FTA (изд-во). Flexography: Principles And Practices. Vol.1-6

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

34 FLEXOGRAPHY: PRINCIPLES & PRACTICES

and minor servicing can be done with an

alternative method such as inch/safe-service.

FACILITIES PLAN

A facilities plan of a plant or building, along

with detailed plans for each subdivision or

department should be prepared. These plans

will let anyone see at a glance the arrange-

ment of aisles, exits, storage areas and other

plant features. The facilities plan can help

determine the best places to put first aid sup-

plies, fire extinguishers, emergency exits and

recommended routes of travel in case of

emergency. It can also flag the locations of

power and utility switches and valves. The

facilities plan is an important part of chemi-

cal contingency and disaster plans.

Most fire insurance companies require

periodic inspections, and many firms have

self-inspection programs. A facility might

also be divided into inspection sections so

that different area plans can be prepared in

advance for the use of inspectors. Forms for

these inspections can be standardized to

include all required details and to be docu-

ments of inspection.

Items that are helpful in any facilities plan

include all of the following:

• aisles and passable ways;

• access and egress (exit) locations;

• sprinkler system control valves;

• emergency lighting;

• areas requiring ventilation;

• location of spill-control stations;

• locations of emergency supplies such

as protective equipment and first aid

materials; and

• location of alarms, master switches,

valves and controls.

CONSULTATION

Employers who want help in recog-

nizing and correcting hazards and in improv-

ing safety and health programs can get it

from a free consultation service largely fund-

ed by OSHA and delivered by state govern-

ments using well-trained professional staff.

The states offer the expertise of highly qual-

ified occupational safety and health profes-

sionals to employers who request help to

establish and maintain a safe and healthful

workplace.

No citations are issued for hazards identi-

fied by the consultant, and no penalties are

ever imposed. OSHA consultation is a confi-

dential service that is completely separate

from OSHA enforcement operations. Only if

an employer fails or refuses to eliminate or

control a serious hazard or imminent danger

situation within the agreed upon time frames

will OSHA enforcement staff be notified.

Such instances, according to OSHA, are rare.

The booklet, Consultation Services for the

Employer, (OSHA 3047) is available through

the OSHA Publications Office.

TRAINING

Employers are required by OSHA to pro-

vide workers with information and training on

hazardous chemicals in their work areas

when they are first assigned and whenever a

new hazardous chemical is introduced.

Employees must be told about the OSHA

requirements, the operations in their work

area where hazardous chemicals are present,

and the location and availability of the com-

pany’s written hazard communication pro-

gram (including chemical lists and MSDS’s).

The standards require that employee train-

ing must cover:

• methods and observations that employ-

ees can use to detect the presence or

release of the hazardous chemical;

• physical and health hazards of the

chemical; and

• measures employees can take to pro-

tect themselves from such hazards,

including specific company procedures.

• details of the company’s hazard com-

munication program, including expla-

nation of workplace labeling systems,

the MSDS’s, and how employees can

get and use the information.

Training courses in safety and health sub-

jects are available to the private sector

through the OSHA Training Institute.

INSPECTIONS

An OSHA compliance safety and health

officer (CSHO) conducts an inspection of a

workplace, in accordance with the OSH Act

of 1990. Inspections can occur at random or

as a result of a report made to OSHA. After

the inspection, the CSHO reports the find-

ings to the Area Director who evaluates

them. If a violation exists, OSHA will issue a

Citation and Notification of Penalty detail-

ing the exact nature of the violation(s) and

the associated penalties. A citation informs

the business of the alleged violation(s), sets

a proposed time period within which to cor-

rect the violation(s) and proposes the

appropriate dollar penalties. There are a

number of typical violations for printing

facilities (Table 9).

ENVIRONMENT AND SAFETY 35

Table 9

Frequently cited violations in the printing industry, January 1, 1993-May 1, 1996.

