Heard D.E. (editor) Analytical Techniques for Atmospheric Measurement

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

498 Analytical Techniques for Atmospheric Measurement

McKenzie, R., Johnston, P., Hofzumahaus, A., Kraus, A., Madronich, S., Cantrell, C.A., Calvert, J.G.,

& Shetter, R.E. (2002) Relationship between photolysis frequencies derived from spectroscopic

measurements of actinic fluxes and irradiances during the IPMMI campaign, J. Geophys. Res.,

107(D5), doi:10.1029/2001JD000601.

McKenzie, R.L. & Kotkamp, M. (1996) Upwelling UV spectral irradiances and surface albedo

measurements at Lauder, New Zealand. Geophys. Res. Lett., 23(14), 1757–1760.

McKenzie, R.L., Johnston, P.V., Kotkamp, M., Bittar, A., & Hamlin, J.D. (1992) Solar ultraviolet

spectroradiometry in New Zealand: instrumentation and sample results from 1990, Appl. Opt.,

31(30), 6501–6509.

Meier, R.R., Anderson, G.P., Cantrell, C.A., Hall, L.A., Lean, J., Minschwaner, K., Shetter, R.E.,

Shettle, E.P., & Stamnes, K. (1997) Actinic radiation in the terrestrial atmosphere, J. Atmos. and

Solar Terr. Phys., 59(17), 2111–2157.

Merienne, M.F., Jenouvrier, A., & Coquart, B. (1995) The NO

absorption spectrum: 1. Absorption

cross-sections at ambient temperature in the 300–500 nm region, J. Atmos. Chem., 20, 281–297.

Molina, L.T. & Molina, M.J. (1986) Absolute absorption cross sections of ozone in the 185- to

350-nm wavelength range, J. Geophys. Res., 91(D13), 14 501–14 508.

Moortgat, G.K., Seiler, W., & Warneck, P. (1983) Photodissociation of HCHO in air: CO and H

quantum yields at 220 and 300 K, J. Chem. Phys., 78(3), 1185–1190.

Müller, R. and Schurath, U. (1986) Entwicklung eines Gerätes zur kontinuierlichen Messung der

Photodissoziations Geschwindigkeit von Aldehyden in der Atmosphäre durch Nachweis des

erzeugten CO, Gesellschaft für Strahlenund Umweltforschung mbHMünchen, Abschlussbericht

Vorhaben KBF 53.

Müller, M., Kraus, A., & Hofzumahaus, A. (1995) O

→ O

D photolysis frequencies deter-

mined from spectroradiometric measurements of solar actinic UV-radiation: Comparison with

chemical actinometer measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 679–682.

Nader, J.S. & White, N. (1969) Volumetric measurement of ultraviolet energy in an urban

atmosphere, Environ. Science Technol., 3(9), 848–854.

Okabe, H. (1978) Photochemistry of Small Molecules. John Wiley and Sons.

Olson, J., Prather, M., Berntsen, T., Carmichael, G., Chatfield, R., Connell, P., Derwent, R.,

Horowitz, L., Jin, S., Kanakidou, M., Kasibhatla, P., Kotamarthi, R., Kuhn, M., Law, K.,

Penner, J., Perliski, L., Sillman, S., Stordal, F., Thompson, A., and Wildt, O. (1997) Results

from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change photochemical model intercomparison

(PhotoComp), J. Geophys. Res., 102, 5979–5991.

Parrish, D.D., Murphy, P.C., Albritton, D.L., & Fehsenfeld, F.C. (1983) The measurement of the

photodissociation rate of NO

in the atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 17, 1365–1379.

Penkett, S.A., Monks, P.S., Carpenter, L.J., Clemitshaw, K.C., Ayers, G.P., Gillett, R.W., Galbally, I.E.,

& Meyer, C.P. (1997) Relationships between ozone photolysis rates and peroxy radical concentra-

tions in clean marine air over the Southern Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 102(D11), 12 805–12 817.

Pfister, G., Baumgartner, D., Maderbacher, R., & Putz, E. (2000) Aircraft measurements of

photolysis rate coefficients for ozone and nitrogen dioxide under cloudy conditions, Atmos.

Environ., 34, 4019–4029.

Pravilov, A.M. (1987). Gas-phase actinometry for UV and vacuum UV spectral regions (Review).

High Energy Chem. USSR, 21, 243–255.

Roehl, C.M., Orlando, J.J., Tyndall, G.S., Shetter, R.E., Vazquez, G.J., Cantrell, C.A., & Calvert,

J.G. (1994) Temperature dependence of the quantum yields for the photolysis of NO

near the

dissociation limit, J. Phys. Chem., 98, 7837–7843.

Roehl, C.M., Nizkiorodov, S.A., Zhang, H., Blake, G.A., & Wennberg, P.O. (2002) Photodissociation

of peroxynitric acid in the near-IR, J. Phys. Chem. A, 106, 3766–3772.

Röth, E.-P., Ruhnke, R., Moortgat, G., Meller, R., & Schneider, W. (1997) UV/VIS-Absorption cross

sections and quantum yields for use in photochemistry and atmospheric modeling. Reports

of Forschungszentrums Jülich No. 3341, ISSN 0944–2952, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH,

D-52425 Jülich, Germany.

Measurement of Photolysis Frequencies in the Atmosphere 499

Ruggaber, A., Forkel, R., & Dlugi, R. (1993) Spectral actinic flux and its ratio to spectral irradiance

by radiation transfer calculations, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 1151–1162.

Sander, S.P., Friedl, R.R., Golden, D.M., Kurylo, M.J., Huie, R.E., Orkin, V.L., Moortgat, G.K.,

Ravishankara, A.R., Kolb, C.E., Molina, M.J., & Finlayson-Pitts, B.J. (2003) Chemical Kinetics

and Photochemical Data for Use in Atmospheric Studies. Evaluation Number 14, JPL Publ. 02-25.

NASA-JPL.

