Готман В.И. Короткие замыкания и несимметричные режимы в электроэнергетических системах

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211

ɇɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵ-

ɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ

0 ɷɤɜ

AA BB CC

ABC

bbb



UUU

ɝɞɟ

bjC

– ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɮɚɡɵ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɸ.

ɉɪɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɫɯɟɦɵ, ɤɨɝɞɚ

ABC

 UUU

ABC

bbb

ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢ ɪɚɜɟɧ ɧɭɥɸ (

ɉɪɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɡɚɦɟ-

ɳɟɧɢɹ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 9.4) ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɬɚɤ:

ɷɤɜ 0 ɊɊ

ɊɊ

ɊɊ ɊɊ

()

Rjx

Rjx x Rjx x



§· §·

 

¨¸ ¨¸

©¹ ©¹

. (9.5)

ɉɪɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɬɨɤɨɜ

ɢ, ɭɱɢɬɵ-

ɜɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɟ (9.5)

ɢɦɟɟɦ

NP N

Ʉɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɟ ɩɨ-

ɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢ

ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ (

) ɪɚɡ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ

ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɭ

ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɚ. Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ

ɦɨɠɟɬ

ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɨɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɧɟɣ-

ɬɪɚɥɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɟɜɡɨɣɬɢ ɮɚɡɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨ.

ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ (9.5) ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢ

ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ-

ɫɹ ɥɢɛɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟɦ

, ɥɢɛɨ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɨɣɤɨɣ ɪɟɡɨɧɚɧɫɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɚ. ɋ

ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ

ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɫ ɪɟɡɨɧɚɧɫɧɵɦ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢ

ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɮɚɡ.

ɉɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ (ɉɍɗ) ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɟɦɤɨ-

ɫɬɟɣ ɮɚɡ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 0,75 %. ȼ ɫɟɬɹɯ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ

ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɨɣɤɭ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɚ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɩɟɪɟɤɨɦɩɟɧ-

ɫɚɰɢɢ. Ⱦɭɝɨɝɚɫɹɳɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɧɞɭɤ-

ɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɯ

ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɭ ɩɨɞ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɟɦɭɸ

ɫɟɬɶ.

ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɉɍɗ [10] ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɹ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɬɨɤɨɜ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ

ɡɟɦɥɸ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɢ ɬɨɤɢ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɬ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɟ,

ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 9.1.

212

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 9.1

Ⱦɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɟ ɬɨɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɢɧɢɣ,

ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɢɦ

ɇɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɬɢ,

ɤȼ

Ⱦɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɣ ɬɨɤ

ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ, Ⱥ

Ⱦɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɚɹ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɟɬɢ, ɤɦ

ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ ɤɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɣ

1600

660

2,6

ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 9.1. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɨɤ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɦɵɤɚ-

ɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɸ ɜ ɫɟɬɢ 37 ɤȼ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ (ȼɅ) ɨɛɳɟɣ

ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ 200 ɤɦ.

ȼɅ: ɩɪɨɜɨɞ ɦɚɪɤɢ Ⱥɋ-95; ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɩɨ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɦ

«ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɚ» ɫ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɦɢ (ɦ)

= 4,06,

= 3,5,

= 3,09;

ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɩɨɞɜɟɫɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ

ɉɪɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɯ ɥɢɧɢɢ (ɪɚɞɢɭɫ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ r = 6,7510

-3

ɦ)

ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ:

– ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɚɦɢ:

ɫɪ

4,06 3,5 3,09 3,53D 

ɦ;

– ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɞɢɭɫ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɪɟɯ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ:

6,75 10 3,53 0,44R





ɦ;

– ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ

Ⱥ, ȼ ɢ ɋ ɞɨ ɢɯ ɡɟɪɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɠɟ-

ɧɢɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɟɦɥɢ:

8118

218





ɦ;

– ɟɦɤɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ 1

ɤɦ ɥɢɧɢɢ:

396 lg 10 636 10

0,44

§·

 

¨¸

©¹

Ɉɦ;

– ɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɟɦɤɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɟɬɢ:

0Ȉ

636

10 3180

200

x  Ɉɦ.

