Foyster E., Whatley C.A. A History of Everyday Life in Scotland, 1600-1800

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312 Annotated Bibliography

eighteenth century?’, in T. M. Devine (ed.), Conﬂ ict and Stability in Scottish

Society, 1700–1850 (Edinburgh, 1990), pp. 1–30. Varieties of protest and

disorder are explored in greater detail in C. A. Whatley, Scottish Society,

1707–1830: beyond Jacobitism, towards Industrialisation (Manchester, 2000).

For disorderliness on an everyday level, often the best sources, paradoxi-

cally, are kirk session minutes; the ubiquity of the disobedience they reveal

is partly captured in L. Leneman and R. Mitchison, Sin in the City: Sexuality

and Social Control in Urban Scotland, 1660–1780 (Edinburgh, 1998), the cov-

erage of which is wider than is suggested in the title.

CHAPTER 8: SENSORY EXPERIENCES: SMELLS, SOUNDS AND

TOUCH

This chapter is the ﬁ rst focused study of the senses in Scotland during this

period, and as such it is necessary to resort to works by historians examining

smells, sounds and touch in other geographical settings for further reading.

Their work can provide ideas of the kinds of sources and methods that prove

fruitful for research into the sensory past, and their arguments about the

development and meanings of sensory experiences gives the historiographi-

cal context to this chapter. The pioneering studies of the history of smell

were C. Classen, D. Howes and A. Synnott, Aroma: The Cultural History of

Smell (London, 1984) and A. Corbin, The Foul and the Fragrant: Odor and the

French Imagination (Cambridge, MA, 1986). Since then, Constance Classen

has published Worlds of Sense: Exploring the Senses in History and Across

Cultures (London, 1993) and Emily Cockayne has written Hubbub: Filth,

Noise and Stench in England 1600–1770 (New Haven, CT, 2007). Cockayne’s

chapter 5 on noise is especially inspiring, although her study mainly focuses

on urban areas, and London in particular. Mark S. R. Jenner’s work on

smells has been very inﬂ uential, and includes ‘Civilization and deodoriza-

tion? Smell in early modern English culture’, in P. Burke, B. Harrison and

P. Slack (eds), Civil Histories: Essays Presented to Sir Keith Thomas (Oxford,

2000), pp. 127–44. For introductions to the history of sound in this period,

see, B. R. Smith, The Acoustic World of Early Modern England: Attending

to the O-Factor (Chicago, 1999) and D. Garrioch, ‘Sounds of the city: the

soundscape of early modern European towns’, Urban History 30:1 (2003),

5–25. Touch is the sense probably least explored by early modern histori-

ans, although the exploration of the signiﬁ cance of one form of touch in K.

Harvey (ed.), The Kiss in History (Manchester, 2005), will hopefully inspire

future research. The collection of essays in E. D. Harvey (ed.), Sensible Flesh:

On Touch in Early Modern Culture (Philadelphia, PA, 2003) and especially

the Introduction by the editor, may provoke ideas. Possibly the most useful

source of primary material for this chapter was travellers’ accounts. A good

printed collection of these is found in P. Hume Brown (ed.), Early Travellers

in Scotland (Edinburgh, 1891).

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Annotated Bibliography 313

CHAPTER 9: BELIEFS, RELIGIONS, FEARS AND NEUROSES

This chapter examines a range of fears – general and speciﬁ c – that were

experienced during this period and draws on a selection of material which

covers both the social and economic history, and the history of the church,

in Scotland. Works about the church include M. Lee, The Road to Revolution:

Scotland under Charles I, 1625–37 (Urbana, IL, 1985); D. Mullan, Scottish

Puritanism, 1590–1638 (Oxford, 1998); D. Stevenson, The Scottish Revolution,

1637–44 and Revolution and Counter-Revolution, 1644–51 (Edinburgh, 2003).