Schmitt, R. (1999) Fast Monolithic Single Monochromator – Spectral Radiometer With Diode Array

Detector For Atmospheric Research. Metcon Inc, Boulder, USA and Meteorologie Consult GmbH,

Glashütten, Germany. Technical Data Sheet.

Schultz, M., Houben, N., Mihelcic, D., Pätz, H.-W., & Volz-Thomas, A. (1995) A chemical

actinometer for the calibration of photoelectric detectors for the measurement of jNO

(in

German). Reports of Forschungszentrum Jülich No. 3135, ISSN 0944–2952, Forschungszentrum

Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.

Seinfeld, J.H. & Pandis, S.N. (1998) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, From Air Pollution to

Climate Change, John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Sellers, B. & Hanser, F.A. (1978) Measurement of tropospheric 300 nm solar ultraviolet flux for

determination of O

D photoproduction rate, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 912–918.

Seroji, A.R., Webb, A.R., Coe, H., Monks, P.S., & Rickard, A.R. (2004) Derivation and validation

of photolysis rates of O

 NO

, and CH

O from a GUV-541 radiometer, J. Geophys. Res.,

109(D21307), doi:10.1029/2004JD004674.

Shetter, R.E. & Müller, M. (1999) Photolysis frequency measurements using actinic flux spectro-

radiometry during the PEM-Tropics Mission: Instrumentation description and some results,

J. Geophys. Res., 104, 5647–5661.

Shetter, R.E., Davidson, J.A., Cantrell, C.A., Burzynski, N.J., & Calvert, J.G. (1988) Temper-

ature dependence of the atmospheric photolysis rate coefficient for NO

, J. Geophys. Res., 93,

7113–7118.

Shetter, R.E., McDaniel, A.H., Cantrell, C.A., Madronich, S., & Calvert, J.G. (1992) Actinometer

and Eppley radiometer measurements of the NO

photolysis rate coefficient during the Mauna-

Loa-Observatory Photochemistry Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 10 349–10 359.

Shetter, R.E., Cantrell, C.A., Lantz, K.O., Flocke, S.J., Orlando, J.J., Tyndall, G.S., Gilpin, T.M.,

Fischer, C.A., Madronich, S., Calvert, J.G., & Junkermann, W. (1996) Actinometric and radio-

metric measurement and modeling of the photolysis rate coefficient of ozone to O

D during

the Mauna Loa Observatory Photochemistry Experiment 2, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 14 631–14 642.

Shetter, R.E., Junkermann, W., Swartz, W.H., Frost, G.J., Crawford, J.H., Lefer, B.L., Barrick, J.D.,

Hall, S.R., Hofzumahaus, A., Bais, A., Calvert, J.G., Cantrell, C.A., Madronich, S., Müller, M.,

Kraus, A., Monks, P.S., Edwards, G.D., McKenzie, R., Johnston, P., Schmitt, R., Griffioen, E.,

Krol, M., Kylling, A., Dickerson, R.R., Lloyd, S.A., Martin, T., Gardiner, B., Mayer, B., Pfister,

G., Röth, E.P., Köpke, P., Ruggaber, A., Schwander, H., & Weele, M.V. (2003) Photolysis

frequency of NO

: Measurement and modeling during the International Photolysis Frequency

Measurement and Modeling Intercomparison (IPMMI), J. Geophys. Res., 108(D16), 8544,

doi:10.1029/2002JD002932.

Slaper, H., Reinen, H.A.J.M., Blumenthaler, M., Huber, M., & Kuik, F. (1995) Comparing ground-

level spectrally resolved solar UV measurements using various instruments: A technique resolving

effects of wavelength shift and slit width, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22(20), 2721–2724.

Talukdar, R.K., Longfellow, C.A., Gilles, M.K., & Ravishankara, A.R. (1998) Quantum yields of

O

D in the photolysis of ozone between 289 and 329 nm as a function of temperature, Geophys.

Res. Lett., 25(2), 143–146.

Thomas, G.E. & Stamnes, K. (1999) Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere and Ocean, Cambridge

University Press.

Tie, X., Madronich, S., Walters, S., Zhang, R., Rasch, P., & Collins, W. (2003) Effect of

clouds on photolysis and oxidants in the troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D20), 4642,

doi:10.1029/2003JD003659.

500 Analytical Techniques for Atmospheric Measurement

Trautmann, T., Podgorny, I., Landgraf, J., & Crutzen, P.J. (1999) Actinic fluxes and photodis-

sociation coefficients in cloud fields embedded in realistic atmospheres, J. Geophys. Res., 104,

30, 173–30 192.

Troe, J. (2000) Are primary quantum yields of NO

photolysis at  ≤ 398 nm smaller than unity?,

Zeit Phys. Chem., 214(5), 573–581.

Urbach, F. (ed.) (1969) The Biologic Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation (With Emphasis on the Skin),

Proceedings of the First International Conference, sponsored jointly by the Skin and Cancer

Hospital, Temple University Health Sciences Center and The International Society of Biomete-

orology. Pergamon Press, Oxford.

Van der Hage, J.C.H., Boot, W., Van Dop, H., Duynkerke, P.G., & Vila-Guerau de Arellano, J.

(1994) A photo-electric detector suspended under a balloon for actinic flux measurements,

J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 11(3), 674–679.

Van Weele, M. & Duykerke, P.G. (1993) Effect of clouds on the photodissociation of NO

Observations and modelling, J. Atmos. Chem., 16, 231–255.

Van Weele, M., Vila-Guerau De Arellano, J., & Kuik, F. (1995) Combined measurements of UV-A

actinic flux, UV-A irradiance and global radiation in relation to photodissociation rates, Tellus,

47B, 353–364.

Vaughan, W.E. & Noyes, Jr., W.A. (1930) Photochemical studies. XI. The quantum efficiency of

ozone formation in the fluorite region, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 52, 559–568.

