FTA (изд-во). Flexography: Principles And Practices. Vol.1-6

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

24 FLEXOGRAPHY: PRINCIPLES & PRACTICES

Emergency Planning and Community Right-

to-Know Act (EPCRA). EPCRA has two main

purposes: to encourage planning for accident

response, and to provide the public and the

government with information about possible

chemical hazards in communities. This law is

based on the premise that citizens have a

right to know about hazardous chemicals in

their communities (Table 5).

Any person in charge of a facility must

immediately notify the National Response

Center

as soon as that person has know-

ledge of a release (within a 24-hour period)

of an amount of a hazardous substance

that is equal to or greater than the values in

Table 5. There are some exceptions to this

requirement, including exceptions for cer-

tain continuous releases and for federally

permitted releases.

TOXIC CHEMICAL REPORTING

Section 313 of the EPCRA requires manu-

facturers (Standard Industrial Classification

Codes 20-39), including flexographers, to

report to the USEPA and the states the

amounts of over 300 toxic chemicals and 20

chemical categories that they release direct-

ly to air, water or land; inject underground;

or transfer to off-site facilities (Table 6).

Toxic release inventory (TRI) reporting is

required of facilities that have more than 10

employees and that manufacture, process or

otherwise use more than 10,000 or 25,000

lbs. per year (depending on how the chemi-

cal is used) of these chemicals. The printing

industry releases 99% of its total toxic

release inventory poundage to the air, while

the remaining one percent of releases is split

between water and land disposal.

Suppliers of products containing toxic

release inventory chemicals are required to

notify each printer (to whom the mixture or

trade name product is sold or otherwise dis-

tributed from the facility) of the name of each

toxic chemical and the percent by weight of

each toxic chemical in the mixture of trade

name product.

EPCRA specifies that USEPA must com-

pile these reports into an annual TRI of

releases and transfers and make that inven-

tory available to the public.

In addition, the Pollution Prevention Act

of 1990 requires that all TRI facilities provide

information on pollution prevention and

recycling efforts for each chemical on their

reporting forms.

Right-to-know efforts have been enhanced

by a 1994 Executive Order committing

USEPA and other federal agencies to envi-

ronmental justice for minority and low-

income populations.

Table 6

The following are chemicals used in the print-

ing industry and considered toxic in the Toxic

Release Inventory.

Copper phthalocyanine pigments were delisted in May 1991.

Acetone

Ammonia

Barium

Cadmium

Chromium

Copper*

Cumene

Cyclohexane

Ethylbenzene

Ethylene glycol

Ethylene oxide

Formaldehyde

Freon 113

Glycol Ethers

Hydrochloric acid

Hydroquinone

Lead

Methanol

Methyl ethyl ketone

Methyl isobutyl ketone

Methylene chloride

Phosphoric acid

Silver

Sulfuric acid

Tetrachloroethylene

Toluene

Trichlorothylene

1,1,1-Trichloroethylene

Xylene

TOXIC CHEMICALS USED IN THE

PRINTING INDUSTRY

The toll-free number for the National Response Center is (800) 424-8802; in

Washington DC call (202) 426-2675.

he Clean Water Act (CWA) is the

basic federal law that governs

water pollution control in the

United States. The commercial

printing industry produces a

number of pollutants that are

potentially regulated under the CWA.

WASTEWATER DISCHARGE

The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination

System (NPDES) regulates discharges into

navigable waters, such as lakes, streams,

creeks and rivers. Thirty-nine states and ter-

ritories are authorized to administer NPDES

programs that are at least as stringent as the

federal program. The USEPA administers

the programs in the states not so autho-

rized.

The NPDES program requires permits for

discharge of pollutants from any point

source into navigable waters. Because the

CWA defines all of these terms broadly, a

source will be required to obtain an NPDES

permit if it discharges almost anything

directly into surface waters. A source that

sends its wastewater to a publicly owned

treatment works (POTW) will not be

required to obtain an NPDES permit, but

may be required to obtain an industrial user

permit from the POTW to cover its dis-

charges.

Most states prohibit discharge of industri-

al wastewater effluent into a septic system.