M. Todd’s The Culture of Protestantism and Early-Modern Scotland (New

Haven, CT, 2002) and M. Graham’s The Uses of Reform: ‘Godly Discipline’

and Popular Behavior in Scotland and Beyond, 1560–1610 (Leiden, 1996) both

cover the church and its inﬂ uence on popular behaviour and practice. For

works related to European belief and witchcraft S. Clark, Thinking with

Demons: The Idea of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe (Oxford, 1997) is

extremely valuable and thought provoking and K. Thomas, Religion and the

Decline of Magic (London, 1971), although somewhat older, is still useful.

S. Wilson, The Magical Universe: Everyday Ritual and Magic in Pre-Modern

Europe (London, 2002) provides an extensive range of comparative material

about the magical universe inhabited by European society and the beliefs

and rituals which were used as a means to control it. The collection of essays

in J. Goodare (ed.), The Scottish Witch-Hunt in Context (Manchester, 2002)

and, particularly, J. Goodare, L. Martin and J. Miller (eds), Witchcraft and

Belief in Early-Modern Scotland (Basingstoke, 2008) offer a number of new

theories and interpretation about witchcraft and its practice in Scotland. As

this chapter is primarily about fear, the essays in W. Naphy and P. Roberts

(eds), Fear in Early Modern Society (Manchester, 1997) provide interesting

discussions about different manifestations and causes of anxieties.

CHAPTER 10: MOVEMENT, TRANSPORT AND TRAVEL

Movement is such a pervasive element to life and living that it is difﬁ cult to

ﬁ nd any work relating to this period where it does not feature either directly

or indirectly as a main theme or as a backcloth. The difﬁ culties of travel

within Scotland have long been taken as given, thanks in no small measure to

the contributors in the late eighteenth century to Sir John Sinclair’s Statistical

Account of Scotland, and the county General Surveys of Agriculture, anxious to

highlight both what was being done and what needed to be done. There is

much of great eyewitness value in these accounts. But work such as John G.

Harrison’s, ‘Improving the roads and bridges of the Stirling area c. 1660–

1706’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries, 135 (2005), on the situation in

the Stirling area has provided a valuable corrective to the assumed picture

of a system which was unimproved and a failure. Local and regional histo-

rians have, in fact, regularly taken up the challenge of exploring transport

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314 Annotated Bibliography

change at the local level, as with John Patrick’s pamphlet on The Coming of

Turnpikes to Aberdeenshire (Aberdeen, 1985). There are the topical enthusi-

asts for Highland bridges (Gillian Nelson), or ferries (Linda Chapman), or

canals: see, for example, the recent study of Len Paterson, From Sea to Sea,

The History of the Scottish Lowland and Highland Canals (Glasgow 2006). The

older work of A. R. B. Haldane on the Drove Roads of Scotland (1968) and

the Scottish Posts (1971) is still worth respect and consideration. A helpful

synthesis which brought together in accessible form writing on transport in

Scotland was Anne Gordon’s, To Move with the Times (Aberdeen, 1988); a

new and updated edition would be welcome.

Since the 1970s, transport history as such has rather fallen out of favour

within the academic community, though not with the wider historical com-

munity, but important work has been done on the ﬂ ows of migration for

work and, indeed, for pleasure. Ian D. Whyte’s study of population mobil-

ity in early modern Scotland is valuable in highlighting the extent to which

people did move. Emigration has, of course, always been in the spotlight,

and both it and migration understandably feature to effect in the pioneering,

if now dated, opus edited by Michael Finn and others, Scottish Population

History (Cambridge 1977). Travellers’ accounts, of which there are many,

are vital in opening a window on the realities of travel, though they can

be treated with too much respect. John Allan’s journeying in the 1690s, as

caught in his diary through John Barrett’s transcription (Kinloss, 2004) is

particularly valuable in terms of place, time of year and experience, made

all the more signiﬁ cant in that he wrote only for himself and not for a wider

audience. A good taster is P. Hume Brown (ed.), Early Travellers in Scotland

(Edinburgh 1891, Edinburgh 1978). But there are many others.

