Fowler A. Mathematical Geoscience
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880 Index
Precipitation, 436, 824, 829
Pressure seals, 452
Pressure solution, 445, 452
Pyroclastic flow, 598
Pyroxene, 545
Q
Quartz, 437, 545
Quartz diorite, 544
Quasi-geostrophic potential vorticity equation,
164, 168, 212, 218
R
Radiation, 65
emission, 67
infra-red, 69
intensity, 66
short-wave, 68
Radiative
energy balance, 706
heat flux, 73, 143
heat transfer, 66, 119
heat transfer equation, 68
Radioactive heating, 469
Rainsplash, 331
Rapid flow, 225
Rayleigh equation, 807
Rayleigh number, 467, 471, 589, 615
compositional, 590, 615
critical value, 475
Rayleigh–Bénard convection, 469, 524
Reaction–diffusion equations, 41, 54, 685, 704
Redox reactions, 423
Regelation, 603, 655
Regolith, 332
Relative permeability, 400
tensor, 414
Relative saturation, 398
Relaxation oscillations, 8
Reservoir zone, 682
Resonance, 14
Respiration, 423
Response diagram, 15
Resurfacing, 468
Retardation factor, 422
Rexco, 428, 451
Reynolds equation, 800
Reynolds number, 224, 388, 799
turbulent, 286
Reynolds stress, 224, 295, 390, 801
Rheology
of till, 622, 661, 724
viscoelastic, 517
viscoplastic, 519
Rhodinia, 93
Rhum intrusion, 594
Rhyolite, 540
Ribbed moraine, 686
Richards equation, 399
Richardson, Lewis Fry, 212
Rills, 354
Ripples, 270
River networks, 333
Rivers, 223
braided, 268
patterns in, 267
Rivulets, 354
Rock
acid, 540, 544
basic, 540, 544
felsic, 544
igneous, 387, 539
mafic, 466, 544
metamorphic, 387, 539
sedimentary, 387, 539
silicate, 539
Rogen moraine, 686
Roll waves, 237, 238, 256
Ronne–Filchner ice shelf, 633
Roscoe yield surface, 518
Ross ice shelf, 633
Rossby number, 151, 157
Röthlisberger channels, 620, 661
open channel flow, 782
Rouse number, 805
Rum intrusion, 594, 605
Rumford, Count, 524
S
Salt fingers, 590, 604
Sand, 387
Sandstone, 387, 436, 539
Saprolite, 332
Saturation vapour pressure, 82, 706, 825
Scale height, 76
Scaling, 5
for glaciers, 717
for ice cauldron collapse, 760
for Liesegang rings, 831
Scattering, 67, 74, 124
Mie, 75
Rayleigh, 75, 119
Schuster–Schwarzschild approximation, 72
Schwarzschild–Milne integral equation, 793
Seasonal waves, 619, 678
Second stress invariant, 627
Secular terms, 478
Index 881
Sediment deposition, 804
Sediment transport, 273, 317, 335
Sedimentary basins, 436, 444
Seiches, 200
Seine, 248
Seligman, Gerald, 718
Separation, 308, 322
Severn bore, 248
Shadowing function, 664
Shale, 387, 436, 539
Shallow ice approximation, 626, 628
for glaciers, 626
for ice sheets, 631
for ice shelves, 647
for ice streams, 668
Shallow water theory, 628
Shaw, John, 726
Shear force, 763
Shear layer, 302
for ice sheet, 641
Sheetwash, 331
Shields stress, 273, 336
Shock, 20, 228, 588, 677
Shock structure, 25, 232, 255, 402
for glacier surface waves, 735
Short wave approximation, 231
Side-branching, 371
Sierpinski gasket, 333
Silica, 539
Silt, 331, 387
Silver dichromate, 604, 829
Silver nitrate, 829
Similarity solution, 29, 404
delamination layer, 507
for ice beam, 769
Sine-Gordon equation, 58
Singular perturbation, 55, 144, 168, 189, 247,
255, 340, 354, 363, 370, 408, 491,
752, 766, 771, 784
Siple Coast, 624, 671, 682, 684
Skaergaard intrusion, 591, 604
Skeiðarárjökull, 742
Skin stress, 515
Slab stress, 510
Sliding law, 618, 655
Sliding velocity, 630, 634
Smectite, 436
Smith–Bretherton theory, 372
Snow avalanche, 599
Snow melting, 401
Snowball Earth, 108, 121, 618
Soil, 387
Solid angle, 66
Solid solution, 546, 551
Solitary waves, 45
Solitons, 28, 54
Solubility, 115
Solubility limit, 439
Solvability condition, 485
Solvus, 547
Sparks, Steve, 603
Specific heat, 819
Specific surface area, 437
Spherical polar coordinates, 148
Spherical trigonometry, 195
Spinel, 530
St. Alban’s, 432, 451
