Fisher John P. e.a. (ed.) Tissue Engineering
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33-18 Tissue Engineering
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[112] Liu, Y. et al., Immunosuppressant-free allotransplantation of the trachea: the antigenicity of
tracheal grafts can be reduced by removing the epithelium and mixed glands from the graft by
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[113] Liu, Y. et al., A new tracheal bioartificial organ: evaluation of a tracheal allograft with minimal
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circumferential rat tracheal allografts, Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg., 124, 481, 2001.
[115] Genden, E.M. et al., Orthotopic tracheal allografts undergo reepithelialization with recipient-
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[116] Vacanti, C.A. et al., Experimental tracheal replacement using tissue-engineered cartilage, J. Pediatr.
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[117] Kojima, K. et al., Autologous tissue-engineered trachea with sheep nasal chondrocytes, J. Thorac.
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trachea, Ann. Thorac. Surg., 76, 1884, 2003.
[120] Sakata, J. et al., Tracheal composites tissue engineered from chondrocytes, tracheal epithelial cells,
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[121] Terzaghi, M., Nettesheim, P., and Williams, M.L., Repopulation of denuded tracheal grafts with
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[122] Engelhardt, J.F., Allen, E.D., and Wilson, J.M., Reconstitution of tracheal grafts with a genetically
modified epithelium, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 88, 11192, 1991.
[123] Johnson, N.F. and Hubbs, A.F., Epithelial progenitor cells in the rat trachea, Am. J. Respir. Cell
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[124] Engelhardt, J.F., Yankaskas, J.R., and Wilson, J.M., In vivo retroviral gene transfer into human
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[125] Dupuit, F. et al., Differentiated and functional human airway epithelium regeneration in tracheal
xenografts, Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol., 278, L165, 2000.
[126] Rainer, C. et al., Transplantation of tracheal epithelial cells onto a prefabricated capsule pouch
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[127] Kojima, K. et al., A composite tissue-engineered trachea using sheep nasal chondrocyte and
epithelial cells, FASEB J., 17, 823, 2003.
[128] Fuchs, J.R. et al., Fetal tissue engineering: in utero tracheal augmentation in an ovine model,
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[129] Erices, A., Conget, P., and Minguell, J.J., Mesenchymal progenitor cells in human umbilical cord
blood, Br. J. Haematol., 109, 235, 2000.
[130] Erices, A.A. et al., Human cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells home and survive in the
marrow of immunodeficient mice after systemic infusion, Cell Transplant, 12, 555, 2003.
[131] Erickson, G.R. et al., Chondrogenic potential of adipose tissue-derived stromal cells in vitro and
in vivo, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 290, 763, 2002.
[132] Zvaifler, N.J. et al., Mesenchymal precursor cells in the blood of normal individuals, Arthr. Res.,2,
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[133] Wexler, S.A. et al., Adult bone marrow is a rich source of human mesenchymal “stem” cells but
umbilical cord and mobilized adult blood are not, Br. J. Haematol., 121, 368, 2003.
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Tracheal Tissue Engineering 33-19
[134] Pittenger, M.F. et al., Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells, Science, 284,
143, 1999.
[135] Barry, F. et al., Chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow:
differentiation-dependent gene expression of matrix components, Exp. Cell Res., 268, 189, 2001.
[136] Le Visage, C., Dunham, B., Flint, P., and Leong, K.W., Co-culture of mesenchymal stem cells and
respiratory epithelial cells to engineer a human composite respiratory mucosa, Tissue Eng., 10,
1426–35, 2004.
[137] Kim, J. et al., Replacement of a tracheal defect with a tissue-engineered prosthesis: early results
from animal experiments, J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., 128, 124, 2004.