CHAPTER 11: WORK, TIME AND PASTIMES

The classic account of the transition from pre-industrial work to the work

regime that accompanied the Industrial Revolution is E. P. Thompson’s

‘Time, work-discipline and industrial capitalism’, ﬁ rst published in 1967

and reprinted in his Customs in Common (London, 1991). Other seminal

works that contain little or no Scottish material but which provide essential

background for anyone wishing to explore the nature of work and worker

attitudes generally, include C. R. Dobson, Masters and Journeymen: A

Prehistory of Industrial Relations 1717–1800 (London, 1980) and J. Rule, The

Experience of Labour in Eighteenth-Century Industry (London, 1981). A splen-

did Scottish equivalent is W. H. Fraser, Conﬂ ict and Class: Scottish Workers

1700–1838 (Edinburgh, 1988). An invaluable source on working hours, and

the irregularity of work – and pay – not only for the eighteenth century but

earlier too (about which much less is known), see A. J. S. Gibson and T. C.

Smout, Prices, Food and Wages in Scotland, 1550–1780 (Cambridge,1995).

Speciﬁ cally on women, see E. Sanderson, Women and Work in Eighteenth-

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Annotated Bibliography 315

Century Edinburgh (Houndmills, 1996), and C. A. Whatley, ‘Women and

the economic transformation of Scotland, c. 1730–1830’, Scottish Economic

& Social History, 14 (1994), 19–40. For a gendered approach to the subject,

which covers a longer period, see D. Simonton, ‘Work, trade and com-

merce’, in L. Abrams, E. Gordon, D. Simonton and E. J. Yeo (eds), Gender

in Scottish History since 1700 (Edinburgh, 2006), pp. 199–234. Some of the

challenges for Scottish employers in moulding an army of obedient, sober,

regularly attending, workers are highlighted in R. A. Houston’s seminal

‘Coal, class and culture: labour relations in a Scottish mining community,

1650–1750’, Social History, 8:1 (1983), 1–18. In the English context the assault

on leisure and the impact of this on the experience of work is systematically

examined in H.-J. Voth, Time and Work in England 1750–1830 (Oxford,

2000). On aspects of leisure activity in the period 1600–1800, a good start can

be made in J. Burnett, Riot, Revelry and Rout: Sport in Lowland Scotland before

1860 (East Linton, 2000).

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Notes on the Contributors

Helen M. Dingwall is an Honorary Lecturer (formerly Senior Lecturer)

in the Department of History, University of Stirling. She is author of Late-

Seventeenth Century Edinburgh: A Demographic Study (Aldershot, 1994);

Physicians, Surgeons and Apothecaries: Medical Practice in Seventeenth-Century

Edinburgh (East Linton, 1995); A History of Scottish Medicine: Themes and

Inﬂ uences (Edinburgh, 2003) and A Famous and Flourishing Society: History of

the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh 1505–2005 (Edinburgh, 2005).

Robert Dodgshon was Gregynog Professor of Human Geography in the

Institute of Geography and Earth Science at the University of Wales,

Aberystwyth until his retirement in 2008. Between 1998 and 2003, he served

as Director of the Institute. In 2002, he was elected a Fellow of the British

Academy. He has researched extensively on the history of the Scottish

countryside, producing books that include Land and Society in Early Scotland

(Oxford, 1981) and From Chiefs to Landlords (Edinburgh, 1998). Currently, he

is preparing a text on the history of landscape in the Highlands and Islands

for publication and is working on a Leverhulme-funded project on European

mountain communities, 1500–1900.

Alastair Durie, formerly of Glasgow University, is now a part-time teaching

fellow at the University of Stirling, with continuing research and publication

activity in the ﬁ elds of tourism, medical and sports history, dealing with such

topics as the spas and the seaside, golf and grouse. Among his publications is

Scotland for the Holidays. Tourism in Scotland 1780–1939 (East Linton, 2003),

to which he is currently writing a sequel on tourism from 1939 to 2000.

Elizabeth Foyster is a Senior College Lecturer in History and Fellow of

Clare College, Cambridge. She is the author of Manhood in Early Modern

England: Honour, Sex and Marriage (Harlow, 1999), and Marital Violence:

An English Family History 1660–1857 (Cambridge, 2005). She is the editor,

with Helen Berry, of The Family in Early Modern England (Cambridge, 2007),

and is the editor, with James Marten, of the forthcoming series for Berg, A

Cultural History of Childhood and Family.

