Higman Chris Gasification (Газификация угля)
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360
Gasification
Literature Data Bank
The literature databank gaslit.mdb contains over 500 entries on the topic of gasifica-
tion, including all the literature cited in this book. It includes titles, authors, and
keywords for all papers presented at the Gasification Technologies Council Con-
ferences since 1998, all the IChemE Gasification Conferences, and a number of
other important sources not normally accessible to nonparticipants.
The database includes a keyword-based search facility, with up to six specified key-
words per article. A gasification technology or project can be specified independently
of the keyword.
A complied version of the database gaslit.exe is downloadable for those who cannot
run Microsoft Access.
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361
Appendix B
Conversion Factors
Mass
kg
(kilogram)
lb
(pound avdp)
Short
ton
Long
ton
Metric
ton
1 2.205 1.102*10
−3
9.842*10
−4
1*10
−3
0.4536 1 5*10
−4
4.464*10
−4
4.536*10
−4
907.6 2000 1 0.8929 0.9072
1016 2240 1.120 1 1.016
1000 2205 1.102 0.9842 1
Volume
m
3
ft
3
bbl
1 35.31 6.290
2.832*10
−2
1 0.1781
0.1590 5.615 1
Power
kW tcal/day Btu/h
1 20.64 3412
4.846*10
−2
1 165.3
2.931*10
−4
6.048*10
−3
1
362
Gasification
Energy or Work
J kWh Btu cal
TCE
LHV
TCE
HHV
bbl OE,
LHV
bbl OE,
HHV
1 2.778*10
−7
9.478*10
−4
0.2388 3.413*10
−11
3.281*10
−11
1.757*10
−10
1.642*10
−10
3.600*10
6
1 3412 8.598*10
5
1.228*10
−4
1.181*10
−4
6.325*10
−4
5.912*10
−4
1055 2.931*10
−4
1 252.0 3.600*10
−8
3.461*10
−8
1.854*10
−7
1.733*10
−7
4.187 1.163*10
−6
3.968*10
−3
1 1.429*10
−10
1.374*10
−10
7.356*10
−10
6.875*10
−10
2.931*10
10
8141 2.778*10
7
7.000*10
9
1 9.615*10
−1
5.150 4.813
3.048*10
10
8467 2.889*10
7
7.280*10
9
1.040 1 5.356 5.005
5.691*10
9
1581 5.394*10
6
1.359*10
9
1.942*10
−1
1.867*10
−1
1 9.346*10
−1
6.090*10
9
1692 5.772*10
6
1.455*10
9
2.078*10
−1
1.998*10
−1
1.070*10
−1
1
Pressure
Pa bar atm lbf/in
2
mm Hg = Torr in Hg m water
1 1.000*10
−5
9.869*10
−6
1.450*10
−4
7.501*10
−3
2.953*10
−4
1.020*10
−4
1.000*10
5
1 0.9869 14.50 750.1 29.53 10.21
1.013*10
−5
1.013 1 14.70 760.0 29.92 10.34
6895 6.895*10
−2
6.805*10
−2
1 51.72 2.036 0.7037
133.3 1.333*10
−3
1.316*10
−3
1.934*10
−2
1 3.937*10
−2
1.361*10
−2
3386 3.386*10
−2
3.342*10
−2
0.4912 25.40 1 0.3456
9798 9.798*10
−2
9.670*10
−2
1.421 73.49 2.893 1
Appendix B
363
Flowrate
m
3
/h ft
3
/min bbl/day
1 0.5886 151.0
1.699 1 256.5
6.625*10
−3
3.899*10
−3
1
Normal and Standard Volumes
Nm
3
SCF
1 37.22
0.0269 1
Note: Nm
3
refer to 1.0132 bar and 0°C SCF refer to
30" Hg and 30°F
Density
g/cc kg/m
3
lb/ft
3
1 1000 62.43
1*10
−3
1 6.243*10
−2
16.02 ∗
−2
16.02 1
Energy per Unit Mass
kJ/kg Btu/lb kcal/kg
1 0.4299 0.2388
2.326 1 0.5556
4.187 1.800 1
Energy per Unit Volume
kJ/m
3
Btu/ft
3
kcal/m
3
1 2.684*10
−2
0.2388
37.26 1 8.899
4.187 0.1124 1
364
Gasification
Heat Capacity per Unit Volume
kJ/m
3
.°C Btu/ft
3
.°F kcal/m
3
.°C
1 1.491*10
−2
0.2388
67.06 1 16.02
4.187 6.243*10
−2
1
Heat Capacity per Unit Mass
kJ/kg.°C Btu/lb.°F kcal/kg.°C
1 0.2388 0.2388
4.187 1 1
4.187 1 1
Conversion Efficiency versus Heat Rate
Efficiency Heat rate Efficiency Heat rate Efficiency Heat rate Efficiency Heat rate
% Btu/kWh % Btu/kWh % Btu/kWh % Btu/kWh
100 3412 75 4549 50 6824 25 13648
99 3447 74 4611 49 6963 24 14217
98 3482 73 4674 48 7109 23 14835
97 3518 72 4739 47 7260 22 15510
96 3554 71 4806 46 7418 21 16248
95 3592 70 4874 45 7582 20 17061
94 3630 69 4945 44 7755 19 17958
93 3669 68 5018 43 7935 18 18956
92 3709 67 5093 42 8124 17 20071
91 3750 66 5170 41 8322 16 21326
90 3791 65 5249 40 8530 15 22747
89 3834 64 5331 39 8749 14 24372
88 3877 63 5416 38 8979 13 26247
87 3922 62 5503 37 9222 12 28434
86 3968 61 5594 36 9478 11 31019
85 4014 60 5687 35 9749 10 34121
84 4062 59 5783 34 10036 9 37912
83 4111 58 5883 33 10340 8 42651
82 4161 57 5986 32 10663 7 48744
81 4212 56 6093 31 11007 6 56868
80 4265 55 6204 30 11374 5 68242
79 4319 54 6319 29 11766 4 85303
78 4374 53 6438 28 12186 3 113737
77 4431 52 6562 27 12637 2 170605
76 4490 51 6690 26 13123 1 341210
Appendix B
365
Care should be taken to make sure that the heat rate and efficiency are both based
on the same type heating value (LHV or HHV).