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mikos: “index” — 2007/4/9 — 17:48 — page1—#1
Index
Note:Pagenumbersinitalics refer to figures and tables
A
Acellular nerve matrix, 19-4
Acellular skin substitutes,
18-4
Acellular tissue matrices, 29-3
Acetaminophen, 30-7
AcM NPV virus, 14-3
Actomyosin, 4-2
Adeno-associated virus (AAV),
14-3
Adjunct internal liver support,
30-13
hepatocyte transplantation,
30-2
hepatocytes, encapsulated,
30-3
implantable devices, 30-2–30-3
Adsorption, 3-12, 13-14
Agarose, 8-2, 19-8, 22-4–22-5
Aggrecanases, 3-10
Airway epithelium, 33-2–33-3,
33-4, 33-13
Albumin, 8-5, 9-8, 13-10, 30-5,
30-6, 30-8
Alginate, 8-2–8-3, 13-11, 13-13,
14-5, 22-5, 23-17, 29-3,
29-10
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP),
15-8, 16-6, 21-2
AlloDerm
®
, 18-3, 18-4, 25-6,
25-14
Allogeneic cellular skin
substitutes, 18-4–18-5
Allograft, 19-3–19-4, 20-8–20-9,
21-8, 28-1–28-2, 33-7
Alumoxane nanocomposites,
functionalized, 11-3–11-4
Ameloblasts, 32-4
Ammonia removal, by glutamine
synthesis, 30-7
Amorphous Ca-P (ACP), 9-2–9-3
Anchorage-dependent cells,
30-11
cytoskeletal tension, 4-2–4-4
Animal models, for orthopedic
implant evaluation, 16-1
animals, for research,
16-2–16-3
biocompatibility, 16-3
biodegradation, 16-3–16-4
chondrogenesis, 16-5
experimental studies
design, 16-5–16-6
evaluation methods, 16-6
osteogenesis, 16-4–16-5
selection, 16-2
Anisotropy, 27-3, 27-11–27-13
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL),
15-11–15-12, 20-9–20-10
Antisense RNA, 14-2
Aortic valve, 28-2, 28-3–28-4,
28-13
Apical vesicles, 3-8
Apligraf
®
, 18-3, 18-4
Arginine–glutamic acid–aspartic
acid–valine (REDV), 3-7,
3-11, 5-7
Arginine–glycine–aspartate
(RGD) sequence, 3-7,
3-11–3-12, 5-6–5-7,
19-8–19-10
Articular cartilage, 3-6, 15-10,
15-11, 16-5, 20-8, 22-6,
22-7–22-8
Articular disorders
articular cartilage, 20-8
ligaments, 20-9–20-10
meniscus, 20-8–20-9
Articular tissue, 23-7, 23-8
Astrocyte, 19-9, 19-10, 19-12
Atrioventricular valve, 28-2, 28-3,
28-13–28-14
Autocrine effect, 7-7
Autogenous grafting techniques,
23-10–23-11
Autograft, 18-2, 18-7, 19-3, 21-8,
33-6–33-7
Autoimmunity, 7-10
Autologous chondrocyte
transplantation (ACT),
22-2, 29-10
B
Basal cells, 33-4
Basal lamina, see Basement
membranes
Basement membranes, 3-2–3-4,
3-7, 3-8, 18-4, 18-7, 19-8,
21-10, 33-4, 33-5, 33-11
Basic fibroblast growth factor
(b-FGF), 6-4,
19-10–19-11
Bioadhesive materials, 10-2–10-3
Bioartificial esophagus, 25-15
Bioartificial livers, 30-6–30-13
bioreactor designs, for
hepatocyes, 30-9–30-12
long-term hepatocyte culture
systems, 30-6–30-9
potential sources, of cells,
30-12–30-13
techniques for preservation,
30-13
Biobrane
®
, 18-3, 18-4
Biocompatibility, 7-4, 8-11, 16-3,
21-9, 26-6
evaluation, 16-6
Biocoral
®
, 9-6
I-1
mikos: “index” — 2007/4/9 — 17:48 — page2—#2
I-2 Index
Biodegradation, 8-12, 11-1, 11-3,
13-10, 13-11, 16-3–16-4,
19-11, 19-13, 21-9, 22-5,
25-5, 27-8
Biological delivery methods, for
gene delivery, 14-3–14-4
Biologics, 17-9
definition, 17-4
Biologics license application
(BLA), 17-8, 17-9
Biomaterials, 7-9, 9-8, 16-3, 19-4,
21-8, 21-9, 25-6
cell adhesion, 5-5–5-11
effect, on physiological
behavior, 5-11
measurement, 5-7–5-11
