Heard D.E. (editor) Analytical Techniques for Atmospheric Measurement
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508 Index
perfluoro-alkoxy teflon 215
perfluoropropene, C
3
F
6
202
periodically poled lithium niobate, PPLN 109
permanent gases 23, 365, 381
permeation tube standard 214
Peroxy Acetyl Nitrate, PAN 10, 23, 61, 216, 217, 365, 371,
380, 381
peroxy nitric acid (PNA), HO
2
NO
2
10, 23, 65, 211, 215,
216, 219, 325, 329, 344, 346, 350
peroxy propyl nitrate 23, 216
Peroxy Radical Chemical Amplifier, PERCA 18, 23, 42, 60,
212, 312, 345, 353
peroxy radical Chemical Ionisation Mass Spectrometer,
perCIMS 205, 349–53
peroxy radicals, RO
2
11, 42, 205, 212, 255, 344–53, 476
peroxyacetic acid 339
phenol 23, 154
photochemistry field experiments 475–6
photodiode array 164
photodissociation quantum yield 2, 19, 24, 49, 203–4, 209,
407, 411
Photoelectron Resonance Capture Ionisation, PERCI 291
photofragmentation followed by chemiluminescence
detection 209
photofragmentation followed by laser-induced fluorescence
detection 210
photoionisation detector 365, 374
photolysis frequencies, intercomparison of methods 478–80
photolysis frequency 406, 408, 409, 416, 448, 455, 474
photolysis frequency, accuracy of 450–2
photolysis frequency, methods for measurement of 416
photolysis reactions, list of 407
photolytic converter 327
photolytic interference 195, 199
Photomultiplier dark current 194
PILS, see particle into liquid sampler -pinene 397, 399
pitot tube 50
pixel-to-pixel variations and corrections 157
planar chromatography 363
plate number 371
platforms, measurement of 24
PM
10
266
PM
25
266
polar mesospheric clouds 42
polar orbit 37
Polar Stratospheric Clouds, PSCs 299
polar vortex 4, 5, 28, 42, 137, 138, 222, 299
polarisation plate 199
policy 52
Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons, PAH 11, 23, 54, 189, 294–5,
361, 364–5, 368, 372, 382, 397, 400
polyatomic spectra, see spectra of polyatomic molecules
polycarboxylic acids 285
Polychlorinated Biphenyls, PCBs 361, 372
POPCORN campaign 27, 30, 51, 52
POPHA, see p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid
post-column reaction 395
Post Source Pulse Focussing, PSPF 275
potassium iodide, use in ozonesondes 51–2, 317
potential energy surface 190
PPN (peroxy propyl nitrate) 23, 216
precision, definition of 47
predissociation 191
pressure broadening 45, 92–3, 195
principle component analysis 292
product ions 251
programmed temperature vaporisation 61, 369–70, 383–4
propanal 252
proteins, detection of 23
proton affinity 250
proton transfer ion trap 253
Proton Transfer Mass Spectrometer, PTR-MS 249
Proton Transfer Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer,
PTR-TOF 252
PSCs, see Polar Stratospheric Clouds
PTR-MS, see Proton Transfer Mass Spectrometer
PTR-TOF, see Proton Transfer Time-of-Flight Mass
Spectrometer
pulsed dye laser 201
quadrupole analyser 231
quadrupole mass spectrometer 273, 275, 276, 282,
376, 378
quadrupole transitions 76
quality assurance 46, 50
quality control 14, 18, 43, 46–7, 55, 330, 377, 378
quantum cascade (QC) laser 107, 110–11
quantum efficiency, photomultiplier 192
quantum yield, see fluorescence quantum yield;
photodissociation quantum yield
quartz diffuser 442, 446, 447, 454, 490
quartz-fibre bundle 439
quasi-square wave modulation waveform 128
quenching of fluorescence 190, 322
quenching rate coefficients 193
radiation standards 482
radiative rate constant 192
radiative-transfer model 170, 174, 416–17, 419, 434, 459,
469–71, 474–5, 479
radio-frequency radiation 45
radiosonde 32
Raman scattering 170, 202, 217, 220
Raman shifter 217
Rapid Single Particle Mass Spectrometry, RSMS 273
Rayleigh extinction coefficient 149
Rayleigh scattering 147, 149, 151, 167, 171, 193, 198, 201,
413, 415
Rayleigh transfer standard 202
reagent ions 251
receiver optics 437, 442, 444–5, 467
receiving telescope 171
reduction gas detector 61–2, 374
reference spectrum, DOAS 159
reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer 275
refluctance, see albedo
refocussing cold trap 370
refractory fraction of aerosol 285
Remote measurements, FTIR 134
removal of water, chromatographic sampling 368–9
resolution, mass spectrometer 236
resolving power, mass spectrometer 336
resonance fluorescence 198
resonance lamp 221
retention time 363