Conversion Heat Rate versus Efficiency
Heat rate Efficiency Heat rate Efficiency Heat rate Efficiency Heat rate Efficiency
Btu/kWh % Btu/kWh % Btu/kWh % Btu/kWh %
3412 100 15500 22.0 28000 12.2 40500 8.4
3500 97.5 16000 21.3 28500 12.0 41000 8.3
4000 85.3 16500 20.7 29000 11.8 41500 8.2
4500 75.8 17000 20.1 29500 11.6 42000 8.1
5000 68.2 17500 19.5 30000 11.4 42500 8.0
5500 62.0 18000 19.0 30500 11.2 43000 7.9
6000 56.9 18500 18.4 31000 11.0 43500 7.8
6500 52.5 19000 18.0 31500 10.8 44000 7.8
7000 48.7 19500 17.5 32000 10.7 44500 7.7
7500 45.5 20000 17.1 32500 10.5 45000 7.6
8000 42.7 20500 16.6 33000 10.3 45500 7.5
8500 40.1 21000 16.2 33500 10.2 46000 7.4
9000 37.9 21500 15.9 34000 10.0 46500 7.3
9500 35.9 22000 15.5 34500 9.9 47000 7.3
10000 34.1 22500 15.2 35000 9.7 47500 7.2
10500 32.5 23000 14.8 35500 9.6 48000 7.1
11000 31.0 23500 14.5 36000 9.5 48500 7.0
11500 29.7 24000 14.2 36500 9.3 49000 7.0
12000 28.4 24500 13.9 37000 9.2 49500 6.9
12500 27.3 25000 13.6 37500 9.1 50000 6.8
13000 26.2 25500 13.4 38000 9.0 50500 6.8
13500 25.3 26000 13.1 38500 8.9 51000 6.7
14000 24.4 26500 12.9 39000 8.7 51500 6.6
14500 23.5 27000 12.6 39500 8.6 52000 6.6
15000 22.7 27500 12.4 40000 8.5 52500 6.5
Basic Data
Universal gas constant R 8.31441 J/mol.K
Normal molar volume of an ideal gas 22.414*10
−3
m
3
/mol
Normal temperature 273.15 K
Normal pressure 101325 Pa (N/m
2
=kg/m.s
2
)
Standard acceleration due to gravity 9.80665 m/s
2
367
Appendix C
Emissions Conversion
Factors
Emission Conversions
SO
2
NO
2
Particulates /SO
2
/NO
2
ppmv mg/Nm
3
ppmv mg/Nm
3
g/GJ lb/MMBtu
10 29 10 21 10 0.023
20 57 20 41 20 0.047
30 86 30 62 30 0.070
40 114 40 82 40 0.093
50 143 50 103 50 0.116
60 171 60 123 60 0.140
70 200 70 144 70 0.163
80 229 80 164 80 0.186
90 257 90 185 90 0.209
100 286 100 205 100 0.233
110 314 110 226 110 0.256
120 343 120 246 120 0.279
130 372 130 267 130 0.302
140 400 140 287 140 0.326
150 429 150 308 150 0.349
160 457 160 328 160 0.372
170 486 170 349 170 0.395
180 514 180 369 180 0.419
190 543 190 390 190 0.442
200 572 200 411 200 0.465
368
Gasification
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0 5 10 15 20
Oxygen content of dry flue gas [mol%]
SO
2
content [ppmv]
Coal, 1% S
Fuel oil, 2% S
Figure C-1.
Figure C-1.Figure C-1.
Figure C-1. SO
2
Content as a Function of the Oxygen Content in Dry Stack Gas
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
0 2 4 6 8101214161820
Oxygen content of dry flue gas [mol%]
Nm³ dry flue gas
Figure C-2.
Figure C-2.Figure C-2.
Figure C-2. Nm
3
Dry Flue Gas per GJ Fuel as a Function of the Oxygen Content
369
Appendix D
Guidelines for Reporting
Operating Statistics for
Gasification Facilities
(Courtesy of The Gasification Technologies Council, Rev. February 5, 2002)
The objective of these guidelines is to present a standardized way for reporting the
operating statistics of gasification facilities. The statistics are primarily time-based,
however, a single flow-based indicator is also included. An example is included.
Gasification Facility Units
The gasification facility is divided into two units so that the operating statistics can be
reported for each of these critical areas of the facility. The units are defined as follows:
• Gasification (including ASU and Acid Gas Removal Unit)
• Product Units
Gasification
Unit
(includes
ASU & AGR)
Power
Unit
Chemical
Unit
Power
Chemical
Products
and/or
Treated
Saturated
Syngas
Figure D-1.
Figure D-1.Figure D-1.
Figure D-1. Gasification Facility Units