OSHA STANDARD DESCRIPTION

1910.1200(e)(1) No written hazard communication program

1910.1200(f)(5) No labels, tags or marking on hazardous chemical containers

1910.1200(h) No hazard communication training program

1910.212(a)(1) Lack of machine guarding, general duty

1904.2(a) No OSHA 200 form

1910.147(c)(1) Lack of energy control program

1910.151(c) Eye or body quick drenching or flushing facilities unavailable

1910.1200(g)(1) No Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS’s)

1910.219(d)(1) Improper guarding of pulleys

1910.147(c)(4) Lack of energy control procedures

1910.147(c)(7) Lack of energy control program training

1910.106(e)(2) Improper use or storage of flammable & combustible liquids

1910.133(a)(1) Appropriate eye and face protection not used during exposure

1910.212(a)(3) Point of operation on machines not guarded

1903.2(a)(1) No OSHA poster

1910.157(g)(1) Fire extinguisher education was not provided

1910.219(e)(3) Vertical and inclined belts not enclosed by a guard

1910.37(q)(1) Exits not marked by readily visible sign

1910.38(a)(1) No written emergency action plans

1910.305(g)(1) Extension cords not approved or suitable for conditions

COMMON OSHA VIOLATIONS

OSHA Training Institute, 1555 Times Drive, Des Plaines IL 60018. For infor-

mation on the subjects, dates, tuition and location of these courses, telephone

the Institute Registrar at (708) 297-4913 or write to the Institute.

36 FLEXOGRAPHY: PRINCIPLES & PRACTICES

t must be stressed that, in almost every

area, most states have their own ver-

sions of regulations and their own

agencies. So, before any decisions are

made about regulations, state govern-

ment should be consulted.

For up-to-date publications and regula-

tions, contact regional offices of the US

Environmental Protection Agency, the US

Department of Labor (Occupational Safety

and Health Administration) or other govern-

ment agencies (see Appendices E and F).

Summary

ENVIRONMENT AND SAFETY 37

Resources

Chemical Emergency Preparedness

& Prevention Office

www.epa.gov/swercepp/

Code of Federal Regulations

www.epa.gov/docs/epacfr40

Common Sense Initiative

www.epa.gov/commonsense

Design for the Environment Flexography Project

www.epa.gov/dfe

Enviro$en$e

www.epa.gov/envirosense

Environment Canada

www.ec.gc.ca

Federal Register

www.access.gpo.gov/su_docs/aces/aces5410.html

Flexographic Technical Association

www.fta-ffta.org

International Organization for Standardization

www.iso.ch

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

www.osha.gov

Office of Air and Radiation

www.epa.gov/oar

Office of Enforcement & Compliance Assurance

www.epa.gov/oeca

Printers’ National Environmental

Assistance Center

www.pneac.org

Printing Industry Sector Notebook

es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/index.html#print

RCRA Hotline

www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hotline

Small Business Assistance Program

www.epa.gov/ttn/sbap

Small Business Ombudsman

www.icubed.com/epa_sbo/index.html

Standards and Related Documents

www.osha-slc.gov/OCIS/standards_related.htm

Technology Transfer Network 2000

www.epa.gov/ttn

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency

www.epa.gov

Waste Reduction Resource Center

www.p2pays.org/wrrc

INTERNET ADDRESSES

(Valid as of PublicationDate)

There is an abundance of information that is easily accessible through the Internet. Nearly every state’s

regulatory program has a web site where regulations can be downloaded. Numerous programs within the

USEPA also have web sites with regulations, fact sheets, press releases, programs and general information

included.

38 FLEXOGRAPHY: PRINCIPLES & PRACTICES

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF

LABOR (USDOL)

UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL (OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY

REGION (STATE) PROTECTION AGENCY (USEPA) AND HEALTH OFFICES [OSHA])

Region I JFK Federal Building JFK Federal Building

(CT,ME,MA,NH,RI,VT)

One Congress Street One Congress Street

Boston, MA 02203 Boston, MA 02203

(617) 565-3420 (617) 565-9860

Region II 290 Broadway 201 Varick Street, Room 670

(NJ,NY,PR,VI)

New York, NY 10007 New York, NY 10014

(212) 637-3000 (212) 337-2378

Region III 1650 Arch Street 3535 Market

(DC,DE,MD,PA,VA,WV)

Philadelphia, PA 19106 Philadelphia, PA 19104

(215) 814-5000 (215) 596-1201

Region IV 61 Forsyth Street 1375 Peachtree Street, NE

(AL,FL,GA,KY,MS,NC,SC,TN)

Atlanta, GA 30303 Atlanta, GA 30367

(404) 562-9900 (404) 347-3573

Region V 77 West Jackson Boulevard 230 South Dearborn Street

(IL,IN,MI,MN,OH,WI)

Chicago, IL 60604 Chicago, IL 60604

(312) 353-2000 (312) 353-2220

Region VI Fountain Place 525 Griffin Street, Room 602

(AR,LA,NM,OK,TX)