ENVIRONMENT AND SAFETY 25

Clean Water Act

DISCHARGE REQUIREMENTS

General pretreatment standards apply to all

facilities discharging into a POTW. The appro-

priate POTW should be contacted for permis-

sion to discharge process wastewater effluent

and for permitting requirements. The general

pretreatment standards prohibit the follow-

ing from being introduced into a POTW:

• pollutants that create a fire hazard in

the POTW;

• pollutants that will cause corrosive struc-

tural damage to the POTW, but in no case

discharges with pH lower than 5.0, unless

the facility is specifically designed to

accommodate such discharges;

• solid or viscous pollutants in amounts

that will cause obstruction to the flow

in the POTW, resulting in interference;

• any pollutant, including oxygen de-

manding pollutants, released in a dis-

charge at a flow rate and/or pollutant

concentration that will cause interfer-

ence with the POTW;

• heated effluents in amounts that will

inhibit biological activity in the POTW,

resulting in interference, but in no case

heat in such quantities that the temper-

ature at the POTW exceeds 40° C,

unless the approval authority, upon the

request of the POTW, approves alter-

nate temperature limits;

• petroleum oil, non-biodegradable cut-

ting oil, or products of mineral oil in

amounts that will cause interference or

pass-through;

• pollutants that result in the presence of

toxic gases, vapors or fumes within the

POTW in a quantity that may cause acute

worker health and safety problems;

The 12 States that are not authorized are AK, AZ, FL, ID, LA, ME, MA, NH, NM,

OK, SD and TX. Washington D.C. Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam,

Northern Marianas and Trust Territories Pacific Islands also do not have

approved NPDES Programs. No federally recognized Indian tribes have autho-

rized programs.

26 FLEXOGRAPHY: PRINCIPLES & PRACTICES

• any trucked or hauled pollutants,

except at discharge points designated

by the POTW.

There are numerous requirements for dis-

chargers into POTWs. A business must keep

records, monitor discharges and prepare

and submit periodic monitoring reports, as

determined by the POTW. When there is a

discharge that could “cause problems,” the

POTW must be notified immediately. A busi-

ness must give prompt notice to the POTW if

there is a significant change in the discharge.

If a POTW is to be bypassed, it must be noti-

fied 10 days in advance of the known need

for an intentional diversion of wastewater

stream; or orally within 24 hours and in writ-

ing within five days of becoming aware of a

bypass. A business that discharges to a

POTW a substance which, if otherwise dis-

posed of, would be a hazardous waste must

give a one-time notice to the local sanitary

district, USEPA and the appropriate state

agency unless exempted. Discharges of

more than 33 pounds per month of haz-

ardous waste or any acute wastes mixed

with domestic sewage require written notifi-

cation to the local USEPA office, state waste

agency, and the POTW. Significant industrial

users, whose discharge is more than 25,000

gallons per day, must submit to the POTW a

semiannual description of the nature, con-

centration and flow of pollutants.

STORM WATER PERMITS

Storm-water permits are required for areas

where material-handling equipment or activ-

ities, raw materials, intermediate products,

final products, waste materials, by-products,

or industrial machinery are exposed to

storm water which drains to a municipal

seperate storm-sewer system or directly to a

receiving body of water.

Storm water permit applications include a

site map including:

• topography;

• drainage area;

• areas used for outdoor storage or dis-

posal;

• materials loading and access areas;

• each of the facility’s hazardous waste

treatment, storage or disposal facilities;

• each well where fluids from the facility

are injected underground; and

• springs and other surface-water bodies

that receive storm-water discharges.

A certification that all outfalls have been

tested or evaluated for the presence of non-

storm water discharges that are not covered

by an NPDES permit must be made, and this

certification must include a description of

the method used, dates and the observed on-

site drainage points.

USEPA’s general permits cover the majori-

ty of storm-water discharges associated with

industrial activity. Storm-water discharges

associated with industrial activity that can-

not be authorized by USEPA’s general per-

mits include those:

• with an existing effluent limitations

guideline for storm water;

• that are mixed with non-storm water,

unless the non-storm water discharges

are in compliance with a different

NPDES permit;

• with an existing NPDES individual or

general permit for the storm water dis-

charges;

• that are or may reasonably be expected

to be contributing to a violation of a

water quality standard; or

• that are likely to adversely affect a list-

ed or proposed to be listed endangered

or threatened species or its critical

habitat.

A facility must submit a Notice of Intent to

the USEPA to be authorized by the general

permit. A Notice of Intent does not require

the collection of discharge sampling data.