Volz-Thomas, A., Lerner, A., Pätz, H.-W., Schultz, M., McKenna, D.S., Schmitt, R., Madronich, S.,

& Röth, E.P. (1996) Airborne measurements of the photolysis frequency of NO

, J. Geophys.

Res., 101(D13), 18 613–18 627.

Vuilleumier, L., Bamer, J.T., Harley, R.A., & Brown, N.J. (2001) Evaluation of nitrogen dioxide

photolysis rates in an urban area using data from the 1997 Southern California Ozone Study,

Atmos. Environ., 35, 6525–6537.

Warburg, E. (1912) Über den Energieumsatz bei photochemischen Vorgängen in Gasen II. Sitzungs-

berichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Berlin, pp. 216–225.

Webb, A.R., Kift, R., Thiel, S., & Blumenthaler, M. (2002a) An empirical method for the conversion

of spectral UV irradiance measurements to actinic flux data, Atmos. Environ., 36, 4397–4404.

Webb, A.R., Bais, A.F., Blumenthaler, M., Gobbi, G.-P., Kylling, A., Schmitt, R., Thiel, S.,

Barnaba, F., Danielsen, T., Junkermann, W., Kazantzidis, A., Kelly, P., Kift, R., Liberti, G.L.,

Misslbeck, M., Schallhart, B., Schreder, J., & Topaloglou, C. (2002b) Measuring spectral actinic

flux and irradiance: Experimental results from the Actinic Flux Determination from Measure-

ments of Irradiance (ADMIRA) Project, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 19, 1049–1062.

Ylianttila, L., Visuri, R., Huurto, L., & Jokela, K. (2005) Evaluation of a single-monochromator

diode array spectroradiometer for sunbed UV-radiation measurements, Photochem. Photobiol.,

81, 333–341.

Yoshino, K., Esmond, J.R., Cheung, A.S.-C., Freeman, D.E., & Parkinson, W.H. (1992) High

resolution absorption cross sections in the transmission window region of the Schumann-Runge

Bands and Herzberg Continuum of O

, Planet. Space Sci., 40(2–3), 185–192.

Zafonte, L., Rieger, P.L., & Holmes, J.R. (1977) Nitrogen dioxide photolysis in the Los Angeles

atmosphere, Environ. Sci. Technol., 11(5), 483–487.

Zeiss GmbH (1998) Product Information MCS Multichannel Spectrometer, Zeiss GmbH, Jena,

Germany.

Zellner, R. (guest ed.) (1999) Topics in Physical Chemistry: Global Aspects of Atmospheric Chemistry,

Vol. 6, Deutsche-Bunsengesellschaft f ¨ur Physikalische, Chemic e.v.(ed.) Steinkopff-Verlag,

Darmstadt.

Zerefos, C.S. & Bais, A.F. (ed.) (1995) Solar Ultraviolet Radiation: Modelling, Measurements and

Effects., volume 52 of NATO ASI Series I: Global Environmental Change, Springer Verlag, Berlin.

Index

ablation techniques 281

absorbance 94–8

absorption coefficient 84, 167

absorption cross-section 2, 148, 151, 153, 450

absorption line strength 84

absorption spectroscopy 72, 147

accelerated solvent extraction 370

accumulation mode aerosols 266

accuracy, definition of 47

Accurate Measurement of Hydrocarbons in the Atmosphere,

AMOHA 377

acetone, (CH



CO 13, 34, 58, 229, 231–2, 235–6, 239,

244, 247, 249–53, 351, 375, 380, 385, 397, 398

acetonitrile, CH

CN 249–50, 252–3, 395

acetyaldehyde, CH

CHO 13, 58, 61, 407, 451

acetylene 389, 393

acronyms for field campaigns 30

actinic flux 411

see also spectral actinic flux

actinic-flux calibration 446

actinic flux density 411

actinic-flux filter radiometers 418, 453–65

actinic-flux filter radiometry 453

actinic-flux spectroradiometers 417, 418, 420, 437

actinic-flux spectroradiometry 437, 471–2

actinometry, see chemical actinometry

active DOAS 147

Adaptive Resonance Theory 292

adsorbents 367, 369, 370

adsorption tubes 35

Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment, AGAGE

55, 59, 377, 390

aerodynamic particle sizer 268, 280

aerosol ammonium 291

Aerosol Composition Mass Spectrometer, ACMS 274

aerosol composition measurements

offline methods 269

online aerosol mass spectrometry 272

online bulk sampling 271

aerosol interference in fluorescence methods 210

aerosol mass spectrometers, list of instruments 274

aerosol mass spectrometry 61, 272

aerosol nitrate 284

aerosol organic matter 291

aerosol size distribution 34, 149

aerosol sizing 267, 278

aerosol sulphate 284

Aerosol Time of Flight Mass Spectrometer, ATOFMS 272,

274, 295

AGAGE, see Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases

Experiment

Air Mass Factor, AMF 170

air pollution–monitoring networks 162

air quality 4, 9, 14, 53, 54, 208, 297, 377, 379

Air Quality Expert Group, AQEG 54, 331–2

air quality monitoring networks 53–7

airborne chemical actinometer 431

Airborne MAX-DOAS, AMAX-DOAS 178–9

airborne tunable diode laser spectrometer 127, 129

aircraft-borne platforms 33

Aircraft Infrared Absorption Spectrometer, ALIAS 137

albedo 266, 407, 413

alcohols 11, 23, 370, 373, 375, 379

aldehydes 23, 340, 361, 375, 379, 396

alkenes 11, 98, 133, 320, 334, 366, 389

alkyl nitrates 324, 326

alkyl nitrite 324

Allan Variance Plot 105, 114, 124, 126

alumina porous layer open tubular (PLOT) column 368

AMAX-DOAS, see airborne MAX-DOAS

AMF, see Air Mass Factor

ammonia, NH

10, 20, 23, 65, 98, 114, 127, 133, 154, 239,

265, 314, 323–4, 376

ammonium nitrate 54, 285, 291

amplitude modulation techniques 112

analyte band 363

analytical techniques, listed according to chemical species 54

angular distribution of diffuse radiation 413

angular-response correction 445, 458

angular response of actinic-flux receiver 442, 467, 489

annular diffusion scrubber 212

Antarctica 4, 7, 25–6, 38, 45, 257, 385

Antarctica polar vortex 4, 5, 42, 137, 222

API-CIMS, see Atmospheric Pressure Ionisation-Chemical

Ionisation Mass Spectrometer

Arctic boundary layer 161

Arctic stratosphere 28, 138, 299

aromatics 163, 365, 367, 372, 382, 389

artificial light sources 154

astigmatic Herriott cell 105

atlases for fragmentation following ionisation 284

ATMOS (Atmospheric Trace Molecular Spectroscopy)