Bob Harris is a Fellow in History of Worcester College, Oxford. His main

publications include Politics and the Rise of the Press: Britain and France

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Notes on the Contributors 317

1620–1800 (London, 1996), Politics and the Nation: Britain in the Mid

Eighteenth Century (Oxford, 2002) and The Scottish People and the French

Revolution (2008). He is currently working (with Christopher Whatley and

Charles McKean) on an AHRC-funded project on smaller Scottish towns

in the age of the Enlightenment, as well as on a social and cultural history

of gambling in the British Isles and British empire in the ‘long eighteenth

century’.

Charles McKean is Professor of Scottish Architectural History, Department

of History, University of Dundee. He is a frequent consultant on historic

buildings and towns, and is a member of two of Historic Scotland’s Burgh

Survey teams. He has published over ﬁ fty articles and chapters in books,

many on the architecture, gardens, culture and conservation of the Scottish

Renaissance, and his twenty-two books include Fight Blight (London,

1977), The Scottish Thirties (Edinburgh, 1987), Edinburgh – Portrait of a City

(London, 1992), The Making of the Museum of Scotland (Edinburgh, 2000),

The Scottish Château (Stroud, 2001) and Battle for the North (London, 2006).

With Bob Harris and Christopher Whatley, he is currently working on the

AHRC–funded project studying the smaller Scottish town in the Age of the

Enlightenment.

Joyce Miller completed her Ph.D. at the University of Stirling in 1999, and

was then a Research Fellow for the Survey of Scottish Witchcraft based

at the University of Edinburgh. She has written several popular books on

Scottish history and magic and belief, including Magic and Witchcraft in

Scotland (Musselburgh, 2004), and a number of articles on magical healing

practices associated with witchcraft and the appearance of the devil in witch-

craft narrative. She currently teaches a number of courses at the universities

of Stirling and Edinburgh, and is an historical researcher for an Edinburgh-

based oral history/reminiscence organisation.

Stana Nenadic is Senior Lecturer in Social History at the University of

Edinburgh. Her research is mainly concerned with the middle classes and

elites in Britain in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. She also has

an interest in material culture. She is the author of Lairds and Luxury: the

Highland Gentry in Eighteenth Century Scotland (Edinburgh, 2007) and was

the editor of Scottish Economic and Social History from 1998 to 2002. Her

current project is concerned with professionals in London and Edinburgh,

1750–1800.

Deborah A. Symonds is Professor of History at Drake University, where

she teaches European, women’s and world history. She has written Weep Not

for Me: Women, Ballads, and Infanticide in Early Modern Scotland (University

Park, PA, 1997) and Notorious Murders, Black Lanterns, and Moveable Goods:

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318 Notes on the Contributors

The Transformation of Edinburgh’s Underworld in the Early Nineteenth Century

(Akron, OH, 2007). She prefers to work from the records of Scotland’s High

Court of Justiciary when possible, although she is currently editing some of

the unpublished work of her mentor, Elizabeth Fox-Genovese.

Christopher A. Whatley is Professor of Scottish History at the University of

Dundee, where he is also Vice Principal and Head of the College of Arts and

Social Sciences. He is a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society and a Fellow

of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His main publications include The Scots

and the Union (Edinburgh, 2006, 2007), Scottish Society, 1707–1830: Beyond

Jacobitism, towards Industrialisation (Manchester, 2000), and The Industrial

Revolution in Scotland (Cambridge, 1997). He is currently working (with Bob

Harris and Charles McKean) on an AHRC-funded research project into the

smaller Scottish towns during the Age of the Enlightenment.

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Index

Aberchirder, 72

Aberdeen

Bon Accord Square, 76 Fig. 2.15

Inﬁ rmary, 120

Aberfeldy, 77

academies, 169, 170

accent, 17, 166–7, 220

adultery, 92, 196, 205

agriculture

agricultural revolution, 8

improvements, xiii

market economy, 103, 285