Facilities which discharge to a large or medi-

um municipal storm-sewer system must also

submit copies of the Notice of Intent to the

operator of the municipal system. Operators

of all facilities covered by USEPA’s general

permits must prepare and implement a storm

water pollution prevention plan. Questions

can be directed to the Storm Water Hotline at

(703) 821-4823. Facilities in authorized

NPDES states should contact their state per-

mitting agencies to determine the status of

the general permitting program.

SILVER RECOVERY

In photoprocessing, silver compounds are

the basic light-sensitive material used in

most of today's photographic films and

papers. During processing, particularly in the

fixing bath or bleach-fix, silver is removed

from the film or paper and is carried out in

the solution, usually in the form of a silver

thiosulfate complex. There are several rea-

sons to recover silver from photoprocessing

waste. Silver is a valuable natural resource of

finite supply, it has monetary value as a

recovered commodity, and its release into

the environment is strictly regulated.

The regulation of wastes from photograph-

ic processing units can be very complicated.

Regulation of the effluent from the develop-

ing equipment or the silver recovery unit

depends on the method used to convey the

waste to treatment or disposal. If the waste is

discharged directly into a sanitary sewer as a

process waste water, it is regulated as a point

source under the Clean Water Act. However,

if the waste is collected and stored in a con-

tainer prior to treatment, it will be regulated

as a hazardous waste under RCRA if it con-

tains silver in excess of 5 milligrams per liter

or if it exhibits other properties which may

render the containerized waste hazardous.

The Clean Water Act strictly prohibits dis-

charges of silver to the POTW that would

lower the pH of the waste water entering the

POTW to less than 5, or would interfere with

the proper operation of the POTW (stop bio-

logical activity). To ensure that waste is prop-

erly treated, the POTW establishes a program

to regulate discharges of industrial waste to

the facility. The POTW operator will deter-

mine the concentration of silver that can be

discharged to the plant, based on the ability

of that plant to treat the waste.

Many of the currently available technolo-

gies for silver recovery from waste waters

are most effective at a restricted range of sil-

ver concentrations. For this reason, some

technologies are appropriate only for silver

recovery from high concentration fixer solu-

tions, and others are more suited to low con-

centration rinse water silver recovery. Silver

recovery technologies for fixer solutions

include metallic replacement, galvanic plat-

ing, electrolytic plating and precipitation.

Although there is little economic benefit to

silver recovery from rinse waters, the prima-

ry consideration is meeting effluent dis-

charge standards. Effective technologies for

silver recovery from low concentration rinse

waters include ion exchange, reverse osmo-

sis and metallic replacement.

ENVIRONMENT AND SAFETY 27

28 FLEXOGRAPHY: PRINCIPLES & PRACTICES

he Pollution Prevention Act of

1990 (PPA) focused industry,

government and public attention

on reducing the amount of pollu-

tion produced. The Pollution

Prevention Act emphasizes that

pollution can be prevented at the source

through cost-effective changes in production,

operation and raw materials use. Oppor-

tunities for source reduction are often not

realized because existing regulations, and the

industrial resources required for compliance,

focus on treatment and disposal. Source

reduction is fundamentally different and

more desirable than waste management or

pollution control. Pollution prevention also

includes other practices that increase effi-

ciency in the use of energy, water or other

natural resources best through conservation.

The best way to reduce pollution is to pre-

vent it in the first place. Industries have cre-

atively implemented pollution prevention

techniques that improve efficiency and

increase profits while at the same time mini-

mizing environmental impact. This can be

done in many ways such as reducing materi-

al inputs, reengineering processes to reuse

by-products, improving management prac-

tices, and employing substitution of toxic

chemicals. Some smaller facilities are able to

actually get below regulatory thresholds just

by reducing pollutant releases through

aggressive pollution prevention policies.

Better operating practices such as maintain-

ing equipment to prevent failures, labeling

and dating containers to help identify the con-

tents and life expectancy, and keeping the

shop clean to prevent contamination of raw

materials, are all easy ways to reduce waste.

WASTE INKS AND SOLVENTS

Most press return inks can be recycled. One

recycling technique relies on blending waste

inks of different colors together to make

“black” ink. Small amounts of inks or black

toner may be needed to obtain an acceptable

color. Other inks of like colors can be blended

to maintain color consistency.

Improvements are continually being made

to make solvents less hazardous. Aqueous

solvents and other organic solvents that are

not hazardous wastes after use are often

good alternatives.

PREPRESS

Image-making most frequently involves

typesetting and photo developing. Typical

waste streams include: photographic chemi-

cals, paper and films, silver, and solid

wastes. Pollution prevention opportunities

during prepress include the following:

• implementing operational and work

practice changes that can extend the

life of chemical baths, reduce the

amount of chemicals used and reduce

wastewater generation;

• using chemical substitutes, such as non-

silver photographic films, which are

currently being developed;

• replacing the sometimes repetitive steps

of photographing, editing, reshooting,

and developing with electronic imaging

(including the capability to edit images

on a computer);

• developing inventory-control programs

that offer the advantage of reducing

spoilage of photo developing chemicals

and supplies such as paper and film.

Pollution Prevention Act

PRESS OPERATIONS

During printing, the image is transferred to

a substrate of paper or some other material.

Typical waste streams include: inks, sub-

strates and cleaning solutions. Pollution pre-

vention opportunities include:

• minimizing solvent losses by improving

housekeeping and utilizing better oper-

ating practices, such as covering reser-

voirs and containers, scheduling jobs

according to increasing darkness of ink

color, using wipes as long as possible,

and controlling inventory;

• reducing ink vaporization by using

diaphragm pumps which do not heat

ink as much as mechanical-vane pumps;

• recycling waste solvents on site or off

site. Segregation of solvents may allow

asecond use (e.g., for equipment clean-

ing or ink thinning);

• recycling of certain waste inks where

possible;

• recycling of product rejects where pos-

sible;

• using alternative ink and cleaning prod-

ucts with reduced VOC emissions.

Lowering the VOC emissions from

printing and press cleanup may be

accomplished using water-based inks

where possible and using low-VOC or

VOC-free cleaning solutions;

• using automatic cleaning equipment

which can often be retrofitted to exist-

ing presses and operations. Typically,

lower volumes of cleaning formulations

are applied with such cleaning equip-

ment. Air contact, and thus volatiliza-

tion, is thereby reduced, and most sys-

tems are designed to include recycling

and reuse of cleaning solutions;

• minimizing finished product rejects by

automating (non-contact) monitoring

technologies which detect tears in web

and press performance.

POST-PRESS OPERATIONS

The final steps in making a printed prod-

uct may involve folding, trimming, binding,

laminating and embossing. Typical waste

streams include: scrap substrate from trim-

ming, rejects from finishing operations, and

VOCs released from adhesives. Pollution

prevention opportunities include: collecting

and reclaiming recyclable materials; and

replacing VOC-based adhesives with water-

soluble adhesives (binding adhesives that

are not water-soluble may interfere with

later recycling), hot-melt adhesives or

mechanical methods in binding operations.

ENVIRONMENT AND SAFETY 29

30 FLEXOGRAPHY: PRINCIPLES & PRACTICES

ast amended in 1990, the Occu-

pational Safety and Health Act

(OSH Act) is meant to assure

safe and healthful working con-

ditions for working men and

women by:

• authorizing enforcement of the stan-

dards developed under the Act;

• assisting and encouraging the states in

their efforts to assure safe and healthful

working conditions;

• providing for research, information,

education, and training in the field of

occupational safety and health.

Employers are responsible under the OSH

Act to provide a workplace free from recog-

nized hazards that are causing or are likely

to cause death or serious physical harm to

its employees. Companies must comply with

all standards, rules and regulations issued by

Occupational Safety and Health Admini-

stration (OSHA) under the act. Copies of the

Occupational Safety

And Health Act

OSHA standards must be made available to

employees for review upon their request.

STATE PROGRAMS

The OSH Act encourages states to develop

and operate their own job safety and health

plans. OSHA approves and monitors these

state plans and provides up to 50% of an

approved plan’s operating costs. States must

set job safety and health standards which are

at least as effective as comparable federal

standards (most states adopt standards identi-

cal to federal ones). Twenty-three states or

jurisdictions operate complete state plans

covering both the private sector and state and

local government employees (Table 7). Tw o

others, Connecticut and New York, cover pub-

lic employees only. States with plans must

adopt standards comparable (but not neces-

sarily identical) to federal standards within six

months of promulgation of the federal stan-

dards. Until a state standard is promulgated,

OSHA will provide interim enforcement assis-

tance, as appropriate, in these states.

A fact sheet, State Job Safety and Health

Programs, (OSHA Program Highlights No.

15) is available through the OSHA Publi-

cations Office.

RECORD-KEEPING

Most employers with 11 or more employ-

15 OSHA Publications Office, Room N-3101, Frances Perkins Building, 200

Constitution Avenue, Washington DC 20210, (202) 219-4667.

Table 7

Alaska

Arizona

California

Connecticut

Hawaii

Indiana

Iowa

Kentucky

Maryland

Michigan

Minnesota

Nevada

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

Oregon

Puerto Rico

South Carolina

Tennessee

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Virgin Islands

Washington

Wyoming

STATES WITH APPROVED JOB

SAFETY AND HEALTH PLANS

ees are required to maintain records of occu-

pational injuries and illnesses as they occur.

Employers with 10 or fewer employees

and employers regardless of size in certain

industries are exempt from keeping such

records unless they are selected by the

Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) to partici-

pate in the annual survey of occupational

injuries and illnesses.

Two forms are needed for record-keeping:

OSHA No. 200, Log and Summary of

Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, and

OSHA No. 101, Supplementary Record of

Occupational Injuries and Illness. Employers

selected for the BLS survey receive a form,

OSHA 200S, in the mail.

Copies of OSHA record-keeping forms and

publications on the record-keeping require-

ment are available through the OSHA Publi-

cation Office. The publications are titled A

Brief Guide to Recordkeeping Requirements

for Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, and

Recordkeeping Requirements Under the

Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970.

OSHA POSTER

Every employer must post in a prominent

location in the workplace the Job Safety and

Health Protection workplace poster (OSHA

2203 or state equivalent) which informs

employees of their rights and responsibilities

under the Act. The poster may be obtained

through the OSHA Publications Office.

MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS

Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS’s) are

obtained from manufacturers or suppliers of

chemicals (see Appendix C for examples).

Employees are required by law to have

MSDS’s on hand for materials they use that

OSHA considers hazardous (capable of

causing harm or injury to workers under

normal use). Although they are not a uni-

form format and can vary in detail, they must

include the following information:

Section I: Material identification including

manufacturer name and address and the

chemical’s common name.

Section II: List of any hazardous ingredients

that comprise more than 1% of the chemical

and any carcinogenic ingredient that is more

than 0.1% of the chemical.

Section III: Physical properties of the chemi-

cal, including vapor density, specific gravity,

and evaporation rate.

Section IV: Fire and explosion information.

Section V: Stability of the product, as well

as reactivity data and special handling

procedures.

Section VI: Health hazard information (such

as whether it causes eye irritation, nausea,

headaches) and treatment.

Section VII: Spill leak, handling, storage and

disposal procedures.

Section VIII: Recommended safety equipment

for handling the chemical.

Section IX: Special precautions.

If the MSDS does not contain all informa-

tion needed for environmental or health rea-

sons, the supplier should be contacted

promptly. It makes good business sense to use

MSDS to evaluate a product before purchase.

HAZARD COMMUNICATION

The OSHA Hazard Communication Stand-

ard, issued in 1986, requires employers to

inform their workers of the potential dangers

of any chemical hazards on the job, and to

train them in proper safeguards. This includes

information on the hazards and identities of

chemicals they are exposed to when working

and the protective measures available to pre-

vent adverse effects.

Employers who use the chemicals, rather

than produce or import them, are not required

to evaluate the hazards of those chemicals.

Hazard determination is the responsibility of

the producers and importers of the materials,

ENVIRONMENT AND SAFETY 31

32 FLEXOGRAPHY: PRINCIPLES & PRACTICES

who then must provide the hazard informa-

tion to employers who purchase their prod-

ucts. All employers must have a written work-

place compliance program. Under the Act,

companies must:

• list all hazardous chemicals;

• maintain Material Safety Data Sheets

for each of those chemicals;

• label each container that contains those

chemicals;

• have ongoing employee safety training;

• have a hazardous communications pro-

gram written and implemented.

Chemicals are considered hazardous

based on their physical or health hazards.

Physical hazards include chemicals that are

flammable, combustible or explosive. Health

hazards include both acute or chronic effects

such as eye irritation or cancer.