retention time standard 377
retention volume 367
retrieval methods 38, 39
retro-reflector 155
Index 509
reverse phase HPLC 395
Reynolds’ number 280
rhodamine-B, use as a reagent 313
rice paddies, emissions from 137
ring effect 169
RO
2
, see peroxy radicals
rocket airglow 315
rocket-borne spectrometer 199
rocket platforms 312
Ronald H. Brown research vessel 31, 34
ROOH, see methyl hydrogen peroxide
rotational constants 45, 78
rotational temperature 213
ROxMAS 349–52
RSMS, see Rapid Single particular Mass Spectrometer
SAGE II (Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment)
satellite instrument 6, 36, 38
SAGE III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment, SOLVE
138
sample pre-concentration methods 369
SAPHIR chamber Julich 63–5
SART, see Simultaneous Algebraic Reconstruction Technique
satellite instruments 65
satellite orbits 36–41
satellite retrieval methods 36–41
satellite viewing geometries 36–41
satellites 36–41, 103, 154
saturated hydrocarbons 23
saturation, optical 192
SAW, see Surface Acoustic Wave
sawtooth ramp 128
SBUV (Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Ozone Experiment)
satellite instrument 38
Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer, SMPS 268
scanning spectroradiometer 60, 437, 439–41, 448
scattered light DOAS 168
scattering of sunlight 62, 409
SCD, see Slant Column Density
SCIAMACHY (Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer
for Atmospheric Cartography) satellite instrument
36–41
Scintrex detector 337
scrubbing methods 48, 49, 60, 194, 311, 337, 340, 341
scrubbing of soluble gases 311
sea-salt aerosol 162
secondary electron multiplier 245
selection criteria for instruments 20
selection rules 76
SF
5
CF
3
7, 256, 257
ship-borne platforms 31–2, 136
shot noise 194
sidebands 120
signal-to-noise ratio 194
simulated atmospheres, see instrumented chambers
Simultaneous Algebraic Reconstruction Technique,
SART 177
single tone frequency modulation spectroscopy 120
SJAC, see Stream Jet Aerosol Injector
Slant Column Density, SCD 169
slant ozone column 431–2
slip correction function 280
smog chambers, see instrumented chambers
SMPS, see Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer
SODAR, see Sonic Detection and Ranging
solar-induced scattering 193
Solar Zenith Angle, SZA 169, 173, 412, 413
solid-state sensors 43
SOLVE, see SAGE III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment
sonic anemometers 46, 59, 61
Sonic Detection and Ranging, SODAR 59, 61
sorbent tubes 367
Soxhlet extraction 370
space-borne platforms 36
space shuttle 24, 39–42
SpaceLab-3 24, 40
SPADE, see Stratospheric Photochemistry, Aerosols and
Dynamics Expedition
spectra of diatomic molecules 76
spectra of polyatomic molecules 76
spectral actinic flux 410–11, 414, 419, 444, 446, 452, 464, 471
spectral composition of solar radiation 414–15
spectral interference filter, see interference filter
spectral lineshapes 87–94
spectral modulation 195, 211
spectral photon radiance 409
spectral spectrometer bandwidth 488–9
spectrograph (except spectroradiometry) 41, 163, 176
spectrograph spectroradiometer 420, 437–8, 440–1, 444,
448, 451, 482, 489
spectroradiometry 437
spherical photolysis reactor 418
spin-forbidden process 407
Standard Reference Materials 377
static NO
2
actinometer 433
static ozone actinometer 429
stationary phase 362
Steam Jet Aerosol Collector, SJAC 271
stellar occultation 38
Stokes’ formula 280
Stokes Raman scattering 202
stratospheric aerosol 5, 6, 38, 200, 299, 301
stratospheric balloon actinometry 434
stratospheric hygrometer 206
Stratospheric Photochemistry, Aerosols and Dynamics
Expedition, SPADE 201
stray light 438–9, 442, 451–2, 479, 482
stripping coil 342
sulphate ion (aerosol) 270, 290–300
sulphur compounds 54
sulphuric acid, H
2
SO
4
7, 11, 23, 231, 255, 265, 294, 312,
344, 349–51
sum of peroxy radicals, see peroxy radicals
sun-synchronous orbit 37
supercritical fluid 362, 365, 370
supersonic expansions 212
Surface Acoustic Wave, SAW 10, 44
surface albedo, see albedo
surface-catalyzed decomposition of NO
y
219
Surface Ionisation Particle Beam Mass Spectrometer,
SI-PBMS 273
Swathe of satellite 44
sweep integration 113
syringe injection 370
SZA, see Solar Zenith Angle
tandem mass spectrometry 276
tangent height 179
Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance, TEOM 54, 266
510 Index
TDLAS, see Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy
temporal resolution 66
Tenax 367–9, 384–5, 387
TEOM, see Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance
terpenes 207
TES, see Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) satellite
instrument
tethered balloon 33, 59, 61
TexAQS, see Texas Air Quality Study
Texas Air Quality Study, TexAQS 28, 30, 119, 214, 217
theoretical plate number 371
thermal conductivity detector 365, 401
thermal desorption aerosol GC-MS 272
thermal dissociation 215–23
thermal emission 38, 45
thermoelectric heat pumps 367
thermolysis 10, 11, 17, 215–23
thermosphere 37, 42
thick film sensors 43
thin layer chromatography 363
thomson, unit 236
threshold wavelength, photolysis 406
thunderstorm NO
x
323
tidal height, correlation with 162, 339
time-gated detection method 195
Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer, TOF-MS 50, 242
Titan, measurements in atmosphere of 41, 212
TOF-MS, see Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer
TOHPE (The OH photochemistry experiment) 27, 30, 51
toluene 23, 154, 351, 371, 383, 385
Tom-DOAS, see Tomographic DOAS
Tomographic DOAS, Tom-DOAS 176–7
TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) satellite
instrument 38–9
TOPSE (Tropospheric Ozone Production about the Spring
Equinox) field campaign 28, 30, 98, 119, 136
TORCH, see Tropospheric Organic Chemistry Experiment
Total Ion Count 397
total loss rate of OH 207
total NO
y
, see total reactive nitrogen
total ozone column 414
total reactive nitrogen, NO
y
60, 328
tower 25, 55, 379, 444
trace gases, typical mixing ratios 98
TRACE-P (Transport and Chemical Evolution Pacific)
campaign 29, 30, 98, 99, 136
trajectories of aerosols 278
transition moment 76
transition probability 76
transmittance or transmission 94
triple quadrupole mass spectrometer 278, 377
Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) satellite
instrument 51
Tropospheric Organic Chemistry Experiment, TORCH 29,
30, 388, 391
tubular photolysis reactor 418
Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy, TDLAS
99, 111
tunable solid-state laser sources 106–11
tungsten oxide, WO
3
44
turbo molecular pumps 234
two-dimensional charge coupled device 174
two-dimensional chromatography 18, 65, 242, 371, 373, 390
two-photon laser-induced fluorescence 50
two-step laser ionisation of aerosols 290
typical mixing ratio of trace gases 98
UAV, see Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle
UFAM, see Universities Facility for Atmospheric
Measurements
ultrasonic waves, see surface acoustic wave
Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle, UAV 35, 43
units of concentration 19–20
Universities Facility of Atmospheric Measurements,
UFAM 25
unsaturated molecules 23
up-welling radiation 418
upper stratosphere 199
uranium in particles 289
UV-B cut-off 414
UV-visible differential optical absorption spectroscopy 147
vacuum aerodynamic diameter of aerosol 297
vacuum UV fluorescence spectroscopy 34
vacuum, generation of 234
VCD, see Vertical Column Density
vehicle-based mobile laboratories, see mobile laboratories
velocity focussing 231
Vertical Column Density, VCD 170
vertical profiles 45
vertical resolution, satellites 36–41, 45
vibrational quenching 190
vibrational–rotational spectral line intensities 84, 87
viewing geometries 36, 174
VOCs, see Volatile Organic Compounds
Voigt lineshape 87–94
Volatile Organic Compounds, VOCs 11, 23
volcanoes 38, 102
volume equivalent diameter of aerosols 267
volumetric number concentration of aerosols 267
Wall-Coated Open Tubular (WCOT) column 372
wall luminescence 321
water-soluble organic content 394
water vapour 8, 25
wavelength calibration, spectroradiometer 448
wavelength modulation spectroscopy 115
wavelength modulation techniques 115–20
WB-57 NASA aircraft 323
weather balloons 32
White cell 105
White noise 124
whole air sampler 35
wind-profiler 59–61
WO
3
, see tungsten oxide
World Meteorological Organization 55
World Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation Data Centre 466
XAD resin 368
Xe lamp, DOAS studies 147, 155
zenith angle, see Solar Zenith Angle
zenith-pointing DOAS 60
zenith sky spectroscopy 171
zenith-viewing geometry 60
zero-dimensional (box) model 12, 21, 136