instrument 40

atmospheric chambers 62–3, 342, 397

502 Index

atmospheric lifetime 5, 7, 21, 56, 66

Atmospheric Pressure Ionisation-Chemical Ionisation Mass

Spectrometer, API-CIMS 232, 239, 246, 249–54, 260

atmospheric scintillations 155

atmospheric spectrum in DOAS 157

ATOFMS, see Aerosol Time Of Flight Mass Spectrometer

atomic emission detector 375

atomic fluorescence 34, 198

atomic mass scale 234

atomic oxygen 199

attomole 229

AURA satellite 39, 65

azimuth angle 171, 178, 410, 442

back trajectories 34, 57, 59, 253

backflushing 369, 371

background signal, fluorescence methods 193

BADC, see British Atmospheric Data Centre

BAe-146 aircraft 33, 34, 388, 392

baffles, see geometric baffles

balloon-borne DOAS 177–8

balloon-borne platforms 32–3

BB-CRDS, see Broadband Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy

Beer–Lambert law 16, 48, 72, 84, 93–5, 103, 113, 148–9,

159, 167, 169, 410, 412, 421

Beer’s law, see Beer–Lambert law

benzene 23, 54, 154, 251, 338, 351, 383, 385, 389, 393

bi-alkali photomultiplier 200

biomolecules, detection of 23, 364

blind intercomparison 50, 479

box (zero-dimensional) model 12, 21, 58, 136

breakthrough volume 367

Brewer-Mast sonde 319

Brewster-angle window 196

British Atmospheric Data Centre, BADC 58

BrO, see bromine monoxide

Broadband Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy, BB-CRDS 10,

11, 17, 21, 23, 49, 60, 122, 148, 166–8

broadband irradiance 472

broadband laser source 168

broadband light source 130, 155

broadband radiometry 417

broadening mechanisms 87–94

bromine monoxide 23–4, 60, 152

Brownian motion 277, 278

1, 3 butadiene 54, 383

, see acetylene

, see perfluoropropene

calibration of instruments 48

calibration standards 50, 63, 95, 100, 103, 114, 377, 448

canisters, stainless steel 366, 367, 382, 393

capillary column chromatography 363

capillary electrochromatography 364, 401

capillary GC-MS 233, 256–8, 272, 375

carbon cycle 208

carbon dioxide 3, 11, 23–4, 98, 192, 258

carbon disulphide 11, 23, 86, 154

carbon monoxide 11, 23–4, 98, 195, 207

carbon tetrachloride 369

Carboxen absorbent tube 379

carboxylic acids 11, 368, 395

CARIBIC project 34, 231, 233

cascade impactor 61, 270

Cassini spacecraft 41

CASTNET (Clean Air Status and Trends Network) 53–4

Cavity Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy 122, 166

Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy, CRDS 60, 122, 166

CEAS, see Cavity Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy

cellulose fibre filter paper 336

centripetal force 243

Certified Reference Materials 377

CFCs, see chlorofluorocarbons

O, see formaldehyde

CCl

, see methyl chloroform

CHO, see acetyaldehyde

CHCl

, see chloroform

(CH



CO, see acetone

CN, see acetonitrile

OH, see methanol

OOH, see methyl hydrogen peroxide

, see methane

chain length in chemical amplifiers 345–50

chambers, see instrumented chambers

Channeltron 246

chemical actinometers, list of 421–4

chemical actinometry 204, 417, 420–36

chemical amplification 311

chemical composition of aerosols 23, 265

chemical conversion to OH 205

Chemical Ionisation Mass Spectrometer, CIMS 237, 239,

246, 253, 349

chemical mechanisms 12, 66

chemical methods 311

chemical weapons, detection of 379

chemiluminescence intensity 320

chemiluminescence methods 311

chemiluminescent disk 313

Chemistry-Transport Model, CTM 12, 21

Chernin cell 104

chi-squared significance analysis 160

chilled mirror hygrometer 10, 44, 50, 204, 206, 255

chlorine dioxide, OClO 11, 23–4, 35, 152, 154, 177–8

chlorine monoxide dimer, see ClO dimer

chlorine monoxide radical, ClO 5, 10, 23–4, 45, 137, 154,

180, 189, 220–3, 328

chlorine nitrate, ClONO

11, 23, 24, 134, 193, 220, 222–3,

325, 328

chlorine, Cl

49, 221, 314, 334, 467

chlorofluorocarbons, CFCs 6, 23–4, 55–6, 220, 233, 256,

365, 377, 381, 385–6

chloroform, CHCl

388

chromatographic methods 361

chromatographic separation 362

chromatographic techniques, list of 364–5

chromotropic acid, use as a reagent 316

CIMS, see Chemical Ionisation Mass Spectrometer

cirrus clouds 35, 137

, see chlorine

classification of trace species 10, 11

Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory, CMDL

6, 55–6, 98

ClO, see chlorine monoxide

ClO dimer 10, 23, 193, 220, 222–3

ClO radical, see chlorine monoxide radical

ClONO

, see chlorine nitrate

ClOOCl, see ClO dimer

cloud albedo 266

cloud condensation nuclei 266, 269

Index 503

cloud slicing method 39

CMDL, see Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory

CN counter 61

CO, see carbon monoxide

, see carbon dioxide

ratios 81, 137

co-elution 372

coarse aerosols 265

collection efficiency of fluorescence 191–2

collector electrode 244