ɂɫɤɨɦɵɣ ɬɨɤ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɸ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɸ (9.1)

213

37000

320

3( 3180)



ɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɸ

ɫɪ.ɧɨɦ

37 200

350



Ⱥ.

ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ ɬɨɤɚ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɡɟɦ-

ɥɸ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶ ɨɛɦɨɬɤɢ 37

ɤȼ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ

ɤɚɬɭɲɤɭ ɫ ɢɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ

3180

1060

x Ɉɦ.

9.4. ɋɛɬɲɠɭ ɭɩɥɩɝ ɥɩɫɩɭɥɩɞɩ ɢɛɧɶɥɛɨɣɺ ɝ ɮɬɭɛɨɩɝɥɛɰ ɟɩ 1000 Ƚ

Ⱦɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɬɨɤɨɜ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨ-

ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɨ 1000 ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ,

ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɵ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɨ ɭɱɬɟɧɵ ɜɫɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨ-

ɪɨɬɤɨɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɣ ɰɟɩɢ. ɇɢɠɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ-

ɫɬɢ, ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɭɱɟɬɭ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɄɁ.

1. ɇɚ

ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɬɨɤɚ ɄɁ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɢ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜ-

ɧɵɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɰɟɩɢ, ɤɚɤ:

x ɲɢɧɵ, ɤɚɛɟɥɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ 10 ɦ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ;

x ɬɨɤɨɜɵɟ ɤɚɬɭɲɤɢ ɪɚɫɰɟɩɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɟɣ;

x ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɛɦɨɬɤɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɜɢɬɤɨɜɵɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɬɨɤɚ.

ɗɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤɟ [8].

2. ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜ ɤɨɦɦɭɬɚɰɢ-

ɨɧɧɵɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ (ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɟɣ

, ɪɭɛɢɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ, ɪɚɡɴɟ-

ɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ) ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɨɳɭɬɢɦɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɨɤ ɄɁ. ɍɱɟɬ ɫɭɦ-

ɦɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ-

ɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ

ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ȿɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 0,015…0,03 Ɉɦ ɢ

ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɄɁ ɨɬ ɲɢɧ ɩɢɬɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭ-

ɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ:

x 0,015 Ɉɦ

ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ (Ɋɍ) ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ;

x 0,02 Ɉɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɯ ɰɟɯɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɨɜ (Ɋɉ);

x 0,025 Ɉɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɯ ɰɟɯɨɜɵɯ Ɋɉ;

x 0,03 Ɉɦ ɞɥɹ ɄɁ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤɨɜ, ɩɨɥɭ-

ɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɯ Ɋɉ.

214

3. ȼ ɫɢɥɭ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɟɬɟɣ (ɞɨ 1000 ȼ) ɨɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ-

ɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɲɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɩɢɬɚɸɳɢɯ

ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɨɜ 6/0,4; 10/0,4 ɤȼ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɵɦ, ɫɱɢɬɚɹ

ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɟɬɢ (

) ɪɚɜɧɵɦ ɧɭɥɸ.

4. Ⱥɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ, ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɤ ɭɡɥɭ ɫɟɬɢ,

ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɄɁ, ɢɥɢ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬ

ɧɟɝɨ, ɜ ɫɯɟɦɚɯ ɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ – ɢɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɫɨɩɪɨ-

ɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɗȾɋ, ɪɚɜɧɨɣ

ɧɨɦ

0,9ȿ U

. ɉɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɠɧɵɯ

ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ (ɦɈɦ) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟ-

ɫɤɢɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦ:

ɧɨɦ

ɩɧɨɦ

0,63 10

()



ɧɨɦ

ɦɦ

ɩɧɨɦ

§·





¨¸

©¹

ɝɞɟ

ɧɨɦ

– ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤȼɬ;

ɧɨɦ

– ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɨɤ, ɤȺ;

ɧɨɦ

– ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ, ɤȼ;

– ɤɪɚɬɧɨɫɬɶ

ɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ.

ɉɨɞɩɢɬɤɚ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɄɁ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨ-

ɜɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ 20 % ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ

ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɢɬɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɚ.

5. ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ

ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɭɝɚ, ɫɧɢɠɚɸɳɚɹ ɬɨɤ ɄɁ. Ⱦɭɝɚ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɫɨ-

ɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɧɨɫɢɬ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɹɟɬ

ɪɚɫɱɟɬ [14]. ȼ

ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɫ-

ɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ, ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɟɡ

ɭɱɟɬɚ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɭɝɢ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɡɚɜɵɲɟɧɧɚɹ

ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɬɨɤɨɜ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɩɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟ-

ɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ.

6. ɉɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɞɨ 1000 ȼ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɪɚɞɢ-

ɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɨɬ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɚ, ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶ ɨɛɦɨɬɤɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ

ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ

ɡɚɡɟɦɥɟɧɚ ɩɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɨɤ ɬɪɟɯɮɚɡ-

ɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ

ɬɨɤɚ ɨɞɧɨɮɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɄɁ. ɉɨ ɬɨɤɭ ɬɪɟɯɮɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟ-

ɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ; ɩɨ ɬɨɤɭ

ɨɞɧɨɮɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ – ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɚ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɨɬ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ

ɡɟɦɥɸ.

ɇɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ

ɬɨɤɚ ɄɁ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦ

x ɩɪɢ ɬɪɟɯɮɚɡɧɨɦ

(

x ɩɪɢ ɨɞɧɨɮɚɡɧɨɦ

(1)

x ɩɪɢ ɞɜɭɯɮɚɡɧɨɦ

Ɂɞɟɫɶ

ɫɪ.ɧɨɦ

– ɫɪɟ

ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɤɨ

ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢ

(ɦɈɦ) ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɬɨɱɤɢ

ɍɞɚɪɧɵɣ ɬɨɤ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɨ

ɉɪɢ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɦ ɡɚɦɵ

ɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɧ

ɸɬ K

= 1,3, ɚ

= 1 – ɞ

ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ.

ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 9.2

Ⱦɥɹ ɫɯɟɦɵ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜ

ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɨ

ɬɨɱɤɚɯ K1 ɢ K2.

215

ɫɪ.ɧɨɦ

)





, ɤȺ;

ɫɪ.ɧɨɦ

10 1 0

310

)(2 )

rxx

66 6 6





, ɤȺ;



0,87

II|

ɧɟɟ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɭɩɟ

ɨɬɤɨɟ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɟ, ɤȼ;

1, 1 0

,rxr

ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɢ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟ

ɄɁ.

ɧɢɤɚ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɜɵɪɚ

y ɩ y

ɚɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɧɢɡɲɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥ

ɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɩ

ɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢ

ɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 9.5, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚɢɛ

ɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɯ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɹɯ ɩɨɨɱ

ɢɫ. 9.5. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ 9.2

ɢ ɫɟɬɢ,

, x

–

ɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ

ɟɧɢɸ

ɬɟɥɶɧɨ-

ɢɧɢɦɚ-

ɥɟ ɢ ɨɬ

ɥɶɲɢɟ ɢ

ɪɟɞɧɨ ɜ

216

ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ

Ɍɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪ Ɍ: 1000 ɤȼȺ, 10/0,4 ɤȼ, Y/Y

– 12.

ɒɢɧɵ ɒ: 3,5 ɦ, Ⱥ-2(80u8), ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɮɚɡɚɦɢ –200 ɦɦ.

ɒɢɧɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɒɆ: 50 ɦ,

ɧɨɦ

1600Ⱥ.I

ɒɢɧɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɒɊ: 4 ɦ,

ɧɨɦ

600Ⱥ.I

Ʉɚɛɟɥɢ: L1 = 10 ɦ, Ⱥ(3 u 50 + 1 u 25); L2 = 8 ɦ, Ⱥ(3 u 35 + 1 u 16);

L3 = 11 ɦ, Ⱥ(3 u 16 + 1 u 10); ɜɫɟ ɤɚɛɟɥɢ ɫ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ.

Ⱥɜɬɨɦɚɬɵ: Ⱥ1 – 1500 Ⱥ; Ⱥ2 – 600 Ⱥ; Ⱥ3 – 50 Ⱥ.

Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɩɪɢɥ., ɬɚɛɥ. ɉ3,

ɉ4, ɉ6,

ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ:

x ɞɥɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɚ Ɍ

=1,7 ɦɈɦ,

= 8,6 ɦɈɦ,

= 0,9 ɦɈɦ,

= 80 ɦɈɦ;

x ɞɥɹ ɲɢɧɵ ɒ

= 3,5  0,034 = 0,12 ɦɈɦ;

= 3,5  0,145 

1,26 200

lg 0,51

0,23(80 24)





ɦɈɦ;

= 10  0,12 = 1,2 ɦɈɦ,

= 8,5  0,51 = 44 ɦɈɦ;

x ɞɥɹ ɲɢɧɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɒɆ

= 50  0,034 = 1,7 ɦɈɦ,

= 50  0,023 = 1,15 ɦɈɦ;

x ɞɥɹ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɦ:

|10 

= 17 ɦɈɦ;

|10 

= 11,5 ɦɈɦ;

x ɞɥɹ ɲɢɧɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɒɊ

= 4  0,1 = 0,4 ɦɈɦ,

= 4  0,1 = 0,4 ɦɈɦ;

x ɞɥɹ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦɭ, ɢɦɟɟɦ

= 4 ɦɈɦ;

x ɞɥɹ ɤɚɛɟɥɟɣ

L1:

= 10  0,77 = 7,7 ɦɈɦ,

= 10  0,068 = 0,68 ɦɈɦ;

= 10  1,4 = 14 ɦɈɦ,

= 10  0,19 = 1,9 ɦɈɦ;

L2:

= 8  1,1 = 8,8 ɦɈɦ,

= 8  0,065 = 0,52 ɦɈɦ;

= 8  1,8 = 14,4 ɦɈɦ,

= 8  0,23 = 1,84 ɦɈɦ;

L3:

= 11  2,4 = 26,4 ɦɈɦ,

= 11  0,084 = 0,92 ɦɈɦ;

= 11  3,5 = 38,5 ɦɈɦ,

= 11  0,33 = 3,63 ɦɈɦ;

217

x ɞɥɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɨɜ

Ⱥ1: r = x = 0;

Ⱥ2: r = 0,12 ɦɈɦ, x = 0,09 ɦɈɦ;

Ⱥ3: r = 5,5 ɦɈɦ, x = 2,7 ɦɈɦ.

ɉɪɢ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɦ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ K1 ɩɪɢɦɟɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧ-

ɬɚɤɬɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ r = 20 ɦɈɦ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɨ-

ɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ (ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ) ɢ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɣ

ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ

ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɬɨɱɤɢ K1 ɛɭɞɭɬ:

= 1,7 + 0,12 + 1,7 + 0,4 + 0,12 + 20 = 24 ɦɈɦ;

= 8,6 + 0,51 + 1,15 + 0,4 + 0,09 = 10,75 ɦɈɦ;

= 0,9 + 1,2 + 17 + 4 + 0,12 + 20 = 43,22 ɦɈɦ;

= 80 + 4,4 + 11,5 + 4 + 0,09 = 100 ɦɈɦ.

Ɍɨɤ ɩɪɢ ɬɪɟɯɮɚɡɧɨɦ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɦ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬ

(3)

400 400

8,7

326,5

324 10,75





ɤȺ

ɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɞɧɨɮɚɡɧɨɦ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɦ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɢ

(1)

3 400 3 400

=4,55

152

(2 24 43,22) (2 10,75 100)



  

ɤȺ.

Ȼɟɡ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɷɬɢ

ɬɨɤɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ:





I = 20 ɤȺ ɢ





I = 5,5 ɤȺ.

ɉɪɢ x/r = 10,75/24 = 0,45 ɭɞɚɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ

| 1 ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚ-

ɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɭɞɚɪɧɵɣ ɬɨɤ

28,7 12,3i 

ɤȺ.

