Halderman J.D., Linder J. Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

FUEL CELLS AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES 421

established to allow the necessary recharging for trips to work

and back home.

CHARGING METHODS When the state of California set

up electric vehicle charging stations, both a conductive- and

an inductive-type charger were made available at each station.

CONDUCTIVE CHARGING Conductive charging uses an elec-

trical plug that makes physical contact with terminals in the

vehicle. The charger can be powered by 110-V AC or, most

commonly, 220-V AC.

 SEE FIGURE 32–29 . This type of

charger connection is used on some Ford and Honda electric

vehicles.

INDUCTIVE CHARGING Inductive charging is achieved by insert-

ing a paddlelike probe into a charging receptacle (opening) in the

vehicle. The charger is powered by 220-volt AC and does not

make physical contact with the vehicle.

 SEE FIGURE 32–30 .



Passenger compartment heating is a concern for an elec-

tric vehicle because it would require the use of resistance

units or other technology that would reduce the range of

the vehicle.

HOT-WEATHER CONCERNS Batteries do not function

well at high temperatures, and therefore some type of battery

cooling must be added to the vehicle to allow for maximum

battery performance. This would then result in a reduction of

vehicle range due to the use of battery power needed just to

keep the batteries working properly. Besides battery concerns,

the batteries would also have to supply the power needed to

keep the interior cool as well as all of the other accessories.

These combined electrical loads represent a huge battery drain

and reduce the range of the vehicle.

RECHARGING METHODS AND CONCERNS How far

an electric vehicle can travel on a full battery charge is called its

range. The range of an electric vehicle depends on many fac-

tors, including the following:



Battery energy storage capacity



Vehicle weight



Outside temperature



Terrain (driving in hilly or mountainous areas requires

more energy from the battery)



Use of air conditioning and other electrical devices

Because electric vehicles have a relatively short range,

charging stations must be made available in areas where these

vehicles are driven. For example, when the state of California

mandated the sale of ZEVs, charging stations were set up in

many areas, usually in parking lots of businesses and schools.

 SEE FIGURE 32–28 . The parking spaces near the charging

stations were designated for electric vehicles only and could be

used for free to recharge electric vehicles. If electric vehicles are

going to become widely used, charging stations will have to be

FIGURE 32–28 A typical electric vehicle charging station on

the campus of a college in southern California.

FIGURE 32–29 A conductive-type charging connector. This

type of battery charging connector is sometimes called an

AVCON connector, named for the manufacturer.

FIGURE 32–30 An inductive-type electric vehicle battery

charger connector. This type of connector fits into a charging

slot in the vehicle but does not make electrical contact.

422 CHAPTER 32

An inductive charger paddle contains a coil of wire and the

AC current from the charger flows through the winding, which cre-

ates a moving magnetic field around the paddle. Inside the charg-

ing receptacle of the vehicle is another coil of wire. The alternating

magnetic field induces an AC voltage in the coil winding.

(a)

FIGURE 32–31 (a) The motor in a compact electric drag car. This 8-inch-diameter motor is controlled by an electronic controller

that limits the voltage to 170 volts to prevent commutator flashover yet provides up to 2,000 amperes. This results in an amazing

340,000 watts, or 455 Hp. (b) The batteries used for the compact drag car include 20 12-volt absorbed glass mat (AGM)

batteries connected in series to provide 240 volts.

(b)

What Is NEDRA?

NEDRA is the National Electric Drag Racing

Association , which holds drag races for electric-

powered vehicles throughout the United States. The

association does the following:

1. Coordinates a standard rule set for electric vehicle

drag racing to balance the needs and interests

of all those involved in the sport

2. Sanctions electric vehicle drag racing events to

do the following:

• Make the events as safe as possible

•

Record and maintain official records

•

Maintain consistency on a national scale

•

Coordinate and schedule electric vehicle drag

racing events

3. Promotes electric vehicle drag racing to do the

following:

• Educate the public and increase people’s

awareness of electric vehicles while eliminating

any misconceptions

• Have fun in a safe and silent drag racing

environment

 SEE FIGURE 32–31 .