collisional deactivation 192, 430

collisional or Dicke narrowing 93

coloured glass filter 198

column bleed 372

column chromatography 362

column density 169–74, 179–80, 199, 414, 469

column switching 373

combination and difference bands 80

commercial passenger aircraft platforms 4, 34–5, 231, 233,

330, 353

comprehensive chromatography, see two-dimensional

chromatography

condensation nucleus counter, see CN counter

condensation particle counter 267–9

constant-level balloons 33

constrained box model, see box (zero-dimensional) model

continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometer 231, 259

continuous-wave cavity absorption spectroscopy 122–3

continuous-wave tunable diode laser 213

continuously stirred reactor 204

conversion dynode 245

cooled glass bead trap 387

copper vapour pumped dye laser 200

corner-cube retroreflector 155

coronene 372

cosmic rays 232

coumarin-47, use as a reagent 316

CP-LOWOX column 373

CRDS, see Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy

critical orifice 195, 197, 203, 220, 277, 281

cryogenically concentrated 259

, see carbon disulphide

CTM, see chemistry-transport model

cyclone inlets for aerosols 280

Czerny-Turner spectrometer 156

Dalton unit 229

DC-8 NASA aircraft 29, 33, 51, 100, 101, 130, 138, 338, 352

de-convolution, DOAS spectral analysis 160

decluster chamber 247

decoupled thermal vaporisation and ionisation of

aerosols 283

DEFRA, Department for the Environment, Food and Rural

Affairs 54

delayed detection of fluorescence 195, 197

denitrification in the stratosphere 138, 330, 331

denuder 271

deposition flux 45

deposition to surfaces 45

deposition velocities 13

derivatisation methods 17, 60, 363, 367–70, 373, 382,

394–5, 396

derivative spectroscopy 115

detectors for mass spectrometers 244, 374, 396

dew-point hygrometer, see chilled mirror hygrometer

diaphragm pumps 234, 366

diatomic spectra, see spectra of diatomic molecules

diesel particle emissions 294

difference frequency generation 109–10

differential absorption cross-sections 149

Differential Absorption LIDAR, DIAL 41, 42, 66, 147

differential absorption spectroscopy 149

Differential Mobility Analyser, DMA 268, 269, 278, 287

Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy, DOAS 41

differential optical density 157

diffuse radiation 412

dimethyl sulphide, DMS 11, 23, 46, 61, 172, 250, 366,

375, 381

dinitrogen pentoxide, N

23, 24, 65, 168, 219–20

diode laser photoacoustic detection 34

dioxins 53, 361, 372

direct absorption spectra 113

direct loop injection 369

direct solar radiation 412

directional focussing, mass spectrometer 243

dissolution methods 18, 337–8, 340

DMS, see dimethyl sulphide

DOAS from space, see satellites

Dobson spectrophotometer 4

Doppler lineshape 87–94

Doppler radar 59, 61

double focussing method 243

double monochromator 438–40, 442, 444, 449, 451–2, 464

down-welling radiation 418

downward irradiance 469

drift ion tube 250

dust particles 265, 397

duty cycle of instrument 197

dynode 245–6

Ebert spectrograph 164

ECD, see Electron Capture Detector

Echelle spectrograph 163

ECMWF, see European Centre for Medium Range Weather

Forecasting

eddy correlation flux measurements 46, 122, 136–7, 312,

317, 335

eddy covariance method 101, 342

Effective Carbon Number 378

Egrett high-altitude aircraft 317

Einstein stimulated absorption 192

electric-dipole moment–allowed transition 76

electro-mobility diameter of aerosol 268

Electrochemical Concentration Cell, ECC 318

electrochemical method for O

312, 315, 317–19

electrochemical sensor 43

electrochemistry 311

electromagnet 243

electromagnetic radiation 73, 75, 76

electromagnetic spectrum 75

Electron Capture Detector, ECD 4, 6, 10, 61, 72, 257, 347,

364–6, 370, 374, 378–80, 384–6

electron ionisation 238

electronic state 77, 190, 206, 210

electronic transition 84, 151, 163, 198, 199, 218, 220

electropolishing 367

electrospray ionisation 396

electrostatic analyser 243

electrostatic particle spectrometer 269

504 Index

elemental carbon component of aerosol 285

elemental mercury, Hg 11, 23

elevation angle 173, 174

emission flux 45

emission spectroscopy 10, 23, 44, 45

enclosed multipass cell, see multipass cell

enclosure method 46, 128

Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 53, 138, 367

enzymatic methods 338, 340, 364

eosin Y, use as a reagent 316

EPA, see Environmental Protection Agency

Eppley UV radiometer 472

equatorial orbit 37

equivalent plane receiver 446–7, 490–3

ER-2 NASA research aircraft 4, 5, 33, 58, 120, 130, 137,

201–3, 206, 220, 222, 223, 327, 330, 331

étaloning 156

ethyl hydroperoxide 339

ethylene (ethene) 133, 320, 334