natural Ca-P, 9-6
naturally derived, 24-6
types, 29-2–29-3
Biomimetic approach, for cell
adhesion regulation,
5-6–5-7
Biomimetic materials, 6-1, 6-5,
13-9
bioadhesive materials,
10-2–10-3
and ECMs, 10-1–10-2
protease-degradable materials,
10-3–10-4
Bio-oss
®
, 9-6
Bioreactors, 15-1, 25-5, 27-8,
28-10–28-12
applications, in functional
tissues, 15-5–15-13
anterior cruciate ligament
and tendons,
15-11–15-12
bone, 15-7–15-10
cardiovascular system tissue,
15-5–15-7
cartilage, 15-10–15-11
cell seeding, 15-4–15-5
challenges, 15-13–15-14
designing, 15-13
hepatocyes, designs for,
30-9–30-12
hollow-fiber systems, 30-11
minimum cell mass and
functional capacity,
30-10
oxygen transport issues,
30-10–30-11
parallel plate systems,
30-11–30-12
mechanical conditioning,
25-15–25-18, 26-8
perfusion chambers and flow
perfusion systems, 15-4
rotating-wall vessels,
15-3–15-4
spinner flask, 15-3
Bladder, 24-2–24-3, 24-7, 29-5
replacement, using tissue
engineering, 29-6–29-7
tissue formation ex situ,
29-5–29-6
Bone, 15-7–15-10, 15-14, 23-2,
23-17–23-18
biology, 21-1–21-3
calcium phosphate (Ca-P)
ceramics, 9-1
defects, clinical reconstruction
of, 21-9–21-12
formation, 1-3, 2-2, 9-8, 9-9,
20-6–20-7, 21-1, 21-4
scaffold, ideal, 21-8–21-9
signaling molecules
gene therapy, 21-8
growth factors, 21-4–21-7
MSCs, 21-7–21-8
tissue, 3-6, 9-1, 11-1
Bone healing, 21-5, 21-11
MDSCs
isolation, 20-6
usage, 20-5–20-6
osteogenic proteins expression,
regulation of,
20-6–20-7
problem, 20-5
Bone marrow, 1-5–1-6, 24-3,
27-2, 27-11, 30-13, 33-11
Bone morphogenetic proteins
(BMPs), 2-2–2-4, 9-11,
9-12, 16-4, 20-2, 21-6,
32-5
bone regeneration, 20-7–20-8
BMP-2, 15-1, 20-5, 20-6, 20-9,
20-10, 21-6, 21-8
BMP-4, 13-14, 20-5–20-6,
32-5–32-6
BMP-7, 15-1, 21-6, 32-9
challenges and opportunities,
2-4
clinical applications, 2-4
extracellular matrix, 2-3
Bone sialoprotein (Bsp), 21-2
BoneSource
®
, 9-7
Boyden chamber, 6-7
Brain-derived neurotrophic
factor (BDNF), 19-11
Brownian motion, 12-7, 13-3
α-BSM/Biobon
®
, 9-7
Building block approach, 22-2,
28-9–28-10
C
C3b, 7-4, 7-7
C5a, 7-7
Cadherins, 5-4–5-5
Calcibon
®
, 9-7
Calcium phosphate (Ca-P)
ceramics, for bone tissue
engineering, 9-1
chemico-physical properties,
9-2–9-5
in vivo interactions and
osteoinductivity,
9-7–9-8
osteogenic cells, 9-9
osteoinductive growth factors,
9-9–9-13
products, 9-5–9-7
Carbon nanotube
nanocomposites,
11-7–11-8
Cardiac tissue engineering, 27-1
cardiac architecture and
function, 27-3–27-4
cellular cardiomyoplasty, 27-2
current state, 27-4–27-10
cardiogenesis in vitro,
27-6–27-9
in vivo implantation, for
cardiac repair,
27-9–27-10
design considerations
cell source and immunology,
27-10–27-11
cellular composition, 27-11
electrical function and
safety, 27-13–27-14
spontaneous activity,
27-14–27-15
tissue architecture,
27-11–27-13
tissue thickness, 27-13
future work, 27-15–27-16
tissue cardiomyoplasty,
27-2–27-3
Cardiovascular system, tissues of,
15-5–15-7
heart valves, 15-7
vascular grafts, 15-6–15-7
Carticel™, 17-4
Cartilage, 2-2, 3-5–3-6,
15-10–15-11, 21-1, 22-1,
23-17–23-18, 29-9–29-11,
33-6, 33-9–33-11
cells, 22-2–22-4
growth factors, 22-7
mechanical stimuli, 22-6–22-7
scaffolds, 22-4–22-6
zonal organization, 22-7–22-8
