Greenhalgh E. Victory through Coalition Britain and France during the First World War
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Brett, Maurice V., and Oliver, Viscount Esher (eds.), Journals and Letters of
Reginald Viscount Esher, 4 vols. (London: Ivor Nicholson & Watson, 1934–8)
Dillon, Brigadier the Viscount, Memories of Three Wars (London: Allan Wingate,
1951)
Herbillon, Colonel, Souvenirs d’un officier de liaison pendant la Guerre Mondiale: du
ge´ne´ral en chef au gouvernement, 2 vols. (Paris: Tallandier, 1930)
Huguet, General, L’Intervention militaire britannique en 1914 (Paris: Berger-
Levrault, 1928) (trans. as Britain and the War: A French Indictment by
Captain H. Cotton Minchin (London: Cassell, 1928))
Spears, Brigadier-General E. L., Liaison 1914: A Narrative of the Great Retreat
(London: Heinemann, 1930)
Vallie`res, Jean des, Au soleil de la cavalerie avec le Ge´ne´ral des Vallie`res (Paris: Andre´
Bonne, 1965)
SHIPPING AND LOGISTICS
On economic questions generally, see Hardach and the magisterial study of the
war aims of all the belligerents by Soutou. Fayle and Cangardel give the official
national accounts of merchant shipping.
Apart from two French doctoral theses (Larigaldie in 1926, and Hinds in 1968),
the very real achievements of the allied mechanism to control shipping for the
common good have received little attention. Kathleen Burk, for instance, does
not deal with shipping and shipbuilding in her account of the Anglo-American
sinews of war, nor did she include the Ministry of Shipping in her edited collection
of essays on British wartime ministries. More recently, Niall Ferguson (despite
being an economic historian) omits any mention of the Allied Maritime Transport
Council or shipping in his Pity of War. It is noteworthy that the only two volumes of
the Carnegie economic and social history of the war to deal with allied rather than
national issues both deal with shipping: Arthur Salter’s Allied Shipping Control and
Etienne Cle´mentel’s La France et la politique e´conomique interallie´e. The sections on
Cle´mentel in Godfrey’s study of French capitalism reflect the author’s interest in
political economy rather than shipping. Soutou has some pages on shipping, but his
focus is war aims rather than the mechanics of cooperation.
The contribution of the solutions found to the logistics problems is only just
beginning to receive attention. Brown has done a good job for the British, and
Henniker’s official history of transportation on the Western Front is useful, but
more work is needed on the allied aspects. The Military Board of Allied Supply’s
own report is invaluable; and the significant contributions of the Americans in this
area may be followed in the published diaries and memoirs of Dawes, Harbord
and Pershing.
Brown, Ian Malcolm, British Logistics on the Western Front 1914–1919 (Westport,
CT: Praeger, 1998)
Burk, Kathleen, Britain, America and the Sinews of War, 1914–1918 (Boston /
London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1985)
Burk, Kathleen (ed.), War and the State: The Transformation of British Government,
1914–1919 (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1982)
Bibliographical essay 293
Cangardel, Henri, La Marine Marchande Franc¸aise et la Guerre (Paris: Presses
Universitaires de France / New Haven: Yale University Press, 1927)
Cle´mentel, Etienne, La France et la politique e´conomique interallie´e (Paris: Presses
Universitaires de France / New Haven: Yale University Press, 1931)
Dawes, Charles G., A Journal of the Great War, 2 vols. (Boston, New York:
Houghton Mifflin Co., 1921)
Fayle, C. Ernest, Seaborne Trade, 3 vols. (London: John Murray, 1920–4)
Ferguson, Niall, The Pity of War (London: Allen Lane, 1998)
Godfrey, John F., Capitalism at War: Industrial Policy and Bureaucracy in France
1914–1918 (Leamington Spa / Hamburg / New York: Berg, 1987)
Harbord, James G., Leaves from a War Diary (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1926)
Hardach, Gerd, The First World War 1914–1918 (London: Allen Lane, 1977)
Henniker, Colonel A. M., Transportation on the Western Front 1914–1918
(London: HMSO, 1937)
Hinds, L. M., ‘La Coope´ration e´conomique entre la France et la Grande-
Bretagne pendant la premie`re guerre mondiale’ (The`se de doctorat,
University of Paris, 1968)
Larigaldie, Pierre, Les Organismes interallie´s de controˆle e´conomique (Paris: Longin,
1926)
Military Board of Allied Supply, The Allied Armies under Marshal Foch in the
Franco-Belgian Theater of Operations: Report of the Military Board of Allied
Supply, 2 vols. (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1924–5)
Pershing, John J., My Experiences in the World War (London: Hodder and
Stoughton, 1931)
Salter, J. A., Allied Shipping Control: An Experiment in International Administration
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1921)
Soutou, Georges-Henri, L’Or et le sang: les buts de guerre e´conomiques de la Premie`re
Guerre Mondiale (Paris: Fayard, 1989)
ARCHIVAL SOURCES
The sources used in the writing of this work are listed here. For an evaluation of
the huge range of archival sources, many untapped, available to those wishing to
study coalition warfare and Franco-British relations, see Elizabeth Greenhalgh,
‘The Archival Sources for a Study of Franco-British Relations During the First
World War’, Archives 27: 107 (2002), 148–72.
FRANCE
Archives de la Guerre, Service historique de l’Arme´e de Terre, Chaˆteau de
Vincennes
Private papers of Generals Ferry, Foch, Joffre, Weygand 1 K 94, 129, 268, 130
Cabinet du ministre 5 N
Fonds Clemenceau 6 N
Attache´s militaires 7 N
Fonds Foch, Joffre 14 N
Grand Quartier Ge´ne´ral Allie´15N
294 Bibliographical essay
Grand Quartier Ge´ne´ral, Troisie`me Bureau, 16 N
Mission Militaire pre`s l’Arme´e britannique 17 N
Archives diplomatiques, Quai d’Orsay, Paris
Se´rie A Guerre, 1914–1918
Archives prive´es: Jules Cambon, Paul Cambon
Archives nationales, Paris
Se´rie C (Army Commission)
Se´rie F12 (Commerce Ministry)
Archives prive´es: Foch, Millerand, Painleve´, Roques
Bibliothe`que de l’Institut, Paris
Buat papers; Pelle´ papers; Pichon papers
Archives de´partementales du Puy de Doˆ me, Clermont-Ferrand
Cle´mentel papers
UNITED KINGDOM
The National Archives, Public Record Office, Kew
Admiralty papers
ADM 116 (Sir Eric Geddes correspondence); ADM 137 (historical sec-
tion records for official history)
Cabinet Office papers
CAB 23 (War Cabinet minutes); CAB 24 (Cabinet memoranda); CAB 25
(Supreme War Council); CAB 27 (War Cabinet committees); CAB 28
(Inter-allied conference series); CAB 37 (Cabinet papers); CAB 41
(Asquith to King George V); CAB 42 (War Council and successors,
minutes and papers); CAB 45 (official history correspondence); CAB 63
(Hankey papers)
Foreign Office papers
FO 800 (Bertie and Grey papers)
Ministry of Food
MAF 60 (Ministry of Food and Board of Trade Food Departments)
Ministry of Shipping
MT 25
Public Record Office, gifts and deposits
PRO 30/30 (Milner); PRO 30/57 (Kitchener)
War Office papers
WO 32 (registered files); WO 33 (memoranda and papers); WO 95 (war
diaries); WO 106 (Directorate of Military Operations and Military Intell-
igence); WO 158 (military headquarters correspondence and papers); WO
159 (Lord Kitchener’s private office [Creedy] papers); WO 256 (Haig
papers)
Bodleian Library, Oxford
Asquith papers; Milner papers
Churchill College, Cambridge
Esher papers; Hankey papers; Rawlinson papers; Roskill papers; Spears papers
Imperial War Museum, London
Dillon papers; Lt-Gen. Sir John DuCane, Marshal Foch (privately printed,
1920); Wilson papers; Woodroffe papers
Bibliographical essay 295
Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, King’s College, London
Benson papers; Clive papers; Grant papers; Spears papers
National Army Museum, London
Rawlinson papers
National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh
Haig papers
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford, California
Henri Berthelot papers; Louis Loucheur papers; William Martin papers
Library of Congress, Washington, DC
Paul H. Clark papers
296 Bibliographical essay
Index
Referencestoillustrationsareitalicised.
Addison, C., 106
Admiralty, 110 , 116, 119, 131, 217, 244
Aisne River, 19, 20, 151, 152, 223, 224, 247
Albert, King, 20, 21, 22, 45, 254, 255,
256, 258
alliance warfare ( see coalition warfare)
allied general staff (see under command
relations)
Allied Maritime Transport Council, 129–32,
264, 272, 273, 274–6, 278, 279–80
Executive, 129 , 275, 279
programme committees, 129 , 273
Allied Naval Council, 180
amalgamation, 73, 213
American Expeditionary Force (see under
United States of America, AEF)
Amiens, 190, 191, 198, 204, 205, 215, 240
1918 Battle, 248–54, 262
Anderson, J., 128
Antwerp, 19–21, 23
Arras, 52, 54, 148–9, 153, 208
Artois, battles, 31
Asquith, H. H., 9, 14, 28, 30, 36, 38, 73, 78,
136, 155, 176, 289
Asquith, M., 177
aviation, 180
Baker, N. D., 195
Balfour, A. J., 127, 170
Balfourier, General M., 56, 64
Bapaume, 51, 54
Beadon, Colonel R. H., 234, 236, 237, 238
Beale, Sir J., 128
Beaverbrook, Lord, 136
Belgium, 3, 34, 172
command relationship, 22
French troops between BEF and
Belgians, 19, 33, 35
in 1918, 207, 208, 209
neutrality, 14, 16
Bellaigue de Bughas, Colonel M. F. de, 82,
159, 160
Berthelot, General H. M., 41, 247
Bertie, Lord F., 21, 34, 50, 76, 173, 289
Bertier de Sauvigny, de, 77, 139, 142, 144,
148, 159, 160, 161
Bliss, General T. H., 3–4, 172, 179, 181,
191, 262, 265, 267
and unity of command, 194, 197, 292
Bonar Law, A., 153
Borden, R., 225
Boulogne, 33–4, 191
Briand A., 38, 39, 50, 137, 139, 141, 154,
157, 288
British Army
attitudes towards French, 24, 211, 242
dislike of pooling, 235, 236
reduction of divisions, 204
Buat, General E., 28–9, 221, 231, 254
Cadorna, General L., 164, 169, 173, 181
Caillaux, J., 152
Calais, 33–4, 191, 209
Callwell, General C., 9, 288
Cambon, P., 147, 148, 161, 289
command relations, 21, 25, 26, 35
economic matters, 110, 123, 126
in 1917, 141–2, 167
liaison, 161, 270
prewar, 14, 15
Caporetto, 127, 132, 153, 169, 172, 182,
183, 241
Carson, E., 176
casualty figures, 52, 63, 69, 70, 149,
211, 266
Cavan, Lord, 97
Cavendish, Colonel F., 198, 203
Cecil, R., 113, 127, 129, 132
Channel tunnel, 11
Charteris, General J., 206
Chemin des Dames, 139, 151 , 212 , 213– 14,
216 , 227, 235, 263
Churchill, W. S., 19, 20, 23, 63, 189, 199,
253 , 272
Clark, Major P., 212, 296
Clarke, General Sir T. E., 234, 236, 246
Claveille, A., 241, 243
Clemenceau, G., 50, 109, 197, 221, 227,
241 , 244, 259, 270–1, 288
adjudicates between Haig and Foch,
217 –19, 256, 257, 259
and Foch, 183 , 191, 198–9 , 202, 208,
214 , 218, 222, 231, 260 , 262, 263
and Lloyd George, 202, 225 –6, 269
and manpower, 266, 269, 271 , 272
and Milner, 195
and Pershing, 233
and SWC, 170, 173, 175– 6, 178, 183,
186 , 195
and unity of command, 192, 193, 195
Cle´ mentel, E., 131, 283, 293
and shipping, 105, 122, 124 –7, 128, 129,
265 , 274
Clive, General G. S., 10, 37, 91, 99, 166, 209
and unity of command, 212, 213, 216,
224 , 226, 231, 242, 259
liaison procedures, 78, 84–7 , 89, 92, 94,
95, 157
coal, 114–16, 141, 274
British, shipped to France, 104 , 112,
272 , 276
French Coal Trade (Admiralty), 118
French lack of, 109, 268
coalition warfare, 1 –6, 281
command relations
allied GS, 170–2
at Dardanelles, 26
Beauvais accord (1918), 200, 201, 204,
216 –19
Doullens accord (1918), 192–7, 194
in 1915, 28–9, 36–40
Joffre’s 1915 formula, 29–30
Kitchener’s instructions, 17, 44, 213
lack of formal, 17–19
Milner’s instructions, 219
political aspects, 25–8 , 35–6 , 137
prewar, 26–7
unity of command, 173, 175, 177, 181
Commission Internationale de
Ravitaillement, 110 –11
Committee of Imperial Defence, 11
conferences
Allied: Paris (3/1916), 38; Paris, (7/1917),
164 ; Rapallo (11/1917), 172; Paris
(11/1917), 128–9, 177
Franco-British: Calais (7/1915), 9, 28, 36;
Paris (11/1915), 38; Calais (2/1917),
139, 154; London (3/1917), 139, 144;
Paris (5/1917), 150–1 , 163 ; Boulogne
(9/1917), 165– 7
military: Chantilly (11/1915), 39, 44–5;
Chantilly (11/1916), 71
naval: London (1/1917), 118 ; Paris
(5/1917), 123;
Congreve, General W., 56, 64, 65, 97
conscription, 8 , 45, 266
convoy, 116–19, 130 , 267
Corvisart, General C. P. R. V., 270
counter-offensives, allied (1918), 246 , 292
(see also Amiens; Foch,
counter-offensives)
Cowans, General J., 234
Currie, General A., 249
Curzon, Lord, 202
Daily Express, 72, 135, 135
Dardanelles, 25–6 , 29, 36, 63
Dardanelles Commission, 163
Davidson, General J. (‘Tavish’), 92, 95,
155, 229
Dawes, C., 232, 233 –4, 235, 236, 238, 238,
239, 244, 293
Debeney, General E., 152, 166 , 251, 254
Delcasse´ , T., 14
Derby, Lord,
Ambassador, 10, 220, 229, 256, 257,
258, 259, 260, 271 , 289
Secretary of State, 142 , 143, 156, 195
Devonport, Lord, 120
Dieppe, 34
Dillon, Colonel E.
in 1916, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 99, 101, 292
in 1918, 198, 217
Direction de l’Arrie`re, 230
Doullens (see under command relations)
Doumayrou, Captain L. P. R., 39, 77
DuCane, General J. P., 10, 203, 208, 216,
218, 219, 230, 247, 248, 251, 256,
257, 259, 260, 263, 292, 295
Dunkirk, 33–5, 87–8, 205, 207, 208, 209,
216, 244–5
Edmonds, Sir J. E., 84, 206, 208, 250, 251,
254, 255, 259, 290
Entente cordiale, 6, 12–13
Esher, Viscount, 23, 34, 292
and Franco-British relations, 25, 27–8,
29, 72
and liaison, 77, 88, 92, 96, 100
and SWC, 175
Index
during Somme, 49
in 1917, 140, 152 , 156, 157
proposes coordinating body for strategy,
37–40
Excess Profits Tax, 102, 103
Executive War Board (see under Supreme
War Council)
Fagalde, Colonel A., 161
Fayolle, General E., 56, 65–6, 67, 70, 93,
96, 198 , 209, 247, 251
Ferry, A., 211
finance and purchasing agreements,
110–11, 181
Fisher, Admiral Lord, 11, 14
Fleuriau, A. de, 147
Foch, Marshal F. (see also under
Clemenceau), 9, 78, 88, 92, 172, 184,
249, 261, 284, 288
Allied conference (July 1918), 247
allied GS, 166, 171
and Haig, 54–5 , 207 , 224, 248–60
and Pe´ tain, 212, 224
and SWC, 171, 173
and Wilson, 24, 205, 216, 217, 222, 230,
235, 257
Army Chief GS, 149, 153
assessment of, 262– 3
becomes allied CinC, 182
counter-offensives (1918), 223–4 , 246 –7
dismissed (1916), 73
Doullens accord, 192–3
during Somme fighting, 65, 73
EWB, 181, 182, 186, 191
German spring offensives, 198, 203–10,
213–20, 223–4, 227
his staff in 1918, 229– 32, 242
his title (1918), 201 –3
in 1914, 22, 23–5, 197–8
in 1915, 31
liaison (1918), 198, 203
limitation of powers, 221–3
moves French reserves to north, 208
on coalitions, 6 , 100
operational secrecy, 248
planning Somme (1916), 46, 54– 5, 56,
60, 70, 93, 94, 96, 99
refuses reliefs, 204, 205
requests British reserves, 224–5
roulement, 213–14
seeks increased powers, 198–201
transportation (1918), 230, 244
use of AEF, 269
wants more coordination, 163–4
Food, Ministry of, 120
Food Controller, 120
Ford, General Sir R., 236, 238, 244, 245
Franchet d’Esperey, General L., 144, 145
Franklin-Bouillon, H., 167, 168, 172
French, D., 152, 290
French Army
Chief of Army, 149, 160
mutinies, 152
opinion of British, 6 –8, 24, 43,
211–12
prewar planning, 15– 16
‘Q’ branch, 230
French civilian attitudes to BEF, 82–3, 214
French language (see language, foreign)
French, Sir J., 78, 83, 84, 87, 88, 288
ability to speak French, 9
Antwerp, 20
in 1917, 168
Kitchener’s instructions to, 17–19
on French Army, 8 , 24, 41
prewar, 11
relationship with Joffre, 21, 22–3 ,
31–2, 45
reserves at Loos, 32
Gallie´ ni, General J. S., 39, 50, 77
Gallipoli (see Dardanelles)
Geddes, E., 108, 140, 141, 240, 242,
243, 283
Ge´ meau, Captain A. M. E., 50, 83–4 , 85
general reserve (see under Supreme War
Council)
General Staff talks (prewar), 13
George V, 23, 30, 38, 144, 202
Germany, 292
1st spring offensive (March 1918),
192, 198
2nd offensive (Lys, April 1918), 203–10
3rd offensive (Chemin des Dames, May
1918), 213–14
4th offensive (Matz, June 1918), 215–20
5th offensive (Reims/Soissons, July), 224
logistics in 1918, 228