Copies of the Hazard Communication

Standard and the publication, Chemical

Hazard Communication, (OSHA 3084

Revised) are available through the OSHA

Publications Office. Another publication,

Hazard Communication Guidelines for

Compliance, (OSHA 3111; GPO Order No.

029-016-00127-1) can be purchased from the

Superintendent of Documents, United States

Government Printing Office.

A compliance kit on the standard with

more detailed information and which can be

used for filing the employees hazard com-

munication and training programs, requests

for MSDS’s, and training or other records

can also be purchased from the Government

Printing Office. It is GPO Order No. 929-022-

00000-9 (OSHA 3104 Hazard Communication

Compliance Kit).

PERSONAL PROTECTION

EQUIPMENT

The OSH Act (29 CFR 1910.132-134) speci-

fies situations when personal protection

equipment (PPE) should be used. For exam-

ple, gloves and safety glasses are required

equipment when handling certain solvents

and inks. As mentioned above, these require-

ments should be listed on the chemical’s

labels. Emergency eye washes should be

installed in areas where eye irritants are han-

dled. If respirators are required, employees

must be properly trained and fit-tested. A res-

pirator program must be written showing

how respirators are selected.

Most press rooms are high noise areas. If

noise levels are equal to or exceed an 8-hour

time-weighted average of 85 decibels,

employers must administer a hearing conser-

vation program (29 CFR 1910.95).

HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM

The Hazardous Materials Identification

System (HMIS) standard labels are used on

chemicals to indicate the degree of physical

hazard using colors, numbers and symbols.

The label identifies the chemical and lists

hazard warnings (Figure

• Health hazards are indicated in the blue

area and are graded from 0H (minimal

hazard) to 4H (severe hazard).

• Flammability is indicated in the red

zone, with 4F indicating an extremely

flammable chemical, and 0F indicating

By using colors,

numbers and symbols,

the Hazardous Materials

Identification System

standard label identifies

the chemical and lists

hazard warnings.

Fire

Hazard

Health

Hazard

Specific

Hazard

Reactivity

chemicals which will not burn.

• Reactivity is indicated in the yellow area,

with 4R chemicals having the capability

to detonate or explode and 0R chemicals

being stable (not many chemicals used

in the printing industry are reactive).

Recommended equipment to wear when

handling a chemical is indicated in the white

area of a label using codes (Table 8) or sym-

bols (Figure

EQUIPMENT USE AND

LOCKOUT/TAGOUT

Belts, pulleys, sprockets and chains gears

and rollers are obvious danger points, so all

converting equipment must be properly

guarded. Most new equipment manufactur-

ers supply machines this way, but sometimes

there are in-house modifications made. If this

happens, they should include proper guards.

If a guard is removed for any reason, it must

be back in place before the machine starts up

again. Guards should always be given high

priority during periodic inspections.

All power hoists must be properly sized and

not overloaded. OSHA requires that the load

capacity of each hoist be conspicuously post-

ed. Indeed, this equipment should get the

same priority as guards during periodic

inspections.

The National Electrical Code (NEC) has

been adopted as part of the OSHA stan-

dards. When installing electrical equipment

in a hazardous area such as a press or ink

room all codes should be checked. It is nec-

essary to comply not only with local regula-

tions and insurance rules, but with OSHA’s

specific provisions for hazardous areas.

The OSHA lockout/tagout standard (29

CFR 1910.147) requires employers to estab-

lish an energy control program to prevent

unexpected energization or accidental

release of potentially hazardous energy dur-

ing servicing and maintenance activities on

machinery. Any time an employee performs

maintenance or service work, all of the

machine’s energy sources must be locked out

or tagged out. For a lockout, a lock or other

device must be used. A tagout is done with a

prominent sign and fastener. Programs must

be audited annually.

For printing, the exception is that setup

ENVIRONMENT AND SAFETY 33

h Hazardous Material

Identification System

labels may use a

combination of

letters and symbols to

indicate recommended

safety apparel.

Safety Glasses

Splash Goggles

Face Shield

Airline Hood or Mask

Gloves

Synthetic Apron

Dust Respirator

Vapor Respirator

Combination Dust and Vapor Respirator

Full Protective Suit

Boots

Ask your supervisor for specialized handling directions

Table 8

CODE RECOMMENDED PPE

SA dust respirator

SB synthetic gloves

SC synthetic gloves, apron and goggles

SF gloves and goggles

PPE CODES AND

RECOMMENDED EQUIPMENT