ɉɪɢ ɄɁ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ K2 ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ

r = 30 ɦɈɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɯɟɦɵ:

= 24 + 7,7 + 8,8 + 26,4 + (30  20) + 5,5 = 82,4 ɦɈɦ;

= 10,75 + 0,68 + 0,52 + 0,92 + 2,7 = 15,57 ɦɈɦ;

= 43,22 + 14 + 14,4 + 38,5 + (30  20) + 5,5 = 125,5 ɦɈɦ;

= 100 + 1,9 + 1,84 + 3,63 + 2,7 = 110 ɦɈɦ.

218

ɇɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɤɨɜ:

ɞɥɹ ɬɪɟɯɮɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ

(3)

400 400

2,75

383,8

382,4 15,57





ɤȺ

ɢ ɨɞɧɨɮɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ

(1)

3 400 3 400

2,14

324

(2 82,4 125,5) (2 15,57 110)



  

ɤȺ.

Ȼɟɡ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɷɬɢ ɬɨɤɢ ɫɨɨɬ-

ɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɛɵɥɢ ɛɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ:



4,05 ɤȺ ɢ 2,8 ɤȺ.

Ʌɩɨɭɫɩɦɷɨɶɠ ɝɩɪɫɩɬɶ

1. ȼ ɱɟɦ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɫɟɬɹɯ

ɫ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɸ?

2. ɉɨɱɟɦɭ ɨɞɧɨɮɚɡɧɨɟ ɄɁ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɸ ɜ ɫɟɬɢ ɫ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɟɣ-

ɬɪɚɥɶɸ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ «ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ»?

3. ɑɟɦ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɩɚɞ ɬɨɤɚ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢ

ɤɚɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɟɝɨ ɭɱɟɬ?

4. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɹ ɬɨɤɚ ɨɞɧɨɮɚɡɧɨɝɨ

ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɝɨ

ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɸ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ?

5. ɉɪɢ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨ-

ɞɢɦ ɟɟ ɭɱɟɬ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɞɨ 1000 ȼ?

6. ȼ ɫɢɥɭ ɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɢ

(1)

ɜ ɫɟɬɹɯ ɫ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɸ ɦɨɠ-

ɧɨ ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɱɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ-ɢɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɯɟɦɵ

ɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ?

7. Ʉɚɤɨɜɚ ɰɟɥɶ ɩɟɪɟɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɬɨɤɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɦ

ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɢ?

8. Ʉɚɤɨɜɵ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɬɨɤɨɜ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɟ-

ɬɹɯ ɞɨ 1000 ȼ?

9. Ʉɚɤɨɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɯ

ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ?

10. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ

ɬɨɤɨɜ ɬɪɟɯɮɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɮɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɄɁ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɞɨ 1000 ȼ?

219

Ⱦɦɛɝɛ 10

ɉȾɋȻɈɃɒɀɈɃɀ ɍɉɅɉȽ ɅɉɋɉɍɅɉȾɉ ɂȻɇɖɅȻɈɃɚ

10.1. Ɋɩɬɭɛɨɩɝɥɛ ɢɛɟɛɲɣ

Ɍɨɤɢ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ

ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɭ. Ɉɧɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ:

ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ

ɭɞɚɪɧɨɦɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɄɁ;

ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɦɭ

ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɭ

ɤɩɨɬɤɥ

ȼ It{

, ɝɞɟ

ɨɬɤɥ

ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ

ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɪɟɥɟɣɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ (

) ɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ

ɤɨɦɦɭɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ (

ɤɚ

ɋɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɄɁ ɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ

ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɬɨɤɚ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɭɳɟ-

ɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ.

Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɨ ɭɪɨɜ-

ɧɸ ɬɨɤɨɜ ɄɁ [3] ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ:

1. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɤɨɜ ɄɁ ɜ ɫɟɬɹɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟɦ

U t 35 ɤȼ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɭɬ. ɗɬɨ ɜɵɡɜɚɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɫɟɬɢ – ɜɜɨɞɨɦ ɜ

ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɥɢɧɢɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ, ɱɬɨ

ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɣ ɰɟɩɢ:

ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ – ɬɨɱɤɚ ɄɁ.