1445 Ross Avenue Dallas, TX

Dallas, TX 75202 (214) 767-4731

(214) 665-6444

Region VII 726 Minnesota Avenue 1100 Main Street, Suite 800

(IA,KS,MO,NE)

Kansas City, KS 66101 Kansas City, MO 64115

(913) 551-7000 (816) 426-5861

Region VIII 999 18th Street, Suite 500 1999 Broadway, Suite 1690

(CO,MT,ND,SD,UT,WY)

Denver, CO 80202 Denver, CO 80202

(303) 293-1603 (303) 844-1600

Region IX 75 Hawthorne Street 71 Stevenson Street, Room 420

(AZ,CA,GU,HI,NV)

San Francisco, CA 94105 San Francisco, CA 64105

(415) 744-1305 (415) 975-4310

Region X 1200 Sixth Avenue 111 Third Avenue, Suite 715

(AK,ID,OR,WA)

Seattle, WA 98101 Seattle, WA 98101

(206) 553-1200 (206) 553-5930

REGIONAL OFFICES OF USEPA, USDOL, OSHA

(Valid as of PublicationDate)

ENVIRONMENT AND SAFETY 39

OTHER GOVERNMENT OFFICE TELEPHONE NUMBERS

(Valid as of PublicationDate)

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

■ Publications Office (202) 219-4667

■ Training Institute (708) 297-4913

US Department of Transportation

■ Hazardous Materials (800) 467-4922

Information Center

and Hotline

US Environmental Protection Agency

■ National Response Center (800) 424-8802

■ RCRA Hotline (800) 424-9346

■ RCRA Information Center (703) 603-9230

■ Small Business (800) 386-5888

Ombudsman

■ Storm Water Hotline (703) 821-4823

US Government Printing Office

■ Superintendent (202) 512-1800

of Documents

40 FLEXOGRAPHY: PRINCIPLES & PRACTICES

Appendix A - Acronyms

BACT Best Available Control Technology

BLS Bureau of Labor Statistics

CAAA Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990

CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental

Response, Compensation and

Liability Act

CESQG Conditionally Exempt Small Quantity

Generator

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

CSHO Compliance Safety and Health

Officer

CTG Control Techniques Guidelines

CWA Clean Water Act

EB Electron Beam

EPCRA Emergency Planning and

Community Right-to-Know Act

HAP Hazardous Air Pollutant

HMIS Hazardous Materials Information

System

LAER Lowest Achievable Emission Rate

LQG Large Quantity Generator

MACT Maximum Achievable Control

Technology

MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet

NAA Non-attainment Area

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality

Standard

NEC National Electric Code

NESHAP National Emission Standard for

Hazardous Air Pollutant

NOI Notice of Intent

Oxides of Nitrogen

NPDES National Permit Discharge

Elimination System

NSR New Source Review

OSH Occupational Safety and Health

OSHA Occupational Safety and Health

Administration

PM Particulate Matter

POTW Publicly Owned Treatment Works

PPA Pollution Prevention Act

PPE Personal Protection Equipment

PSD Prevention of Significant

Deterioration

PTE Potential to Emit

RACT Reasonably Available Control

Technology

RCRA Resource Conservation and

Recovery Act

SARA Superfund Amendments and

Reauthorization Act

SBAP Small Business Assistance Program

SBO Small Business Ombudsman

SBREFA Small Business Regulatory

Enforcement Fairness Act

SQG Small Quantity Generator

TRI Toxic Release Inventory

TSD Treatment, Storage and Disposal

TSCA Toxic Substance Control Act

USEPA United States Environmental

Protection Agency

UV Ultraviolet

VOC Volatile Organic Compound

ENVIRONMENT AND SAFETY 41

Appendix B - Waste Manifest

42 FLEXOGRAPHY: PRINCIPLES & PRACTICES

Two samples of Material Safety Data Sheets illustrate the diversity allowed by the format. Sample 1 is

provided courtesy of Diversified Enterprises and is the MSDS for test pens used to determine dyne level.

Sample 2 is provided courtesy of Sun Chemical Corporation and is the MSDS for a solvent ink.

MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET

I. INGREDIENTS

CONSTITUENT CAS NO. TLV OSHA PEL

Ethyl Cellosolve (C)* 110-80-5 200 ppm 29 CFR 1910.1000

Formamide (F) 75-12-7 20 ppm

Victoria Blue Dye 2185-86-6 n/a

Water (H) n/a n/a

*ethyl Cellosolve is a registered trademark of Union Carbide Corporation for 2-ethoxyethanol (ethylene glycol

monoethyl ether).

