Stiffeners, 90
Storage racks, 353
Strain aging, 48
Strain hardening, 42
Stress gradient, 89
Stress intensity factors, 53
Stress-strain curves, 37, 38
Stub columns, 194
Tearout failure, 272
Tensile strength, 42, 232
THIN-WALL (Computer
program), 58, 366
Through-fastened roof, 299
Torsional deformation, 21
Torsional-¯exural buckling,
20, 21, 61, 66, 70, 75,
190, 228, (see also
Lateral torsional
buckle)
Torsional restraint, 145
Torsion constant, 130
Transverse ®llet welds, 256
Transverse stiffeners (see
Web stiffeners)
Truss frames, 6, 11
Tubular members, 12
Twisting, 20
U model, 148
Uniform approach, 128
Uniform elongation, 41, 42,
43
Unlipped channel, 60, 200,
205, 233, 238
Uplift load, 302, 303
Upright column, 9
Upright frames, 354, 358
Unstiffened element, 17, 18,
79, 82, 84, 89
Utility poles, 10
Wall framing, 12
Warping constant, 130
Washers, 270, 274, 277
Web bending, 172
Web crippling, 23, 176
Webs, 167
Web stiffeners, 176
Webs with holes, 182
Welded connections, 24, 251,
285
Yield plateau, 42
Yield point, 35, 36, 38
Young's modulus, 40
Zinc coating, 26
Z-purlins, 298, 318, 332
Z-section, 5, 73, 115, 142
Index
398