FTA (изд-во). Flexography: Principles And Practices. Vol.1-6
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Open Prepress Interface (OPI), 81
overprinting, 26
defined, 30
to avoid trapping, 31
P
paths
simplifying in illustrations, 34
PDF (portable document format), 79-80
plates, printing
distortion, 86-87
PostScript, 72, 78, 82
preflight, 61-62, 64
checklist, 62, 106
function, 74
process, 80-83
press characterization, 18-19, 131, 134, 136,
138, 141
press characterization target, 139
press optimization, 130
press proofs, 96, 138, 140
process color
defined, 111
gamut, 121
printing, 39, 91, 111, 141
specifying. 76
working with, 18, 43, 74, 82, 123, 133
proofing system see digital proofs, analog
proofs, press proofs
R
registration, see also trapping, 28-29, 31, 39,
86, 91, 99
rendering, 22
RGB image
converting to CMYK, 37, 38, 71, 72, 81,
122, 127-129
rosette, 90
rotating bitmap graphics, 37
run target, 142
S
scan resolution, 41, 43, 68-69
scan resolution calculation, 68
screen angle, 41, 43, 90, 91, 99, 102
screen characterization, 132
screening
AM, see conventional screening
combination, 91
FM, see stochastic screening
screen ruling, 36, 44, 68, 90, 102
and scanning resolution, 44, 68-69
selecting colors, 33
special effects, 54
spectrophotometer, 76, 88, 98, 99
spot color
converting to process, 46, 75-76
proofing, 93
specifying, 46, 75
working with, 28, 46-48, 53, 76, 132
stack press, 28
stochastic screening, 40, 68, 91
stripping, see job assembly
subtractive color, 114
substrates, 20
T
TAC, (total area coverage), 70
target proof, 93
thumbnail sketches, 22
tints, 77
trapping, 19, 26, 29, 47, 76, 86, 96, 100
U
UCR, (undercolor removal), 41, 53, 70
V
vector graphics, see object-oriented graph-
ics
vignettes, see blends
W
wide-web press, 28
workstations
open architecture, 85
proprietary, 85
PROCESS COLOR 149
FLEXOGRAPHY: PRINCIPLES & PRACTICES
Flexography: Principles & Practices
Foundation of Flexographic Technical Association, Inc.
900 Marconi Avenue, Ronkonkoma, NY 11779
TEL (516) 737-6020 FAX (516) 737-6813
Find us on the World Wide Web at:
http://www.fta-ffta.org
Copyright ®1999 by the Flexographic Technical Association, Inc.
and the Foundation of Flexographic Technical Association, Inc.
Fifth Edition
Notice of Liability:
All rights reserved. No portion of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in
any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or other-
wise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
Notice of Liability:
The information in this book is distributed on an “as is” basis, without warranty.
While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, neither the
authors nor the publisher shall have any liability to any person or entity with respects
to any loss, liability or damage caused or alleged to be caused, directly or indirectly by
the information presented in this book.
Published by the
Foundation of Flexographic Technical Association, Inc.
Printed in the United States of America.
VOLUME 3
ENVIRONMENT AND SAFETY
INTRODUCTION 3
CLEAN AIR ACT 3
National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone........... 5
Reducing Volatile Organic Compound Emissions.............. 6
Solvent Recovery.............................................................. 7
Oxidation........................................................................... 7
Low-VOC Inks and Solvents.......................................... 10
Title V Permitting Program.................................................. 10
New Source Review & Emission Offsets........................... 11
Hazardous Air Pollutants..................................................... 13
Ozone-Depleting Chemicals ................................................ 14
Impact on Small Business.................................................... 15
Small Business Assistance................................................... 15
TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT 16
RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND RECOVERY ACT 17
Listed Wastes......................................................................... 17
Characteristic Wastes........................................................... 18
Generator Status................................................................... 18
Transportation....................................................................... 19
Underground Storage Tank Management.......................... 20
Spills....................................................................................... 20
Shop Towels........................................................................... 20
Life Cycle of a Typical Printing Waste............................... 21
COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE,
COMPENSATION AND LIABILITY ACT 23
Hazardous Chemical Reporting.......................................... 23
Toxic Chemical Reporting................................................... 24
CLEAN WATER ACT 25
Wastewater Discharge.......................................................... 25
Discharge Requirements...................................................... 25
Storm Water Permits............................................................ 28
Silver Recovery..................................................................... 27
POLLUTION PREVENTION ACT 28
Waste Inks and Solvents...................................................... 28
Prepress.................................................................................. 28
Press Operations................................................................... 29
Post-Press Operations.......................................................... 29
Table of Contents
FLEXOGRAPHY: PRINCIPLES & PRACTICES
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT 30
State Programs...................................................................... 30
Recordkeeping ...................................................................... 30
OSHA Poster.......................................................................... 31
Material Safety Data Sheets ................................................ 31
Hazard Communication ....................................................... 31
Personal Protection Equipment.......................................... 32
Hazardous Materials Identification System....................... 32
Equipment Use and Lockout/Tagout.................................. 33
Facilities Plan........................................................................ 34
Consultation .......................................................................... 34
Training .................................................................................. 34
Inspections............................................................................. 35
SUMMARY 36
RESOURCES 37
D. Internet Addresses ......................................................... 37
E. Regional Offices of the
US Environmental Protection Agency,
US Department of Labor,
Occupational Safety and Health Administration........ 38
F. Other Government Office Telephone Numbers ......... 39
APPENDICES 40