2. ȼ ɫɟɬɹɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟɦ 110 ɤȼ ɬɨɤ ɨɞɧɨɮɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɄɁ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ

ɪɚɜɟɧ ɬɨɤɭ ɬɪɟɯɮɚɡɧɨɝɨ. ȼ ɫɟɬɹɯ 220 ɤȼ ɢ ɜɵɲɟ ɬɨɤɢ ɨɞɧɨɮɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɄɁ

ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɬɨɤɢ ɬɪɟɯɮɚɡɧɨɝɨ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɦɚɥɵɦɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ

ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɫɭɳɟ-

ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ

ɱɢɫɥɚ ɢ ɦɟɫɬ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɟɣ.

Ɋɨɫɬɭ ɬɨɤɨɜ ɨɞɧɨɮɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɄɁ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɜɨɞ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ ɬɭɪɛɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨ-

ɪɨɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ (300…800 Ɇȼɬ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ,

ɡɚɡɟɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɟɣ ɛɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɨɜ. Ɍɨɬ ɠɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɞɚɟɬ

ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɥɨɜɵɯ ɚɜɬɨɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɫ

ɡɚɡɟɦɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɹɦɢ. ɑɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɨɞɧɨɮɚɡɧɵɯ ɄɁ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɟ-

ɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɭ ɬɪɟɯɮɚɡɧɵɯ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɹɟɬ

ɪɚɛɨ-

ɬɭ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ.

ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɬɨɤɨɜ ɄɁ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ

ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɬɨɤɨɜ ɄɁ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɟ ɲɢ-

ɧɵ, ɤɚɛɟɥɢ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɵ, ɫɢɥɨɜɵɟ

ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɝɢɛɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ. ɋɨ-

220

ɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɝɢɛɤɢɟ ɲɢɧɵ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢ-

ɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɯ Ʌɗɉ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɨɜɟ-

ɪɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɯɥɟɫɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɫɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶ-

ɬɚɬɟ ɢɯ ɪɚɫɤɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɥ ɩɪɢ





t 20 ɤȺ,

t 50 ɤȺ.

Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɬɨɤɨɜ ɄɁ ɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶ-

ɲɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɯɟɦɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɩɟ-

ɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ:

x ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɫɟɬɢ;

x ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɨɟ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɬɢ;

x ɬɨɤɨɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ;

x ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɟɣ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɟɬɹɯ.

ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ

ɨɬ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟ-

ɧɢɹ ɬɨɤɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ

ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ, ɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ.

10.2. ɉɪɭɣɧɣɢɛɱɣɺ ɬɭɫɮɥɭɮɫɶ ɬɠɭɣ (ɬɰɠɧɨɶɠ ɫɠɳɠɨɣɺ)

ɋɯɟɦɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢ-

ɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɯɟɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶ-

ɧɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɜɵɞɚɱɢ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ

ɫɟɬɟɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ

. Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɫɯɟɦɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ

ɭɤɪɭɩɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ. ȼɜɨɞ ɜ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚ-

ɰɢɸ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ 300…1200 Ɇȼɬ ɢ ɭɤɪɭɩɧɟɧɢɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɯ

ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ ɞɨ 3600…6400 Ɇȼɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɢ ɤ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧ-

ɧɨɦɭ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɭ ɨɬ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 10.1, ɚ, ɤ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ

(ɪɢɫ. 10.1, ɛ), ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɤ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ (ɪɢɫ. 10.1, ɜ).

ɉɪɢ ɫɯɟɦɟ (ɫɦ.

ɪɢɫ. 10.1, ɚ), ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ Ɍɗɐ ɫ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ

30…100 Ɇȼɬ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɬɨɤɨɜ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɝɨ

ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɟɬɹɯ ɧɢɡɲɟɝɨ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɫ ɛɥɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ 100…300 Ɇȼɬ

(ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 10.1, ɛ) ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɬɨɤɨɜ ɄɁ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɟɬɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟ-

ɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ, ɦɟɧɶɲɢɣ – ɜ ɫɟɬɢ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ; ɜ ɫɟɬɢ ɠɟ ɧɢɡ

ɲɟɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɬɨɤɨɜ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ.

ȼ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 10.1, ɜ ɫ ɛɥɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ 500…1200 Ɇȼɬ

ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɬɨɤɨɜ ɄɁ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɟɬɹɯ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ.