Civil War

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Philip H. Sheridan (1831–1888): Union major general who

commanded the Army of the Potomac’s cavalry corps

and the Army of the Shenandoah; also fought at Per-

ryville, Murfreesboro, Chickamauga, and Chat-

tanooga

William T. Sherman (1820–1891): Union major general

who commanded the Army of the Tennessee and the

Military Division of the Mississippi, October 1863 to

April 1865; led the famous “March to the Sea”; also

fought at First Bull Run, Shiloh, and Vicksburg

Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811–1896): abolitionist who wrote

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

George Henry Thomas (1816–1870): Union major general

who commanded the Army of the Cumberland to vic-

tories at Chattanooga, Atlanta, and Nashville; also

fought at Perryville and Chickamauga

Nat Turner (1800–1831): American slave who led violent

slave rebellion in 1831

Elizabeth Van Lew (1818–1900): Virginian who was a spy

for the Union

Queen Victoria (1819–1901): queen of Great Britain,

1837–1901

Eli Whitney (1765–1825): American inventor whose cre-

ations included the cotton gin

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Hillstrom K., Hillstrom L.C., Baker L.W. (ed.) - American Civil War. Almanac

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