St. Venant equations, 230, 334
Stagnant lid, 502
Stefan condition, 568
Stefan number, 155, 587, 602
Stefan problem, 585
Stefan–Boltzmann constant, 66
Stefan’s law, 145
Stokes equations, 650
Stokes lines, 351, 810
Stokes settling velocity, 275
Stommel box model, 104, 120
Strained coordinates, method of, 209, 675, 718
Stratopause, 76
Stratosphere, 75
Stream power, 701
Stress corrosion, 576
Stress intensity factor, 575
Strombolian burp, 598
Strong seal, 754
Strouhal number, 198
Sturm–Liouville form, 732
Sub-characteristics, 6, 247
Sub-temperate sliding, 634
Subcritical crack propagation, 576
Subcritical flow, 265
Subduction, 468, 517, 519, 528
partial melting, 542
Subglacial floods, 101
Subglacial hydrology, 618
Sublimation, 706
Sulphate, 432
Summation convention, 627
Supercritical flow, 265
Superplumes, 531, 599
Supersaturation, 830
Surface energy, 826, 828
Surface roughness layer, 296
Surface tension, 32, 826
Surface waves, 618
882 Index
Surges, 619, 673, 680, 719
Suspended load, 273
T
Taylor dispersion, 416, 451
Tectonic uplift, 332
Temperate
ice, 646
sliding, 635
Temperature inversion, 81
Tension, 763
Thermal boundary layer, 492, 499
for ice sheets, 639
Thermal expansion coefficient, 469
Thermal plume, 489
Thermal runaway, 35
for ice sheets, 645, 719
Thermal wind, 165
Thermodynamic equilibrium, 566
Thermodynamics, 817
intensive and extensive variables, 817
Thermosphere, 76
Tidal bores, 248, 257
Tidal equations, 194
Tides, 193, 198, 212
Tidewater glaciers, 625
Till, 621, 693
Time scale, 339
Tortuosity, 410
Trace elements, 556
Trade winds, 65
Tranquil flow, 225
Trapridge Glacier, 621
Triple point, 154, 706
Tropopause, 76
Troposphere, 75, 139
Trough formation, 713
Tsien Tang, 248
Tsunamis, 193, 205
Tunnel valleys, 701
Turbidity currents, 593, 599
Turbulence, 53, 80, 106, 141, 213, 223, 273,
292, 318, 390, 799
transition to, 799
weak, 524
Turing instability, 48
Two-phase flow, 57, 212, 406, 445, 558, 597,
605
annular, 597
bubbly, 597
churn, 598
slug, 597
Taylor bubbles, 597
U
Undercooling, 583
Undular bores, 257
Unsaturated zone, 388, 398
V
Vadose zone, 388
Van der Pol oscillator, 52, 56
Van der Waals force, 827
Vaporus, 825
Variational principle, 36
Variegated Glacier, 620, 680
Vatnajökull, 626, 741
Vector potential, 479
Venus, 468, 541
coronae, 523
resurfacing, 521
surface features, 521
tectonics on, 521
Vernagtferner, 719
Vesuvius, 598
Villarrica volcano, 598
Viscosity
of basalt, 540, 596
of Earth’s mantle, 467
of ice, 617
of polycrystalline rocks, 496
of rhyolite, 540, 596
temperature-dependent, 468
Viscous dissipation, 820
Viscous droplet, 31, 617
Void fraction, 597
Void ratio, 442
Volatile exsolution, 110, 597
Volcanic eruptions, 596
effusive, 596
Hawaiian, 541, 596
Plinian, 541, 596, 598
Strombolian, 541, 596, 597
Vulcanian, 596
Volcanism
back-arc, 463
Volcanoes, 605
Von Kármán, 293
Von Mises transformation, 492, 640
W
Waiting time, 33
Water table, 388
Wave ogives, 619
Wavelength selection, 246
Waves, 18, 235
gravity, 160
Index 883
Waves (cont.)
Kelvin, 160
kinematic, 619
nonlinear, 19, 237
on glaciers, 673, 718
Poincaré, 160
Rossby, 65, 175
seasonal, 619, 678
sound, 160
spiral, 55, 61, 704
travelling, 26, 41, 239, 588
Weak seal, 754
Weak solubility limit, 436, 452
Weathering, 110, 331, 387
Weertman film, 634
Weertman’s law, 659
Wegener, Alfred, 464, 525
Well-posedness, 290
West Antarctic Ice Sheet, 625
Westerly wind, 140
Western boundary current, 188
Wet adiabat, 81, 128
Wetting phase, 399
Whillans ice stream, 624
Whitham, Gerry, 718
Wind driven circulation, 140, 182
WKB approximation, 347, 373
turning point analysis, 348
Wollastonite, 110
Worster, Grae, 604
Y
Yield stress, 517, 593
for till, 693
Younger Dryas, 102
Yucatán peninsula, 599
Z
Zonal flow, 65, 140, 173