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTION

WIND POWER

Wind power is used to help supplement electric power genera-

tion in many parts of the country. Because AC electricity cannot

be stored, this energy source is best used to reduce the use

of natural gas and coal to help reduce CO

emissions. Wind

power is most economical if the windmills are located where

the wind blows consistently above 8 miles per hour (13 km/h).

Locations include the eastern slope of mountain ranges, such

as the Rocky Mountains, or on high ground in many states.

Often, wind power is used as supplemental power in the eve-

nings when it is most needed and is allowed to stop rotating

in daylight hours when the power is not needed. Windmills are

usually grouped together to form wind farms, where the prod-

uct is electrical energy. Energy from wind farms can be used to

charge plug-in hybrid vehicles as well as for domestic lighting

and power needs.

 SEE FIGURES 32–32 AND 32–33 .

HYDROELECTRIC POWER

Hydroelectric power is limited to locations where there are

dammed rivers and hydroelectric plants. However, electric-

ity can and is transmitted long distances—so that electricity

The electronics in the vehicle then changes the induced

ACcurrent into DC current to charge the batteries. Inductive-type

chargers are used with the General Motors EV-1 as well as Nissan

and Toyota electric vehicles.

FUEL CELLS AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES 423

Wind P ower Capacity

Megawatts (MW)

United States—2005 Year End Wind Power Capacity (MW)

Data collected b y Global

Energy Concepts and the

American Wind Energy

Association (A WEA).

Washington

390

Oregon

338

Montana

138

Wyoming

288

Colorado

229

Kansas

264

Iowa

836

Penn.

129

Minn.

744

Illinois

107

Oklahoma

475

California

2150

Tex as

1995

Idaho

Utah

Alaska

Hawaii

Nebraska

S. Dak ota

Wisc.

Ohio

Mich.

Te nn . 2 9

West

Virginia

New Jerse y

Vermont

Mass.

New York

186

N. Dak ota

New Me xico

407

otal: 9,149 MW

(

As of 12/31/05, based on data a vailable

hrough 1/19/06)

1,000 –

100 –

20 –

1 –

2,150

1,000

100

FIGURE 32–32 Wind power capacity by area. (Courtesy of U.S. Department of Energy)

FIGURE 32–34 The Hoover Dam in Nevada/Arizona is used

to create electricity for use in the southwestern United States.

FIGURE 32–33 A typical wind generator that is used to gen-

erate electricity.

generated at the Hoover Dam can be used in California and

other remote locations. Electrical power from hydroelectric

sources can be used to charge plug-in hybrid electric vehicles,

thereby reducing emissions that would normally be created by

burning coal or natural gas to create electricity. However, hy-

droelectric plants are limited as to the amount of power they can

produce, and constructing new plants is extremely expensive.

 SEE FIGURE 32–34 .

424 CHAPTER 32

5. Ultracapacitors are an alternative to batteries for the stor-

age of electrical energy.

6. A gasoline-powered engine can be more efficient if it uses

a homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) com-

bustion process.

7. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles could expand the range of

hybrid vehicles by operating on battery power alone.

8. Wind power and hydroelectric power are being used to

recharge plug-in hybrids and provide electrical power for

all uses, without harmful emissions.

SUMMARY

1. The chemical reaction inside a fuel cell is the opposite of

electrolysis in that electricity is created when hydrogen

and oxygen are allowed to combine in the fuel cell.

2. A fuel cell produces electricity and releases heat and water

as the only by-products.

3. The major disadvantages of fuel cells include the following:

•

High cost

•

Lack of hydrogen refueling stations

•

Short range

•

Freezing-temperature starting problems

4. Types of fuel cells include PEM (the most commonly used),

PAFC, MCFC, and SOFC.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. How does a fuel cell work?

2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of fuel cells?

3. What are the uses of the various types of fuel cells?

4. How does an ultracapacitor work?

5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using

hydrogen?