EUPHORE chamber, Valencia 63–4, 397

EUROCHAMP chamber European project 63

European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting,

ECMWF 62, 389

European Ultraviolet Database 466

European Union Directives 53

evaporative light scattering 365

excitation rate of fluorescence 191

excited state lifetime 192

explosives, detection of 209

externally mixed aerosols 269

extinction 95

extra-terrestrial light source (sun, moon, stars) 147

extra-terrestrial solar radiation 232, 419, 448, 474

extractive in situ FTIR measurements 101

FAAM, see Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements

Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements, FAAM

33, 388

FAGE, see Fluorescence Assay By Gas Expansion

far-infrared absorption and emission spectroscopy 10, 16,

23, 44, 45, 74, 75, 110

Faraday cup 244

Fast Fourier Transform, FFT 131–2

ferrous sulphate converter 326

fibre lasers 108–9

fibre optic cable for radiation delivery 200

FID, see Flame Ionisation Detector

filling in of Fraunhofer structure 169

filter radiometer calibration 458–60

filter radiometer, instrumental correction function 458

filter radiometer, spectral response function 458

filter radiometry, see actinic-flux filter radiometry

Flame Ionisation Detector, FID 56, 272, 366, 368, 373

flame photometric detector 365, 375

flowing NO

actinometer 434

flowing ozone actinometer 430

fluorescence 60

Fluorescence Assay By Gas Expansion, FAGE 13, 26, 51,

52, 60, 195, 203

fluorescence cell, single and multipass 196–7

fluorescence lifetime 197

fluorescence quantum yield 191–2

fluorimetry 338, 340

flux measurements of CH

136

folded long-path DOAS 51

folded optical path, aerosols 21

forecast modelling tools 34, 57

formal blind intercomparison 50, 479

formaldehyde, CH

O or HCHO 40, 49, 98, 337, 340

forward model 171

Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy 40, 45,

84, 102, 103, 130–5, 138, 270

fragmentation patterns in ionisation 282, 376

Fraunhofer lines 169, 170, 448, 449

free molecular regime 281

freight aircraft platforms 34

frequency modulation spectroscopy 120

frequency modulation techniques 120

FTIR, see Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

fundamental transitions 80, 81

fuzzy cluster analysis 292

gas chromatography 363

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, GC-MS 256–8,

260, 272, 375–7, 385, 390, 401

gas number density, see number density

gas-phase basicity, see proton affinity

Gaussian lineshape 87–94

GAW, see Global Atmospheric Watch

GCM, see Global Climate Model

GC x GC, see two-dimensional chromatography

GC x GC-TOFMS 376, 388, 390

geographical distribution of NO

333

geometric baffles 197

Geophysica aircraft 33, 130

geostationary orbit 33

Global Atmospheric Watch, GAW 55, 59

Global Climate Model, GCM 56

global irradiance 469

Global Positioning System, GPS 159

global warming 1, 4, 17, 58

glyoxal 236, 244, 252, 342, 398

gold catalyst, conversion of NO

329, 330

GOME-2 (Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment) satellite

instrument 36–41

gondola, balloon 200

gradient method for flux determination 46

gravimetric analysis 214

gravimetric mass of aerosols 266

gravimetric standard 214

greenhouse gases 3, 53–6, 387

ground-based platforms 25

Ground-based Tropospheric Hydrogen Oxides Sensor,

GTHOS 205–6

ground pixel 38

GTHOS, see Ground-based Tropospheric Hydrogen Oxides

Sensor

, see hydrogen

O, see water vapour

, see hydrogen peroxide

, see sulphuric acid

, see hydronium ion

Halley Station, Antarctica 25, 26

halocarbon wax 203

halocarbons, see halogenated compounds

halogen oxides, see BrO; ClO; IO

halogenated compounds 10

halogens, X

220, 374, 385

Index 505

Hantzsh reaction 60, 340

harmonic detection 115

hazardous waste, detection of 379

HBr, see hydrogen bromide

HCFCs, see hydrochlorofluorocarbons

HCHO, see formaldehyde

HCl, see hydrogen chloride

HCN, see hydrogen cyanide

HDO to H

O ratios 137

head-space gas chromatography 61

health effects of trace gases 52, 53

heart-cutting, use in chromatography 371, 373

heavy metals 54

Helium Ionisation Detector, HID 365, 375, 381, 388, 401

hemispherical input optics 418

Herriott cell 104

heterogeneous chemiluminescence 312

HF, see hydrogen fluoride

Hg, see elemental mercury, Hg

HID, see helium ionisation detector

hierarchical cluster analysis 292

high altitude ballooning 201

high frequency wavelength modulation spectroscopy 126

high performance (pressure) liquid chromatography 60,

338–41, 361, 367–8, 371–3, 391–7

high-volume sampling 18

HITRAN database 81, 86, 159

HNO

, see nitric acid

HNO

, transmission through inlets 330

, see hydroperoxyl radical

, see Peroxy Nitric Acid (PNA)

