Halderman J.D., Linder J. Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems

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INDEX 461

Spark tester, 367

with alligator clip, 118, 367

always use, 119, 368

diagnosis, 118, 367

diagnostic process, 367

recessed center close-up, 119, 367

Special service tools (SST), 19

Specific energy, of hydrogen, 410

Specific gravity, diesel fuel

testing, 109

Speed density, 199

Speed-density fuel-injection system,

256–258

central port injection, 265

demand delivery system, 263

fuel injectors, 264

idle control, 266–267

MAP sensor values, 199–200

modes of operation, 266

stepper motor operation, 267

Splash gasoline blending, 89

Splice pack (SP), 163

Spontaneous combustion, 23

SPOUT (spark output), 115, 376

Spray-guided combustion, 273

diagram, 273

Spreader tool, reinstallation of

exhaust manifold, 120

Spring-lock connectors, 242

quick-connect shown, 243

tool for disassembly, 242

“Spring test”, 279

Sprinter, troubleshooting chart, 76

SRE housing, 95

SST (special service tools), 19

Stall acceleration test, 78

Standadyne assembly, schematic, 64

Standard corporate protocol (SCP), 168

STAR (self-test automatic readout)

tester, 387

Star link networks, 163–164

Starter amperage test, 91

Starter diagnosis chart, 94

Starter drives, cranking circuit, 89

Starter drive-to-flywheel clearance,

94–95

checking for proper clearance, 95

procedure for proper clearance,

94–95

shims needed, 95

touch test, 95

Starter motors

avoid hitting, 92

battery condition, 89

cranking circuit, 89

diagnosing using visual

inspection, 90

diagnosis chart, 94

Starter ring gear, 54

Starter solenoid (relay)

cranking circuit, 89

source of battery drain, 89

Starter testing

check battery, 91

connections (SUN VAT 45), 91

starter amperage test, 91

using scan tool, 91–92

Starting and charging tester, typical

hookup, 100

Start/stall/start/stall problem, 101

State Implementation Plan (SIP), 308

State of health (SOH), 174

Static electricity, 92

Steam

blown cylinder head gaskets, 136

excessive exhaust head gasket

failure, 148

possible causes, 135

Steering, brake, and overdrive switch

test, 388

Steering system service, 405

Steering wheel controls, E & C

communication, 235

Stepped ECT circuits, 179–180

Stepper motor operation, 267

disadvantage for ETC, 279

schematic, 267

Step-up resistor, 179

Stethoscope fuel-injection test, 288

fuel returning, 288

lack of sound, 288

Stoichiometric, 232–233

Stoichiometric air-fuel ratio, 85

CNG, 102

Stone wheels, 21

Straight blade screwdrivers, 11

Straight cut aviation snips, 15

Straight vegetable oil (SVO) as

fuel, 111

Stratified catalyst heating mode, 273

Stratified mode, 272, 273

Stroke, 54

how it is determined, 54

Strokes, number of, 49

Studs, 4

Subaru, intercooler, 129

Substrate, 343

SULEV (super ultra low emission

vehicle), 306–307

Sulfur, 108

SUN VAT 45 starter tester, 91

Supercharged engines, MAP sensor

calibration, 196

Supercharger, 125

boost control, 126, 129–130

centrifugal, 126

Ford cutaway view, 127

Ford V-8, 124

induction pressure, 53

pressurizing air, 124

roots type, 126

service, 126

types of, 126

volumetric efficiency, 123

Supercharger boost control, 126,

129–130

boost control factors, 129

bypass valve, 126

purpose and function, 129

relief valves, 130

wastegate, 129–130

Superimposed position of ignition

oscilloscopes, 134

Surface charge, 82

SVO (straight vegetable oil) as

fuel, 111

SWCAN (single-wire CAN), 166

Swirl combustion, 273

diagram, 274

Switchgrass, 96

Switching, 356–357

ignition system, 105–106

Synchronized throttle-body fuel-

injection, 258

Syncrude, 105

Syn-gas (synthesis gas), 101

Synthetic engine oil, 126

Synthetic fuels, 104–105

coal to liquid (CTL), 105

Fischer-Tropsch, 104–105

future of, 105

methanol-to-gasoline (MTG), 105

TAC (Throttle Actuator Control)

module, 278

Tachometer trick, 109, 358

Tach reference (purple/white)

wire, 116

Tailpipe outlet exhaust, precautions, 74

Tap test, 208

catalytic converters, 346

Target idle speed, TP sensor, 233

Target speed idle, 191

Task manager, 154

enabling criteria, 156

TBT (throttle-body temperature), 185

TDC (top dead center), 49

TDMA (time division multiple access)

protocol, 173

Tech 2 scan tool, 384

bypass mode, 174

DTC P0336, 123

pinging, 173–174

retrieving global OBD II, 47

zero RPM while engine running, 122

Technical service bulletins (TSBs), 3,

382–383

Technical service information bulletins

(TSIB), 3

Technician’s toughie story, 233

Techron

, 275

TEL (tetraethyl lead), 86

Temperature sensors

DTCs, 188

fuel delivery, 258

Tensile strength, 6

Tensioners, noise from, 138

Terminating resistors, 174

Tertiary-amyl methyl ether (TAME), 88

Tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA), 87

Test Identification (TID), 47

hexadecimal coding, 160

Testing, basic tests, 379

Test lights, 18

Tetraethyl lead (TEL), 86

TFT (transmission fluid temperature)

sensor, 186–187

Thermactor pump, 339

Thermal stress, 119

Thermal vacuum valves, leaking, 148

Thermostat

cooling system, 47

normal operating temperatures, 183

Thimble design for oxygen sensor, 231

Threaded fasteners, 4–7

Threads, 4

3 X 5 card test, 337–338

Three Cs, 4

Three-way catalytic converter

(TWC), 344

Three-wire oxygen sensor, 213

Throttle Actuator Control (TAC)

module, 278

Throttle body, removal for cleaning, 298

Throttle body assembly, 278–279

cleaning procedure, 283

electronic throttle body motor, 279

precautions with, 283

throttle plate and spring, 279

Throttle body cleaning, 283

Throttle-body fuel-injection

systems, 256

Chevrolet V-6, 257

fuel pressure regulator shown, 258

fuel pump current draw, 253

nonsynchronized, 258

rich-lean switching frequencies, 221

synchronized, 258

Throttle-body injection intake manifolds

intake air speeds, 115–116

terminology, 115

Throttle-body injection unit, on GM

V-6, 116

Throttle-body injector

purpose, 115

shorted, 101

Throttle body relearn procedure, 284

Throttle-body temperature (TBT), 185

Throttle-body temperature sensor, 185

PCM uses for, 191

Throttle control assembly, corrosion

shown, 283

Throttle plate motor

H-bridge circuit, 279

shown, 280

Throttle plates, 279

cleaning, 298

default position shown, 279

fail safe position, 279

neutral position, 279

normal and abnormal operation, 282

staying where it is moved, 282

Throttle position (TP) sensors, 190,

277, 280–281

5-volt reference, 193

backing up other sensors, 233

computer input functions,

191, 233

DTCs, 194, 236

fuel delivery, 257

Hall-effect, 281

location, 278

open on DTC, 385

opposite voltage signals, 280

PCM uses for, 233

potentiometers, 190

pulse width, 259

skewed, 193

testing, 192–193, 234–236

with multimeter, 192

using Min/Max function, 193

using scan tool, 193

three-wire potentiometer, 280

three wires, 190

voltage at idle, 190

waveform, 74

Throttle-position (TP) sensor testing,

234–235

using Min/Max function, 193

using scan tool, 193

Throttling losses, 61

TID (test identification), 47, 160

Time base, 73

Time division multiple access (TDMA)

protocol, 173

Time per division, 74–75

Timing chain, noise, 138

Tin snips, 15

Tire pressure, service, 405

Tires, disposal, 42

Titania (titanium oxide) oxygen

sensor, 214

TLEV (transitional low emission

vehicle), 306

Tool sets and accessories, 17–18

Top dead center (TDC), 49

Top-tier gasoline, 91

Torque, 58

ft-lb or lb-ft, 58

Torque converter

clutch engagement and release, 233

engine noise diagnosis, 138

Torque converter clutch, 191

Torque wrenches, 10

Total suspended particulate (TSP), 71

Touch test, 95

Towing, 401–402

Toxic materials, 35

Toyota

airflow sensors, 210

battery replacement issues, 87

BUS communications, 172

clearing DTCs, 386

combination spark plug system,

113, 364

direct fuel injection, 270

EGR temperature sensor, 187

failed emission test, 210, 314

fuel cap, tightening, 324

hybrid vehicles, 30

low engine power problem, 115, 366

scan tools, 46, 384

scan tools compared for air-fuel

ratio, 234

turbocharger, 124

Toyota Camry

high idle, 282

smog emissions label, 308

Toyota FCHV, 411, 414, 416, 417

Toyota HEV, closed loop operation, 230

Toyota Prius, jump starting, 401

TP (throttle position) sensors

backing up other sensors, 233

computer input functions, 233

fuel delivery, 257

PCM uses for, 233

pulse width, 259

testing, 234–236

T-pin, 192

TP sensors

computer input functions, 191

PCM uses for, 191

potentiometers, 190

three wires, 190

voltage at idle, 190

Track, 370

definition, 125

diagram, 125, 370

Transaxles, fuel-cell hybrid

vehicles, 416

Transformers, 355

Transistor, 106, 357

Transmission fluid temperature (TFT)

sensor, 186–187

Transmission oil temperature (TOT)

sensor, 186–187

Transverse mounting, 49

shown, 51

Tri-fuel vehicles, 104

Trigger level, 76

Triggers, 76, 106, 357

Trigger slope, 76

Trip, 391

definition, 157

Trouble codes, U codes, 169

Trouble lights, 19

462 INDEX

Troubleshooting

battery testing, 89

using DTCs, 385–386

TSBs (technical service bulletins), 3,

382–383

TSIB (technical service information

bulletins), 3

TSP (total suspended particulate), 71

Tube-nut wrenches, 8

Tumble combustion, 273

diagram, 274

Turbine fuel pump, 244

cutaway view, 246

Turbine wheel, 127

diagram, 128

expanding exhaust gases, 127

Turbocharged diesels, 69–70

variable, 69–70

Turbocharged engines

fuel pump current draw, 253

MAP sensor calibration, 197

Turbocharger failures

preventing, 131

symptoms, 130–131

Turbochargers, 127

air cleaner housing, 114

failures, 130–131

heat energy use, 127

induction pressure, 53

liquid-cooled, 128

operation, 127–128

pressurizing air, 124

separator systems, 336

size and response time, 128–129

Toyota, 124

turbine wheel and impeller wheel, 128

two are better, 130

volumetric efficiency, 123

Turbo lag, 128–129

Turns ratio, 105, 355

TWC (three-way catalytic

converter), 344

Twisted pair, 162

reducing interference, 167, 168

Two-channel scope, 75

Two-finger trick, 129, 375

Two-lobed epitrochoid, 52

Two-step sensor (narrow band), 230

Two-wire oxygen sensor, 213

Type A codes, 391

Type B codes, 391

Type C and D codes, 391

UART (universal asynchronous

receive and transmit), 165

UART-based protocol (UBP), 165, 167

Ford, 168

UBP module communications, 169

UCO (used cooking oil) as fuel, 111

U diagnostic trouble codes, 169

ULEV (ultra low emission vehicle), 306

ULEV II (ultra low emission vehicle), 306

ULSD (ultra-low-sulfur diesel), 110

pump decal for, 111

Ultracapacitors, 414–415

Ultra-low-sulfur diesel (ULSD) fuel, 110

pump decal for, 111

Ultrasonic Karman Vortex air flow

sensors, 207

Unburned hydrocarbons (HC), 335

UNC (unified national coarse), 4, 5

Underground coal gasification

(UCG), 105

Underground storage tanks (UST), 38

UNF (unified national fine), 4, 5

Unified national coarse (UNC), 4, 5

Unified national fine (UNF), 4, 5

Unison ring, 69

Universal drive cycle, 156, 395

Universal joints, 9

Unplug it test, 209

Up-integrated ignition, 116

Upper and lower intake manifolds, 117

Urea, 75

injection, 75

Used cooking oil (UCO) as fuel, 111

Used oil, 38–39

UST (underground storage tanks), 38

Utility knives, 15

V-6 engine

burning oil, 337

grouped fuel injectors, 292

waste-spark ignition wiring

diagram, 111, 362

V-8 engine, cubic inch displacement

chart, 56

Vacuum, 196

air pressure related, 196

diagram of process, 197

Vacuum-biased fuel-pressure

regulator, 262

Vacuum gauge

MAP sensor as, 200

testing back pressure, 147

testing backpressure with, 347–348

Vacuum hose

checking, 202

pressure levels, 286

Vacuum leaks

ETC system, 282

smoke machine testing, 381

Vacuum lock, fuel tanking venting, 240

Vacuum pump, 60

diesel engine-driven, 67–68

hand operated, 202, 203

for pressure regulator diagnosis, 286

Vacuum-referenced regulator, 250

Vacuum tests, 144–145

cranking vacuum test, 144–145

fluctuating vacuum, 145–146

idle vacuum test, 145

low and steady vacuum, 145

Valves, clicking, 138, 139

Vane airflow (VAF) sensor, 205

with cover removed, 206

cutaway view, 205

DTCs, 210

Vane position control solenoid valve, 69

Van Karman, Theodore, 207

Vapor lock, 83–84

fuel lines, 240

fuel tank layout, 242–243

Vapor purging, 318

Vapor vent lines, 241

Variable fuel sensor, 97

location of, 97

Variable resistance sensor, 190

Variable speed fuel pumps, 247–248

Variable turbochargers, 69–70

VECI (vehicle emissions control

information), 2

Vegetable oil, as fuel, 111

Vehicle communication protocols, 394

Vehicle emissions control information

(VECI), 2

Vehicle identification, 1–2

for Flex Fuel vehicles, 98–99

Vehicle identification number (VIN), 1

how to read, 100

Vehicle protection, 23

Vehicle safety certification label, 2

Vent valve, 130, 321

V-FFV (virtual flexible fuel vehicle), 98

VIN (vehicle identification number), 1

Vinyl gloves, 22

Virtual flexible fuel vehicle (V-FFV), 98

Vise Grips, 14

Visual inspection

batteries, 81–82

electrolyte level, 82, 85

coolant level and condition, 136–137

diagnostic process, 379, 381

EGR testing, 332

electronic fuel-injection

problems, 287

engine condition diagnosis, 344–346

intermittent “check engine”

light, 296

mass airflow sensors, 208

oil leaks, 137–138

optical sensors, 122–123, 369

oxygen sensor, 226–227

SAI systems, 340–341

spark plug wires, 125, 369–370

starter problems, 90

testing ECT sensor, 180

Visual tampering checks, 309

Volatile organic compound (VOC), fuel

tank layout, 243

Volatility, 83

distillation curve, 83, 84

Reid pressure vapor (RVP), 83