6. What alternative power sources could be used for vehicles?

CHAPTER QUIZ

1. A fuel cell produces electricity from ______________ and

______________ .

a. Gasoline/oxygen

b. Nitrogen/hydrogen

c. Hydrogen/oxygen

d. Water/oxygen

2. What are the by-products (emissions) from a fuel cell?

a. Water c. CO

b. CO

d. Nonmethane hydrocarbon

3. Which type of fuel cell is the most likely to be used to

power vehicles?

a. PAFC c. MCFC

b. PEM d. SOFC

4. Which liquid fuel could be used to directly power a fuel

cell?

a. Methanol c. Biodiesel

b. Ethanol d. Unleaded gasoline

5. Which is not a function of an ultracapacitor?

a. Can pass AC current

b. Can be charged with DC current

c. Discharges DC current

d. Can pass DC current

6. Hydrogen is commonly stored at what pressure?

a. 100,000 PSI c. 5,000 PSI

b. 50,000 PSI d. 1,000 PSI

7. Hydrogen storage tanks are usually constructed from

______________ .

a. Steel

b. Aluminum

c. Carbon fiber

d. Both b and c

8. HCCI is a process that eliminates what parts or compo-

nents in a gasoline engine?

a. Fuel tank

b. Battery

c. Fuel injectors

d. Ignition system

9. A plug-in hybrid is different from a conventional hybrid

electric vehicle because it has ______________ .

a. A built-in battery charger

b. Li Ox batteries

c. More batteries

d. Bigger motor/generator

10. Which energy source(s) is (are) currently being used to help

reduce the use of fossil fuels?

a. Hydrogen

b. Wind power

c. Hydroelectric power

d. Both b and c

425

For every task in Engine Performance the following safety requirement must be strictly enforced:

Comply with personal and environmental safety practices associated with clothing; eye protection; hand tools; power

equipment; proper ventilation; and the handling, storage, and disposal of chemicals/materials in accordance with local, state,

and federal safety and environmental regulations.

appendix

NATEF TASK CORRELATION CHART

ENGINE PERFORMANCE (A8)

TASK

TEXTBOOK

PAGE NO.

WORKTEXT

PAGE NO.

A. GENERAL ENGINE DIAGNOSIS  

1. Complete work order to include customer information, vehicle identifying information, customer

concern, related service history, cause, and correction. (P-1)

4 4

2. Identify and interpret engine performance concern; determine necessary action. (P-1) 378–383 44, 146

3. Research applicable vehicle and service information, such as engine management system

operation, vehicle service history, service precautions, and technical service bulletins. (P-1)

3–4 5–7, 17, 89, 95,

117, 139

4. Locate and interpret vehicle and major component identification numbers. (P-1) 1–2 8–9, 1–15, 45

5. Inspect engine assembly for fuel, oil, coolant, and other leaks; determine necessary action. (P-2) 136–137 34–35

6. Diagnose abnormal engine noise or vibration concerns; determine necessary action. (P-3) 138–139 36

7. Diagnose abnormal exhaust color, odor, and sound; determine necessary action. (P-2) 136 37

8. Perform engine absolute (vacuum/boost) manifold pressure tests; determine necessary action. (P-1) 144–146 38

9. Perform cylinder power balance test; determine necessary action. (P-2) 144 39

10. Perform cylinder cranking and running compression tests; determine necessary action. (P-1) 140–143 40

11. Perform cylinder leakage test; determine necessary action. (P-1) 143 41

12. Diagnose engine mechanical, electrical, electronic, fuel, and ignition concerns; determine

necessary action. (P-1)

378–383 42

13. Prepare 4 or 5 gas analyzer; inspect and prepare vehicle for test, and obtain exhaust readings;

interpret readings, and determine necessary action. (P-3)

311–315 118

14. Verify engine operating temperature; determine necessary action. (P-1) 180–184 43

426 APPENDIX

TASK

TEXTBOOK

PAGE NO.

WORKTEXT

PAGE NO.