HOCl, see hypochlorous acid

Hohenpeissenberg Observatory 42, 56, 233, 255

homogeneous chemiluminescence 54, 317, 334

Hönl-London factor 85, 86

HONO, see nitrous acid

horseradish peroxidase 395

189

HPLC, see High Performance (pressure) Liquid

Chromatography

HTDMA, see Hygroscopic Tandem Differential Mobility

Analyser

hydrocarbon network 54

hydrocarbons 11, 23, 24, 61, 98, 365, 380, 381, 383

hydrochlorofluorocarbons, HCFCs 2, 62, 233, 256, 372

hydrogen 10, 62, 330, 369

hydrogen bromide 10, 23, 83

hydrogen chloride 10, 23, 24, 128

hydrogen compounds, techniques for detection 10

hydrogen cyanide 324

hydrogen fluoride 10, 23, 24, 62, 83

hydrogen peroxide, H

337

hydronium ion, H

17, 248–52

hydroperoxyl radical, HO

10, 23, 24, 98

hydroxyalkyl nitrates 217

hydroxyl radical, OH 2, 7, 12, 18, 19, 20, 36, 41, 66, 163–6,

199–206, 253–5

hydroxymethyl hydroperoxide 339

hygrometer 10, 50, 206

hygroscopic properties of aerosols 61, 266

Hygroscopic Tandem Differential Mobility Analyser,

HTDMA 61

hyperbolic electrostatic field 376

hypochlorous acid, HOCl 24

, see iodine

ice-breakers 31, 32

ice core 229, 257, 258

ice nucleation 297

ICOS, see Integrated Cavity Output Spectroscopy

IMRMS, see Ion Molecule Reaction Mass Spectrometer

incandescent lamp 154

inclined orbit 37

INDian Ocean EXperiment, INDOEX 28, 30, 293

INDOEX, see INDian Ocean EXperiment

indoor air quality 379

infrared absorption spectroscopy 72

injection loop 369

inlet for aerosol sampling 276

inorganic ions, detection of 23, 270, 289, 364

instrument function, DOAS spectrometer 153

instrument platforms, see platforms, measurement of

instrument slit function 489

instrumental lineshape function 488

instrumented chambers 62–4, 395

integrated band intensities 80–1, 90

Integrated Cavity Output Spectroscopy, ICOS 122

intercomparison 50, 214, 478

interference filter 198

interferogram 131

internal conversion 190, 191

internally mixed aerosols 269

International Panel on Climate Control, IPCC 3

International Photolysis Frequency Measurement and

Modelling Comparison, IPMMI 479–83

intersystem crossing 190–1

intracavity laser spectroscopy 66

IO, see iodine monoxide radical

iodine, I

10, 23, 60, 65, 152, 154, 162, 180

iodine dioxide, OIO 10, 23, 60, 154, 162, 177, 180

iodine monoxide radical, IO 10, 23, 49, 58, 59, 60, 66, 152,

154, 162, 163, 177, 180

ion accelerator 230

ion chromatography 53, 61, 270, 341, 362, 397, 399

ion exchange chromatography 395

ion impact 23, 246, 297

Ion Molecule Reaction Mass Spectrometer, IMRMS 247

ion trap 244, 276

IPCC, see International Panel on Climate Control

IPMMI, see International Photolysis Frequency

Measurement and Modelling Comparison

irradiance 411, 466–7

irradiance radiometry 466–73

isoprene 1, 5, 23, 40, 46, 61, 236, 250, 312, 342–3, 351, 381

isoprene, flux measurements of 342–3

isothermal pre-column 369

isotope ratios 17, 231, 232, 258–60

isotopic ratio mass spectrometer 137, 258

j-value, see photolysis frequency

j(NO

 436, 479

j(NO

 filter radiometry 464–6

j(O

D) 428, 461

j(O

D) filter radiometry 460–4

journal special sections or issues for field work 57

Junge layer 138

Jungfraujoch observatory, Swiss Alps 55, 133

ketones 23, 375, 379

Kitt Peak National Observatory 133

506 Index

Lagrangian studies 57

Lambert–Beer law, see Beer–Lambert law

land mines, detection of 396

laser desorption and ionisation of aerosols 286

laser-generated interference 51, 199, 200, 202, 203

laser-generated OH 200, 202, 203

Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy, LIF 10, 17, 23,

165, 193

laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy at low-pressure, see

fluorescence assay by gas expansion

Laser Mass Analyzer for Particles in the Airborne State,

LAMPAS 273

laser sources 106, 107, 127, 163, 189

LC-GC analysis 397

lead-salt and InSb lasers 108, 110

LIDAR in Space Technology Experiment, LITE 42, 66

LIDAR methods 21, 41–2, 58, 65–7

LIF, see Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Light Detection And Ranging, see LIDAR methods

lightning, source of NO

325

limb-viewing, see satellite viewing geometries

line centre absorbance 96

line intensities, see vibrational-rotational spectral line

intensities

line-locking technique in IR spectroscopy 119

lineshapes, infrared

Doppler 87–94

Gaussian 87–94

Lorentzian 87–94

Voigt 87–94

liquid chemical solution filter 198

liquid chromatography 10, 11, 18, 23, 60, 338, 361–4, 370,

391, 395–7, 401

liquid filters 198

liquid-phase chemiluminescent surfaces 317

LITE, see LIDAR in Space Technology Experiment

locked cavity absorption 66, 168

long duration balloons 33

Long-Path Absorption Photometer, LOPAP 342

Long-Path DOAS, LP-DOAS 147

long-path filter 198

long-term trends 53–7, 138

long-term trends, networks for 53–7

LOPAP, see Long-Path Absorption Photometer

Lorentz force 243

Lorentzian lineshape 87–94

low-earth orbit 37, 66

lower mesosphere 199

luminol, use as a reagent 313, 336–7, 345–8, 422, 430

Lyman  radiation 206

Mace Head, Ireland 13, 26, 27, 29, 55, 58–60, 159, 172,

384, 393

magnet 243

magnetic sector mass spectrometer 231, 243–4, 256, 258,

273, 274, 381, 385

MAHRSI (Middle High Resolution Spectrograph

Investigation) satellite instrument 41

major field campaigns, list of 27–30, 57, 58

MALDI, see Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionisation

MAPS (Measurement of Air Pollution from Satellites)

satellite instrument 39, 40

mass filters 230, 239–44

mass resolution 241

mass spectrometry 229

mass spectrometry, timeline 231

mass-to-charge ratio 230

Master Chemical Mechanism, MCM 2

Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionisation, MALDI 290

matrix effects in aerosols mass spectrometry 289

Matrix Isolation Electron Spin Resonance, MIESR 42

MAX-DOAS, see Multi-Axis DOAS

MCM, see Master Chemical Mechanism

MCT detector, see Mercury Cadmium Telluride (MCT)