A. List of Acronyms Used in this Chapter........................ 40
B. Sample Hazardous Waste Manifest.............................. 41
C. Sample Material Safety Data Sheets............................ 42
BAR CODES
INTRODUCTION 53
UNDERSTANDING BAR CODES,
THE LIFEBLOOD OF THE SUPPLY CHAIN 55
A QUICK COURSE ON COMMON BAR CODE SYMBOLOGIES 56
SYMBOL STRUCTURE, AN OVERVIEW 60
BAR CODE DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
AND FLEXOGRAPHIC PRINTING 63
BAR CODES IN THE DESIGN STAGE 64
Size Matters .......................................................................... 64
Color it Black ....................................................................... 65
Substrate Significance ......................................................... 66
Location, Location, Location .............................................. 66
Film Masters ......................................................................... 67
Digital Bar Code Cautions................................................... 68
BAR CODES IN THE PRESSROOM 70
A Corrugated Tip .................................................................. 70
Verification and Making the Grade .................................... 70
Verifying the Verifier .............................................................73
Roll with the Flow ................................................................73
Raising the Bar ......................................................................74
RESOURCES 75
QUALITY CONTROL
INTRODUCTION 79
Quality Control vs. Quality Assurance .............................. 79
Who is Responsible for Quality ......................................... 80
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITY 81
Customer ............................................................................... 81
Printer .................................................................................... 82
Supplier ................................................................................. 80
COMMITMENT TO QUALITY 83
Top Management .................................................................. 83
Middle Management ............................................................ 83
Operating Personnel ............................................................ 84
DEFINING THE RESPONSIBILITY OF
A QUALITY CONTROL DEPARTMENT 85
Basic Goals ........................................................................... 85
New Design Control ............................................................ 86
Capability Analysis .............................................................. 86
Incoming Raw Material Control ........................................ 86
Printing and Converting Process Control ......................... 87
Process Improvement Strategies ....................................... 88
THE ECONOMICS OF QUALITY IMPROVEMENT 90
Prevention Costs .................................................................. 90
Inspection and Appraisal Costs ......................................... 90
Internal Failure Costs .......................................................... 90
External Failure Costs ........................................................ 91
Quality Cost Strategies ........................................................ 91
THE PRINCIPLES OF TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT 92
Customer Focus: Internal and External ........................... 92
Involve the Entire Flexo Organization .............................. 93
Develop a Team Effort ........................................................ 93
Empower the Employees of the Flexo Company ........... 93
Work Toward Process Improvement
of the Entire Organization ............................................ 94
Benchmark Activities of the Organization ....................... 94
Partner with Suppliers and Customers ............................. 94
Reengineer Where Needed ................................................. 95
Measuring Quality so that it Can be Managed ................. 95
VOLUME 3
FLEXOGRAPHY: PRINCIPLES & PRACTICES
STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL 97
100% Inspection and Sampling ........................................... 97
Statistical Inspection and Sampling .................................. 97
Attributes and Variables ...................................................... 97
Military Standard (MIL-STD-105E) .................................... 98
TOOLS OF STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL 100
Flow Charts ........................................................................ 100
Cause and Effect Analysis ................................................ 100
Checksheets and Checklists ............................................. 103
Pareto Analysis .................................................................. 103
Run and Control Charts .................................................... 104
Histograms .......................................................................... 104
Scatter Diagrams ................................................................ 105
ELEMENTS OF PROCESS CONTROL IN FLEXOGRAPHY 106
Visual Inspection ................................................................ 106
Densitometry ...................................................................... 107
Spectrophotometry ............................................................ 107
UPC Verifiers ...................................................................... 107
ISO 9000 108
The ISO 9000 System ......................................................... 108
Implementation of ISO 9000 ............................................. 110
Standard Operating Procedures ...................................... 110
Benefits of ISO 9000 ......................................................... 110
Getting Started ................................................................... 112
MALCOLM BALDRIGE NATIONAL QUALITY AWARDS 113
Historical Background and Purpose ............................... 113
How the Award is Set up .................................................. 113
The MBNQA Evaluation
Categories, Items and Points ..................................... 114
Evaluation by Approach, Deployment and Results ...... 114
State and Local Quality Award Programs ..................... 114
BIBLIOGRAPHY 117
RESOURCES 119
Addresses of Organizations............................................... 119
Websites Related to Quality............................................... 120
APPENDICES 121
A. Measures of Central Tendency .................................... 121
B. Histograms ..................................................................... 122
C. Control Charts ............................................................... 123
INDEX 125
CHAPTER 1
Environment And Safety
FLEXOGRAPHY: PRINCIPLES & PRACTICES
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Author/Editor: Doreen Monteleone, FTA
Contributors: Can Bemi, Wolverine Corporation (Massachusetts)
Samuel Gilbert, Sun Chemical Corporation
Steven E. Rach, MEGTEC Systems
Linda Weglewski, Polyfibron Technologies, Inc.