B. COMPUTERIZED ENGINE CONTROLS DIAGNOSIS AND REPAIR  

1. Retrieve and record diagnostic trouble codes, OBD monitor status, and freeze frame data; clear

codes when applicable. (P-1)

156–161, 382 147

2. Diagnose the causes of emissions or driveability concerns with stored or active diagnostic trouble

codes; obtain, graph, and interpret scan tool data. (P-1)

385–392 46–48, 148–149

3. Diagnose emissions or driveability concerns without stored diagnostic trouble codes; determine

necessary action. (P-1)

384–385 49, 119, 150

4. Check for module communication (including CAN/BUS systems) errors using a scan tool. (P-2) 163–176 51

5. Inspect and test computerized engine control system sensors, powertrain/engine control

module (PCM/ECM), actuators, and circuits using a graphing multimeter (GMM)/digital storage

oscilloscope (DSO); perform necessary action. (P-1)

180–236 52–81, 90, 96

6. Access and use service information to perform step-by-step diagnosis. (P-1) 378 97–100, 151

7. Diagnose driveability and emissions problems resulting from malfunctions of interrelated

systems (cruise control, security alarms, suspension controls, traction controls, A/C, automatic

transmissions, non-OEM-installed accessories, or similar systems); determine necessary action. (P-3)

378–383 18, 50, 91,

101–102, 152

8. Perform active tests of actuators using a scan tool; determine necessary action. (P-1) 283–294 103, 153

9. Describe the importance of running all OBDII monitors for repair verification. (P-1) 160–161 154–155

C. IGNITION SYSTEM DIAGNOSIS AND REPAIR  

1. Diagnose ignition system related problems such as no-starting, hard starting, engine misfire, poor

driveability, spark knock, power loss, poor mileage, and emissions concerns; determine necessary

action. (P-1)

367–376 140

2. Inspect and test ignition primary and secondary circuit wiring and solid state components; test

ignition coil(s); perform necessary action. (P-1)

367–376 141–144

3. Inspect and test crankshaft and camshaft position sensor(s); perform necessary action. (P-1) 368–369 145

4. Inspect, test, and/or replace ignition control module, powertrain/engine control module;

reprogram as necessary. (P-2)

367 145

D. FUEL, AIR INDUCTION, AND EXHAUST SYSTEMS DIAGNOSIS AND REPAIR  

1. Diagnose hot or cold no-starting, hard starting, poor driveability, incorrect idle speed, poor idle,

flooding, hesitation, surging, engine misfire, power loss, stalling, poor mileage, dieseling, and

emissions problems; determine necessary action. (P-1)

286–295 104–107

2. Check fuel for contaminants and quality; determine necessary action. (P-2) 90, 93 19–21

3. Inspect and test fuel pumps and pump control systems for pressure, regulation, and volume;

perform necessary action. (P-1)

248–254 83–87

4. Replace fuel filters. (P-2) 248 88

5. Inspect throttle body, air induction system, intake manifold and gaskets for vacuum leaks and/or

unmetered air. (P-2)

209, 298 92, 93, 108

6. Inspect and test fuel injectors. (P-1) 291–295 109–115

7. Verify idle control operation. (P-1) 295–296 116

8. Inspect the integrity of the exhaust manifold, exhaust pipes, muffler(s), catalytic converter(s),

resonator(s), tail pipe(s), and heat shield(s); perform necessary action. (P-1)

347–349

9. Perform exhaust system back-pressure test; determine necessary action. (P-1) 346–347 135

10. Test the operation of turbocharger/supercharger systems; determine necessary action. (P-3) 130–131

NATEF TASK CORRELATION CHART 427

TASK

TEXTBOOK

PAGE NO.

WORKTEXT

PAGE NO.

E. EMISSIONS CONTROL SYSTEMS DIAGNOSIS AND REPAIR  

1. Diagnose oil leaks, emissions, and driveability concerns caused by the positive crankcase

ventilation (PCV) system; determine necessary action. (P-2)

336–337 130

2. Inspect, test and service positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) filter/breather cap, valve, tubes,

orifices, and hoses; perform necessary action. (P-2)

337–338 131

3. Diagnose emissions and driveability concerns caused by the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR)

system; determine necessary action. (P-1)

331–333 126

4. Inspect, test, service and replace components of the EGR system, including EGR tubing, exhaust

passages, vacuum/pressure controls, filters and hoses; perform necessary action. (P-1)

331 –333 127

5. Inspect and test electrical/electronic sensors, controls, and wiring of exhaust gas recirculation

(EGR) systems; perform necessary action. (P-2)

330 128–129

6. Diagnose emissions and driveability concerns caused by the secondary air injection and catalytic

converter systems; determine necessary action. (P-2)

340 –341,

346–347

132

7. Inspect and test mechanical components of secondary air injection systems; perform necessary

action. (P-3)

340 –341 133

8. Inspect and test electrical/electronically-operated components and circuits of air injection

systems; perform necessary action. (P-3)

340 –341 134

9. Inspect and test catalytic converter efficiency. (P-1) 348 136–138

10. Diagnose emissions and driveability concerns caused by the evaporative emissions control

system; determine necessary action. (P-1)

322 –323 120

11. Inspect and test components and hoses of the evaporative emissions control system; perform

necessary action. (P-1)

322–323 121–124

12. Interpret diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs) and scan tool data related to the emissions control

systems; determine necessary action. (P-1)

325, 333, 338,

341, 349

125

F. ENGINE RELATED SERVICE  

7. Identify hybrid vehicle internal combustion engine service precautions. (P-3) 404 157

428

AC coupling A selection that can be made to observe a waveform.

AC/DC clamp-on DMM A type of meter that has a clamp that is

placed around the wire to measure current.

Acceleration simulation mode Uses a dynamometer that applies a

heavy load on the vehicle at a steady-state speed.

Accumulator A temporary location for fluid under pressure.

Actuator An electrical or mechanical device that converts electrical

energy into a mechanical action, such as adjusting engine idle speed,

altering suspension height, or regulating fuel metering.

Adjustable wrench A wrench that has a movable jaw to allow it to fit

many sizes of fasteners.

Adsorption Attaches the fuel vapor molecules to the carbon surface.

AFV Alternative-fuel vehicle.

AGST Aboveground storage tank, used to store used oil.

Air–fuel ratio The ratio of air to fuel in an intake charge as measured

by weight.

Analog-to-digital (AD) converter An electronic circuit that converts

analog signals into digital signals that can then be used by a computer.

Annealing A heat-treating process that takes out the brittle hardening

of the casting to reduce the chance of cracking from the temperature

changes.

ANSI American National Standards Institute.

Antiknock Index (AKI) The pump octane.

API gravity An arbitrary scale expressing the gravity or density of

liquid petroleum products devised jointly by the American Petroleum

Institute and the National Bureau of Standards.

Asbestosis A health condition where asbestos causes scar tissue to

form in the lungs causing shortness of breath.

ASD Automatic Shutdown Relay.

ASM 50/15 test Places a load of 50% on the vehicle at a steady

15 mph. This load represents 50% of the horsepower required to simu-

late the FTP acceleration rate of 3.3 mph/sec.

ASM 25/25 test Places a 25% load on the vehicle while it is driven at

a steady 25 mph. This represents 25% of the load required to simulate

the FTP acceleration rate of 3.3 mph/sec.

ASTM American Society for Testing Materials.

B20 A blend of 20% biodiesel with 80% petroleum diesel.

Back pressure The exhaust system’s resistance to flow. Measured in

pounds per square inch (PSI).

Baffle A plate or shield used to direct the flow of a liquid or gas.

Bar When air is pumped into the cylinder, the combustion chamber

receives an increase of air pressure known as boost and is measured in

pounds per square inch (PSI), atmospheres (ATM), or bar.

BARO sensor A sensor used to measure barometric pressure.

Base timing The timing of the spark before the computer advances

the timing.

Baud rate The speed at which bits of computer information are

transmitted on a serial data stream. Measured in bits per second (bps).

BCI Battery Council International.

Bias voltage a weak signal voltage applies to an oxygen sensor by the

PCM. This weak signal voltage is used by the PCM to detect when the

oxygen sensor has created a changing voltage and for diagnosis of

theoxygen senor circuit.

Binary system A computer system that uses a series of zeros and

ones to represent information.

Biodiesel A renewable fuel manufactured from vegetable oils, animal

fats, or recycled restaurant grease.

Biomass Nonedible farm products, such as cornstalks, cereal straws,

and plant wastes from industrial processes, such as sawdust and paper

pulp, used in making ethanol.

Block The foundation of any engine. All other parts are either directly

or indirectly attached to the block of an engine.

BMAP sensor A sensor that has individual circuits to measure baro-

metric and manifold pressure. This input not only allows the computer

to adjust for changes in atmospheric pressure due to weather, but also

is the primary sensor used to determine altitude.

BNC connector A miniature standard coaxial cable connector.

BOB Break-out box.

Boost An increase in air pressure above atmospheric. Measured in

pounds per square inch (PSI).

Bore The inside diameter of the cylinder in an engine.

Boxer A type of engine design that is flat and has opposing cylinders.

Called a boxer because the pistons on one side resemble a boxer dur-

ing engine operation. Also called a pancake engine.

Breaker bar A handle used to rotate a socket; also called a flex

handle.

British thermal unit A unit of heat measurement.

Bump cap A hat that is plastic and hard to protect the head from

bumps.

Burn kV Spark line voltage.

BUS A term used to describe a communication network.

Bypass ignition Commonly used on General Motors engines equipped

with distributor ignition (DI), as well as those equipped with waste-spark

ignition.

Bypass valve Allows intake air to flow directly into the intake manifold

bypassing the supercharger.

CAA Clean Air Act. Federal legislation passed in 1970 that established

national air quality standards.

Calibration codes Codes used on many powertrain control modules.

California Air Resources Board A state of California agency that

regulates the air quality standards for the state.

Cam-in-block design An engine where the crankshaft is located in

the block rather than in the cylinder head.

Campaign A recall where vehicle owners are contacted to return a

vehicle to a dealer for corrective action.

CAN A type of serial data transmission.

Cap screw A bolt that is threaded into a casting.

Casting number An identification code cast into an engine block or

other large cast part of a vehicle.

ENGLISH GLOSSARY

ENGLISH GLOSSARY 429

Compressor bypass valve This type of relief valve routes the pres-

surized air to the inlet side of the turbocharger for reuse and is quiet

during operation.

Connecting rod Connects the pistons to the crankshaft.

Continuity light A test light that has a battery and lights if there is

continuity (electrical connection) between the two points that are con-

nected to the tester.

Controller A term that is usually used to refer to a computer or an

electronic control unit (ECU).

CPS Canister purge solenoid.

CPU Central processor unit.

Cracking A refinery process in which hydrocarbons with high boiling

points are broken into hydrocarbons with low boiling points.

Cranking vacuum test Measuring the amount of manifold vacuum

during cranking.

Crest The outside diameter of a bolt measured across the threads.

Cross counts The number of times an oxygen sensor changes volt-

age from high to low (from low to high voltage is not counted) in

1 second (or 1.25 second, depending on scan tool and computer speed).

CRT Cathode ray tube.

Cycle life The number of times a battery can be charged and dis-

charged without suffering significant degradation in its performance.

Cylinder head temperature (CHT) sensor- A temperature sensor

mounted on the cylinder head and used by the PCM to determine fuel

delivery.

Cylinder leakage test A test that involves injecting air under pres-

sure into the cylinders one at a time. The amount and location of any

escaping air helps the technician determine the condition of the engine.

DC coupling A selection that can be made to observe a waveform.

DDS Demand delivery system.

Delta Pressure Feedback EGR sensor This sensor measures the

pressure differential between two sides of a metered orifice positioned

just below the EGR valve’s exhaust side.

Detonation A violent explosion in the combustion chamber created

by uncontrolled burning of the air–fuel mixture; often causes a loud,

audible knock. Also known as spark knock or ping.

DI Distributor ignition.

Diagnostic executive Software program designed to manage the

operation of all OBD-II monitors by controlling the sequence of steps

necessary to execute the diagnostic tests and monitors.

Diesel oxidation catalyst Consists of a flow-through honeycomb-

style substrate structure that is washcoated with a layer of catalyst

materials, similar to those used in a gasoline engine catalytic converter.

Diesohol Standard #2 diesel fuel combined with up to 15% ethanol.

Digital computer A computer that uses on and off signals only.

Uses an A to D converter to change analog signals to digital before

processing.

Direct injection A fuel-injection system design in which gasoline is

injected directly into the combustion chamber.

DIS Distributorless ignition system. Also called direct-fire ignition

system.

Displacement The total volume displaced or swept by the cylinders

in an internal combustion engine.

Distillation The process of purification through evaporation and then

condensation of the desired liquid.

CAT III An electrical measurement equipment rating created by the

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). CAT III indicates the

lowest level of instrument protection that should be in place when per-

forming electrical measurements on hybrid electric vehicles.

Catalysts Platinum and palladium used in the catalytic converter to

combine oxygen (O

) with hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide

(CO) to form nonharmful tailpipe emissions of water (H

O) and carbon

dioxide (CO

Catalytic converter An emission control device located in the ex-

haust system that changes HC and CO into harmless H

O and CO

If a three-way catalyst, NO

is also separated into harmless, separate

N and O.

Catalytic cracking Breaking hydrocarbon chains using heat in the

presence of a catalyst.

CCM Comprehensive Component Monitor.

Cellulose ethanol Ethanol produced from biomass feedstock such as

agricultural and industrial plant wastes.

Cellulosic biomass Composed of cellulose and lignin, with smaller

amounts of proteins, lipids (fats, waxes, and oils), and ash.

Cerium An element that can store oxygen.

Cetane number A measure of the ease with which the fuel can be

ignited.

CFR Code of Federal Regulations.

Cheater bar A pipe or other object used to lengthen the handle of a

ratchet or breaker bar. Not recommended to be used as the extra force

can cause the socket or ratchet to break.

CID Component Identification.

CKP Crankshaft position sensor.

Class 2 A type of BUS communication used in General Motors

vehicles.

Clock generator A crystal that determines the speed of computer

circuits.

Close-end wrench A type of hand tool that is closed at both ends.

Closed-loop operation A phase of computer-controlled engine

operation in which oxygen sensor feedback is used to calculate air–fuel

mixture.

Cloud point The low-temperature point at which the waxes present in

most diesel fuel tend to form wax crystals that clog the fuel filter.

CMP Camshaft position sensor.

CNG Compressed natural gas.

Coal-to-liquid A refining process in which coal is converted to liquid

fuel.

Coil-on-plug ignition An ignition system without a distributor, where

each spark plug is integrated with an ignition coil.

Combination wrench A wrench that is open ended at one end and

has a box end at the other end.

Combustion chamber The space left within the cylinder when the

piston is at the top of its combustion chamber.

Combustion The rapid burning of the air–fuel mixture in the engine

cylinders, creating heat and pressure.

Compression ratio The ratio of the volume in the engine cylinder

with the piston at bottom dead center (BDC) to the volume at top dead

center (TDC).

Compression-sensing ignition Does not require the use of a cam-

shaft position sensor to determine cylinder number.

430 ENGLISH GLOSSARY

Electronic air control The idle air control valve.

Electronic ignition General term used to describe any of the various

types of ignition systems that use electronic instead of mechanical

components, such as contact points.

Electronic returnless fuel system A fuel delivery system that does

not return fuel to the tank.

Electronic spark timing The computer controls spark timing advance.

Enable criteria Operating condition requirements.

Energy carrier Any medium that is utilized to store or transport en-

ergy. Hydrogen is an energy carrier because energy must be used to

generate hydrogen gas that is used as a fuel.

Energy density A measure of the amount of energy that can be stored

in a battery relative to the volume of the battery container. Energy den-

sity is measured in terms of watt-hours per liter (Wh/L).

Engine fuel temperature (EFT) sensor- A temperature sensor lo-

cated on the fuel rail that measures the temperature of the fuel entering

the engine.

Engine mapping A computer program that uses engine test data

to determine the best fuel–air ratio and spark advance to use at each

speed of the engine for best performance.