detector

mean free path 234

mercury cadmium telluride detector 51, 109

mesosphere 45

metal layers 42

meteor, research ship 233

meteoric smoke 42

meteorites 42, 299

methane, CH

methanol, CH

OH 61, 250

methyl chloroform, CH

CCl

methyl hydrogen peroxide, CH

OOH 56–7

Michelson interferometer 130–1

microchannel plate 275

microextraction fibres 367

microsphere plate 275

microwave absorption spectroscopy 10, 44

microwave assisted extraction 370

microwave emission spectroscopy 10, 44

mid-point modulator 373

Mie scattering 147

MIESR, see Matrix Isolation Electron Spin Resonance

minimum detectable optical density 161

missing NO

217

Mie extinction coefficient 149

MS-MS, see tandem mass spectrometry

mobile laboratories 21, 31

mobile phase 362

mode hopping, lasers 213

modelling of photolysis frequencies 474–5

modulation spectroscopy 115, 120

molybdenum converter for NO

215, 328, 329

monitoring networks 16, 22, 53–5, 99, 162–3, 209, 331, 466

monodisperse sampling 278

Montreal protocol 2, 5, 56, 57

MOPITT (The Measurements of Pollution in the

Troposphere) satellite instrument 36, 39

MOUDI impactor 270

MOZAIC commercial aircraft project 35, 330, 353

MPAN (peroxymethacrylic nitric anhydride) 216

Multi-Axis DOAS, MAX-DOAS 35, 173

multi-step reference sector method 38, 40

multidimensional chromatography, see two-dimensional

chromatography

multipass cell 103–6

multivariate patch analysis 292

−

, see nitrite ion

O, see nitrous oxide

, see dinitrogen pentoxide

nadir-viewing, see satellite viewing geometries

Nafion drier 369

NAMBLEX, North Atlantic Marine Boundary Layer

Experiment 13, 21, 26, 29, 30, 59–62, 293, 389, 393

naphthalene 11, 23, 154, 206, 372, 384, 389

Index 507

narrowband spectroradiometry 417

NASA DC-8, see DC-8 NASA aircraft

NASA ER-2, see ER-2 NASA research aircraft

NASA WB-57, see WB-57 NASA aircraft

NDSC, see Network for Detection of Stratospheric Change

nebulisation reflux concentrator 339

negative ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry 61,

239, 254, 257, 388, 391

Network for Detection of Stratospheric Change, NDSC 55,

134, 138

neural network 292

Newtonian telescope 155

, see ammonia

NICE-OHMS, see Noise-Immune Cavity-Enhanced Optical

Heterodyne Modulation Spectrometry

Nier-Johnson type magnetic sector mass spectrometer 243

nitrate ion (aerosol) 295, 431

nitrate radical, NO

nitric acid, HNO

10, 23, 54, 98, 208, 209, 215–17, 230–2,

265, 293, 299, 430

nitric oxide 35, 39, 98

nitrite ion, NO

−

nitroethane 324

nitrogen dioxide, NO

10, 23, 24, 98, 323, 332

nitrogen dioxide chemical actinometer 432–6

nitrogen dioxide photolysis frequency, j(NO

 432, 464

nitrogen oxide 10, 23, 24, 98, 320

nitrogen trioxide, see nitrate radical, NO

nitrous acid, HONO 49, 200, 206, 337, 341, 342

NMHC, see Non-Methane Hydrocarbons

NO, see nitric oxide

, see nitrogen dioxide

measurement via PERCA/LIF 348

, see nitrate radical

vertical profiles 171

Noise-Immune Cavity-Enhanced Optical Heterodyne

Modulation Spectrometry, NICE-OHMS 168

noise reduction and signal enhancement techniques 111–27

noise sources 111–13

noise sources in FTIR measurements 133

non-dispersive infrared spectroscopy 62

Non-Methane Hydrocarbons, NMHC 11, 23, 59, 61, 98,

365, 371, 377, 385, 389

normal modes of vibration 78

normal phase HPLC 395

monitoring 331

, see total reactive nitrogen

number density 19–20

chemical actinometer 50, 204

dimer, O

24, 35, 38, 177

, see ozone

by electrochemistry 317–19

, see O

dimer

OClO, see chlorine dioxide

Octadecylsiloxane, ODS 395

off-axis viewing geometry 175

off-resonance fluorescence detection 206

OH chemical lifetime 8, 207–8

OH production rate 477

OH radical, see hydroxyl radical

OH reference chamber or cell 202

OIO, see iodine dioxide

olefins, see alkenes

online bulk sampling 271

open atmospheric path used in absorption spectroscopy 100

optical collection efficiency 200

optical depth, density or mass 94

optical diameter of aerosol 267

optical interference filter 189

optical noise 112

optical parametric oscillator 210

optical particle counter (OPC) 34, 61, 267

optical saturation 192

optical sizing of aerosols 279

optimal estimation method 171

ORAC, see Organics by Real Time Airborne Chromatograph

organic acids 23, 361, 364, 395–6

organic halocarbons 61

organic peroxides, see methyl hydrogen peroxide, CH

OOH

organic peroxy radicals, RO

205

Organics by Real Time Airborne Chromatography, ORAC

379, 392

organic nitrates 257

organohalogens 10, 233

Orthogonal extraction Reflectron Time of Flight (ORTOF)

mass spectrometer 286

outdoor environmental chambers, see instrumented chambers

overtone transitions 81, 157

oxidative capacity 198

oxygen abundance 258

oxygen-doped electron capture detector 365, 385, 386

ozone 11, 23, 312, 317, 334

ozone chemical actinometers 427–32

ozone hole 4, 5, 38, 56, 189, 231, 232

ozone photolysis frequency, j(O

D) 428, 460–4

ozonesonde 32, 43, 44, 318

ozonides 2

p-cresol 23, 154

p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, POPHA 338

PAN-Aldehydes-Alcohols-Ketones, PANAK 379

packed column 362

PAH, see Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons

PALMS, see Particle Analysis by Laser Mass Spectrometry

PAN, see Peroxy Acetyl Nitrate

PANAK, see PAN-Aldehydes-Alcohols-Ketones

parachute instrument 199

Particle Analysis by Laser Mass Spectrometry, PALMS 274

Particle Blaster 273

particle composition, offline methods 269

Particle Into Liquid Sampler, PILS 271

particle sizing 278

online aerosol mass spectrometry 272

online bulk sampling 271

parts per billion, ppb, definition 19

parts per million, ppm, definition 19

parts per quadrillion, ppq, definition 19

parts per trillion, ppt, definition 19

passive DOAS measurements 147

passive remote FTIR measurements 102

pattern matching algorithms 292

peak broadening, chromatography 372

peak capacity 372

Peltier heat pumps 367

peracetic acid 314

PERCA, see Peroxy Radical Chemical Amplifier

perCIMS, see peroxy radical Chemical Ionisation Mass

Spectrometer