PERCENTAGES BY DYNE LEVEL

Concentration of Victoria blue dye is 2 grams per liter.

II. HAZARD SPECIFICATIONS: (UNDER 29 CFR 1910.1000)

These hazards are associated with the fluids contained in ACCU DYNE TEST Marker Pens:

Reproductive Toxin Skin Hazard TLV = 20 to 200 ppm

Eye Hazard Kidney Toxin PEL = 5 ppm (8 hr weighted avg)

Sensitizer Toxic Agent EPA Hazardous Waste Class: n/a

Combustible Liquid Skin Irritant DOT Hazard Class: n/a

NFPA Hazard Signal: HEALTH - 1; STABILITY - 0; FLAMMABILITY - 0; SPECIAL - C

— continued on next page —

Product Name: Accu Dyne Test Marker Pens

Formula: HCONH

 C

Chemical Family: Amide/Glycol Ethers

LEVEL C (VOL) F (VOL)

30 100.0% 0.0%

32 89.5% 10.5%

34 73.5% 26.5%

36 57.5% 42.5%

38 46.0% 54.0%

40 36.5% 63.5%

42 28.5% 71.5%

44 22.0% 78.0%

46 17.2% 82.8%

LEVEL C (VOL) F (VOL)

48 13.0% 87.0%

50 9.3% 90.7%

52 6.3% 93.7%

54 3.5% 96.5%

56 1.0% 99.0%

LEVEL F (VOL) H (VOL)

58 81.2% 18.8%

60 65.0% 35.0%

Appendix C - MSDS Sample 1

ENVIRONMENT AND SAFETY 43

III. PHYSICAL DATA:

Appearance and odor: Blue solution with mild, non-residual odor.

IV. FIRE AND EXPLOSION DATA:

Flash Point: 108°F to 245°F, per ASTM D56; tag closed cup.

Autoignition Temperature: n/a

Flammability Limits in Air (by vol. at 200° F): 1.7% to 15.6%

Extinguishing Media: Water fog recommended; CO

, dry chemical, and universal foam media, as

applied by manufacturer’s recommendations, can also be used.

Unusual Fire/Explosion Hazards: Can react with oxidizing materials

V. HEALTH HAZARD DATA:

Inhalation: Vapors are irritating to eyes, nose and respiratory tract. May cause headache, nausea,

vomiting, weakness.

Skin Contact: May cause irritation.

Ingestion: See inhalation; can also cause breathing difficulty. Kidney damage may result from inges-

tion of large quantities of test solution.

Skin Absorption: Prolonged or widespread contact with skin may lead to absorption of harmful

amounts of material resulting in symptoms as described under ingestion.

Eye Contact: Causes marked irritation.

SPECIAL WARNING: Pregnant women should not use this product; laboratory studies of animal sub-

jects have shown birth defects, delayed fetal development, and increased fetal mortality at air con-

centrations of 150 to 200 ppm.

VI. EMERGENCY AND FIRST AID PROCEDURES:

Eyes: Flush liberally with running water. Call a physician.

Skin: Immediately remove contaminated clothing. Thoroughly wash affected area with soap and water.

Inhalation: Remove to fresh air. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen and call a physician.

Ingestion: Give large quantities of water. Induce vomiting. Call a physician.

VII. REACTIVITY DATA:

Decomposes partially at temperatures above 180°C. Do not combine with concentrated alkali at

elevated temperatures.

Hazardous combustion or decomposition products: CO, NH

VIII. SPILL OR LEAK PROCEDURES:

Absorb spill with paper toweling or vermiculite. Once absorbed, evaporate outdoors or incinerate in

a chemical burner equipped with an after-burner and scrubber.

Dispose of wate product by high temperature incineration, as approved under appropriate federal,

state, and local legislation. Do not discharge without prior written approval from health and pollu-

tion authorities.

— continued on next page —

Boiling Point

(at 760 mm Hg) 135° C to 210° C

Specific Gravity

at 20°C (H

0 = 1.0) 0.93 to 1.13

Vapor Densit,

at 20°C (air = 1) 3.1

Percent Volatiles

(by volume) 100%

Freezing Point

(at 760 mm Hg) -90° C to

2° C

Vapor Pressure

mm Hg, at 20°C 0.08 to 3.75

Solubility in Water

% by wt. at 20°C Complete

Evaporation Rate

(Butyl Acetate = 1) 0.32 to 0.60