EPA Environmental Protection Agency.

Ethyl alcohol See ethanol .

Ethyl tertiary butyl ether An octane enhancer for gasoline. It is also a

fuel oxygenate that is manufactured by reacting isobutylene with etha-

nol. The resulting ether is high octane and low volatility. ETBE can be

added to gasoline up to a level of approximately 13%.

Ethanol Grain alcohol that is blended with gasoline to produce motor

fuel. Also known as ethyl alcohol.

Exhaust gas recirculation An emission control device to reduce NO

(oxides of nitrogen).

Extension A socket wrench tool used between a ratchet or breaker

bar and a socket.

External trigger Occurs when the trace starts when a signal is re-

ceived from another (external) source.

Eye wash station A water fountain designed to rinse the eyes with a

large volume of water.

False air A term used to describe air that enters the engine without

being measured by the mass air flow sensor.

False lean indication Occurs when an oxygen sensor reads low as a

result of a factor besides a lean mixture.

False rich indication A high oxygen sensor voltage reading that is

not the result of a rich exhaust. Some common causes for this false rich

indication include a contaminated oxygen sensor and having the signal

wire close to a high voltage source such as a spark plug wire.

FCHV Fuel-cell hybrid vehicle.

FCV Fuel-cell vehicle.

Filter basket A fine mesh screen filter located in the top of a fuel injector.

Fire blanket A fireproof wool blanket used to cover a person who is

on fire and smother the fire.

Fire extinguisher classes The types of fires that a fire extinguisher is

designed to handle are referred to as fire classes.

Firing line The leftmost vertical (upward) line.

Firing order The order that the spark is distributed to the correct

spark plug at the right time.

Flare An increase and then decrease in engine speed.

Distillation curve A graph that plots the temperatures at which the

various fractions of a fuel evaporate.

Distributor cap Provides additional space between the spark plug

connections to help prevent crossfire.

Division A block.

Divorced coil Used by most waste-spark ignition coils to keep both

the primary and secondary winding separated.

DMM Digital multimeter. A digital multimeter is capable of measuring

electrical current, resistance, and voltage.

Double-layer technology Technology used to build ultracapaci-

tors. Involves the use of two carbon electrodes separated by a

membrane.

DPS Differential pressure sensor.

Drive size The size in fractions of an inch of the square drive for

sockets.

DSO Digital storage oscilloscope, takes samples of the signals that

can be stopped or stored.

Dual overhead camshaft An engine design with two camshafts

above each line of cylinders—one for the exhaust valves and one for

the intake valves.

Dump valve Features an adjustable spring design that keeps the

valve closed until a sudden release of the throttle. The resulting pres-

sure increase opens the valve and vents the pressurized air directly into

the atmosphere.

Duty cycle Refers to the percentage of on-time of the signal during

one complete cycle.

DVOM Digital volt-ohm-millimeter.

Dwell section The amount of time that the current is charging the coil

from the transistor-on point to the transistor-off point.

Dwell The number of degrees of distributor cam rotation that the

points are closed.

Dynamic compression test A compression test done with the en-

gine running rather than during engine cranking as is done in a regular

compression test.

E & C Entertainment and comfort.

E10 A fuel blend of 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline.

E2PROM Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory.

E85 A fuel blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline.

ECA Electronic Control Module. The name used by Ford to describe

the computer used to control spark and fuel on older-model vehicles.

ECM Electronic control module on a vehicle.

ECT Engine coolant temperature.

ECU Electronic control unit on a vehicle.

E-diesel Standard #2 diesel fuel combined with up to 15% ethanol.

Also known as diesohol.

EECS Evaporative Emission Control System.

EEPROM Electronically erasable programmable read-only memory.

EGR valve position A linear potentiometer on the top of the EGR

valve stem indicates valve position for the computer.

Electrolysis The process in which electric current is passed through

water in order to break it into hydrogen and oxygen gas.

Electromagnetic interference An undesirable electronic signal. It

is caused by a magnetic field building up and collapsing, creating un-

wanted electrical interference on a nearby circuit.