strategic gambles, 265, 277
strategy in 1918, 277
unified command, 3, 37, 40, 183, 282
Gough, General H., 93, 186, 189, 191,
198
Grant, General C. J. C., 180, 198, 202, 203,
207, 213, 229, 230, 246, 248, 251,
252, 259, 260, 263
Grey, Sir Edward, 13, 14, 15, 21, 25
Grey–Cambon letters, 15
Grierson, General J. M., 14
Guernier, C., 124, 126
Index
Haig, Sir D., 249, 288
ability to speak French, 10, 50
agrees Somme Battle with Joffre, 45–6
Amiens Battle (1918), 247, 248– 54
and Foch, 24, 54–5, 182, 203, 205–9 ,
224 , 226–7 , 250 –60
and Joffre, 44, 50– 2, 54, 65, 69, 71, 99
and liaison, 96, 155–7 , 198, 203
and Lloyd George, 73, 174
and MMF, 89–90, 92–3 , 97–8, 159
and Nivelle, 98, 138–47, 154
and Pe´ tain, 149, 150, 152 , 186–8
and Verdun offensive, 91
appeals under Beauvais accord, 216–19
Arras Battle, 148– 9
becomes CinC, 30
becomes Field Marshal, 138
confidence before March 1918, 190, 192
date of Somme, 48– 9
disputes over supply, 244
fears French pacifism, 31
Flanders offensive (1917), 151, 153
German spring offensives (1918), 24,
203 –8, 215–20
his francophobe staff, 260
informed of Foch’s staff changes, 231
less political control (1918), 197, 246
March 1918 crisis, table, 186 –8,
199 –200
liaison 1918, 198
opinion of French Army, 32, 41, 43–4
opposes pooling supplies, 233
plans counter-offensives (1918), 223
requests new instructions (1918), 219
reserves, disposition of (1918), 188–9
reserves at Loos, 32
return of Second Army, 254– 60
roulement, 213–14
Somme (1916), 50–2, 56, 65, 67,
68–9 , 99
Somme Despatch, 70, 72
Somme planning, 51–2 , 54, 56
SWC, 179 –80, 182
unity of command, 192, 196–7 , 199, 219
Ypres, First Battle of, 24
Hankey, M. P. A., 9, 11, 36, 39, 152, 167,
224 , 289
convoy, 117, 118 –19
creation of SWC, 166, 168– 9, 175, 178
in 1918, 195, 216, 221 , 222, 231
Nivelle affair, 139 , 143, 144, 145
wants more coordination, 37, 38, 39
Harbord, General J. G., 240, 293
Henderson, R. G. H., 118–19
Herbillon, Colonel E., 142, 292
He´ ring, Commandant P., 93
Hindenburg Line, 140 , 143, 149, 251,
254, 265
Hoover, H., 273
House, Colonel E. M., 128, 130, 173, 176 ,
177, 178, 179
Huguet, General V., 6 , 7 –8, 14, 78, 80, 81,
84, 86, 87–8, 89–90, 100, 292
Humbert, General J., 192
Imperial War Cabinet, 225, 248, 270
Imperial War Conference, 123, 276
influenza epidemic, 130
Inter-Allied Chartering Bureau, 113
Inter-Allied Food Council, 273–5
Inter-Allied Munitions Council, 272
Inter-Ally Bureau of Munitions, 112
Italy (see also Caporetto), 3 , 38, 167, 275
as Entente alliance partner, 133
coal for, 125
food for, 112, 132
prewar, 16
shipping for, 113, 114, 128
Jellicoe, Admiral J. R., 117, 150
Joffre, Marshal J., 77, 145, 148, 176,
231, 288
and command structure, 4, 17, 28–33,
40, 84
and Dunkirk port, 34–5
and Haig, 44, 50–2, 54, 65, 68–9, 71, 99
and Huguet, 100
and liaison, 83, 84–7, 88, 89–90, 96
and MMF, 93, 97–9, 158
and Somme planning, 43, 44, 45–6,
48–9, 50–1, 52–4, 63
and tanks, 66
and Verdun, 50, 91
in 1914, 19, 20–1, 21–2, 24, 35
in 1915, 25, 28–33, 37
loses position, 73
opinion of BEF, 43
prewar, 10, 16
relationship with Sir J. French, 21, 22–3,
31–2, 45
Jutland, Battle of, 102, 112, 113, 129
Keynes, J. M., 181
Kiggell, General L., 147
Kitchener, Lord, 9, 13, 34, 36, 76
Antwerp expedition, 19, 21
command relations with the French, 25,
27, 28, 29–30, 36, 84
death of, 63
instructions for Haig, 44, 213
Index
instructions for Sir J. French, 17–19
Loos, 31
wants more coordination, 37, 38, 163
Lacaze, Admiral L., 107
Laguiche, General P. de, 160 , 191, 206, 252
language, foreign, 8 –10, 284
Lanrezac, General C., 78
Lansing, R., 123
Lawrence, General H. A., 196, 217, 247 ,
258, 260
Le Havre, 33–4, 106, 244
Leroy Lewis, Colonel H., 76, 94, 161, 271
liaison (see also named individual liaison
officers), 10, 75, 292
between units below HQ, 93–4
between war ministries, 77
British Military Mission at GQG,
78–9, 157
French Military Mission (MMF), 78, 79,
82–3, 157–60
interpreters, 10, 79
methods (British), 94, 100 , 157
methods (French), 82, 83, 84–7, 94, 96,
100, 157
military attache´s, 76–7, 160, 270
MMF and Somme Battle (1916), 89–99
political (1918), 270–1
Spears political mission, 160–1 , 271
Wilson mission (1917), 154– 7
with Foch (1918), 198 , 203, 263
Liddell Hart, B., 206
Lloyd George, D., 37, 71, 110, 235, 248, 289
and Clemenceau, 202, 269–70
and Foch’s powers, 199, 200, 202 ,
221–2 , 247
and Foch’s staff, 230
and Haig, 188, 192, 196
and Henry Wilson, 155
becomes PM, 103, 120, 133, 136 –7
campaigns against Robertson, 166–8, 192
manpower resources (1918), 224–6 , 256,
258, 265, 266, 269 –70
March 1918 crisis, 194–5
Minister of Munitions, 111
Nivelle, 140–5 , 148, 154, 171
pessimism (1918), 216, 217, 221
Pe´ tain’s accession, 150–2, 160
Secretary of State for War, 45, 63, 73, 136
shipping, 103 , 117, 118–19, 265
SWC, 174–7 , 183– 5
uses Caporetto, 169–72
wants unified command, 163–9, 197
logistics (see also Military Board of Allied
Supply), 33–5, 228–9 , 263–4, 282, 293
Franco-US agreement (May 1918),
233–4
pooling, 124, 126, 130 , 239, 275
supplying Allied armies (1918), 232 –9
transport on Western Front (1918),
239–42, 245–6
London, Pact of, 16
Loos, Battle of, 31–3 , 38
Loucheur, L., 122, 129, 190, 233, 272
Ludendorff, E., 203, 209 , 214, 224, 257
Lys, Battle of, 203–10
Maclay, Sir J., 120, 129 , 265, 270, 283
Mangin, General C., 146, 224 , 247
manpower, 221, 265–70, 271–2
Mantoux, P., 141
Marne,
in 1914, 19, 35
in 1918, 213 , 246–7
Maurice, General F., 84, 86, 170, 171,
251, 281
Maxse, L., 176
Maxwell, General J. A. P., 33, 34
Messimy, A., 87
Messines Battle, 153
Micheler, General J. A., 146
military attache´s (see also liaison), 76–7,
160, 270
Military Board of Allied Supply (MBAS),
235–6 , 236–9 , 238, 274, 293
Military Missions, British and French
(see under liaison)
Millerand, A., 21, 25–6, 27–8, 31, 36,
77, 175
Millet, Captain P., 72, 135, 135
Milner, Viscount, 127, 155, 156, 168
adjudicates disputes, 256, 259, 260, 271
and supply, 234, 235
and unity of command, 195, 196, 197,
199, 205
direction of war (1918), 208, 213,
217–20, 221, 225, 270
Monnet, J., 110, 111, 126, 128, 129, 277,
279, 283
Montagu, E., 112
Mordacq, General J., 147, 171, 199, 259, 288
Morgan, J. P., 110
Mott, Colonel T. B., 263
munitions
allied cooperation, 272, 274
Franco-British cooperation, 111–12
French effort, 109
Nash, General Sir P., 240, 241
naval talks (prewar), 12, 14–15
Index
Nivelle, R., 98, 138, 150, 156, 159 , 184,
259 , 291
Calais conference, 139, 154–6
Compie` gne conference, 140, 146
offensive (1917), 139, 149 , 189
Northcliffe, Lord, 176
Painleve´ , P., 165 –8, 291
as War Minister, 140, 146, 150 , 151, 161
creation of SWC, 168, 170, 171, 172,
175 , 184
Panouse, vicomte de la, 76, 91, 100, 150,
161 , 270
Passchendaele, 153
Pau, General P. M. C. G., 20, 22
Payot, General C., 191, 230, 234, 235, 236,
238 , 238, 239, 244, 245– 6
permanent military representative (see under
Supreme War Council)
Pe´ ronne, 190
Pershing, General J. J., 164, 215, 249, 253
and supplying AEF, 232, 233, 293
Saint-Mihiel, 248, 263
Pe´ tain, General P., 249
and Foch, 212 , 224
appeals under Beauvais accord, 220–1
at Verdun, 47, 49, 50, 55
defences (1918), 190 –1
dislikes sending reserves, 209–10
general reserve, 182, 183, 186–8
his staff (1918), 230, 231 , 236
in 1917, 146, 149, 150 , 152, 153, 157,
160 , 170, 171, 175
in March 1918, 192, 196
manpower shortages, 266
Marne (1918), 246
Matz, 215
on coalitions, 6
on lessons of fighting, 62
provides reserves, 204, 205
reserves, disposition of (1918), 188
unity of command, 199–200
Plan XVII, 14, 16
Plumer, General H., 207, 217, 255, 258
Poincare´ , R., 20, 23, 35, 50, 134, 140, 163,
262 , 288
ports (see also individually named ports)
British use of French ports, 33–5
congestion at, 106–7 , 108 , 267, 268
Prior, R., and T. Wilson, 67, 167, 286,
288 , 291
railways
French, 239, 240– 5, 241–2
overloaded, 243–4
rolling stock, 106, 108, 14 1, 232, 242, 244
Rapallo, 172 , 195
rationing, 273
Rawlinson, General H., 20, 22, 31, 32, 86,
93, 95, 96, 144, 288
1918 fighting, 189, 204, 205, 247, 248,
249, 251, 253, 260
Somme, 49, 55, 56, 60, 62, 67
SWC, 179–80, 182–3
Reading, Lord, 270
Recouly, R., 198 , 203
Renondeau, Captain, 93
Renouard, Captain, 28
Repington, C. a` Court, 8, 14, 176
Ribot, A., 110, 125, 126, 140, 146, 151
Riddell, Lord, 176, 225
Robertson, General W. R., 91, 97, 123
and Henry Wilson, 155, 156 , 179
and liaison, 85, 86, 88, 94, 160
as CGS of BEF, 37, 78
as CIGS in 1916, 47, 48, 49, 51, 71
in 1917, 150, 152, 153, 172
Lloyd George campaigns against, 168,
171, 177
Nivelle episode, 139, 141 , 142, 143,
145, 154
on French Army, 44
removal/resignation of, 173, 192, 195
wants more allied coordination, 163,
164– 5
Ronarc’h, Admiral P., 20, 209
Roques, General P. A., 63, 140, 143
Rouen, 33– 4, 106, 240, 244
roulement (reserves), 204, 212–14, 235
Roure, Colonel A., 269, 271
Russia, 2, 262
alliance partner, 13, 16, 133, 172, 209
and Somme, 48
collapse of, 31, 163
in 1917, 150, 155
munitions for, 110
Saint-Mihiel, 247, 248, 263
Salter, Sir A., 111, 112, 128, 129, 269, 275,
283, 293
Sassoon, P., 92, 155, 175
Scott, C. P., 174
Sembat, M., 115
Serbia, 172
Serot, Captain, 93
shipping (see also convoy; ports, congestion
at; submarines), 121, 293
Allied Maritime Transport Council,
129–32, 264, 272, 273, 274–6, 279–80
British commitments to Allies, 104, 132
Index