Cartilage defect model, 16-5
Cationic lipids, 14-5
Cell adhesion, 3-2, 3-13, 5-1, 7-7,
8-11, 19-7
to biomaterials, 5-5–5-11
effect, on physiological
behavior, 5-11
measurement, 5-7–5-11
receptors, in tissue structures,
5-2–5-5
Cell and tissue targeting, 5-9,
13-1, 14-7–14-8
Cell carriers, 13-12–13-15
with drugs, 13-12–13-15
adsorption, 13-14
delivery systems, 13-12
mikos: “index” — 2007/4/9 — 17:48 — page3—#3
Index I-3
dissolution, 13-13
emulsion techniques, 13-14
suspension and physical
mixtures,
13-14–13-15
Cell–cell contacts, 6–3–6–4
Cell encapsulation, 19-11–19-12
Cell function, mechanical force
application in vitro,
4-6–4-12
applications, 4-12
cellular responses,
force-induced,
4-9–4-10
mechanosensing, 4-10–4-12
pressure/compression, 4-9
shear stress, 4-7–4-9
stretch, 4-9
Cell implantation, 8-10
NSCs, 19-12–19-14
OECs, 19-12
Schwann cells, 19-12
Cell mass and functional
capacity, 30-10
Cell migration, 3-9–3-10, 3-12,
6-1
cell-population assays, 6-7–6-8
individual-cell assays, 6-8–6-10
mammalian cell migration
characteristics, 6-2–6-4
mathematical models,
6-10–6-12
regulation
ECM proteins and
cell–substrate
interactions,
6–5–6–7
electrical fields, 6–7
soluble factors, 6-4–6-5
Cell-population assays, 6-7–6-8,
23-17, 29-5, 29-7
Cell seeding, 6-11–6-12, 26-7,
27-10, 28-8–28-9
in bioreactors, 15-4–15-5
Cells, 22-2–22-4
Cell sheets, 26-6
Cell targeting, 1-6–1-7
Cell therapy medicinal product,
see Medicinal product
Cellular cardiomyoplasty, 27-2
Cellular skin substitutes
allogeneic, 18-4–18-5
autologous, 18-5–18-7
Cementum, 32-3, 32-4
Center for Biologics Evaluation
and Research (CBER),
17-2
Center for Devices and
Radiological Health
(CDRH), 17-2, 17-4
Center for Drug Evaluation and
Research (CDER), 17-2
Centers for Medicare and
Medicaid Services (CMS),
17-14
Central nervous system (CNS),
14-4, 14-9, 19-1,
19-2–19-3, 19-12
Central Pharmaceutical Affairs
Council (CPAC), 17-11
Centrifugation approach,
5-8–5-9
Cervical loop, 32-4
Chemical delivery methods, for
gene delivery, 14-4–14-5
Chemical patterning, 19-7–19-8
Chemotaxis, 6-4, 6-5, 6-8, 6-10
Chitosan, 8-4, 14-5, 25-7, 28-9
Chondrocytes, 1-4, 8-3, 15-10,
15-11, 22-2–22-3, 22-4,
22-7–22-8, 29-10, 29-11,
33-9, 33-10–33-11
Chondrogenesis, 16-5, 22-3, 22-5
Chondroitin sulfate
proteoglycans (CSPGs),
3-10
Christensen
®
total joint system,
23-13, 23-14
Chronic inflammation, 7-4, 7-10,
8-11, 33-7
Ciliary neurotrophic factor
(CNTF), 19-12
Ciliated columnar cells, 33-4
Classical drug-delivery systems,
13-9–13-12
monolithic systems,
13-10–13-12
Code of Federal Regulations
(CFR), 17-6
Section 860.3(c), 17-8
Section 860.7(d), 17-8–17-9
Section 860.93, 17-8
Collagen, 2-3, 3-8–3-9, 8-4,
13-11, 15-11, 15-12, 19-4,
19-8, 22-4, 25-14, 26-5,
27-7, 28-9, 29-3, 32-2
type I, 1-3, 10-3, 21-2, 22-2,
24-5, 24-6, 32-2
type II, 3-5, 3-13, 8-3, 8-4,
20-8, 22-1, 22-7
type III, 3-13
type IV, 3-3, 31-6
type VI, 3-6
type VII, 3-9
type X, 3-6
Collagen gels, 4-4, 4-12, 15-12,
24-7, 25-13, 26-4, 26-5,
27-7
Collagen–silicone stent,
25-14–25-15
Combination products, 17-2,
17-4
Complement system, 7-7
Compression, 4-3–4-4, 4-9, 4-12,
15-11, 23-7–23-8, 29-9
Cone-and-plate device, 4-7, 4-8
Contact guidance process, 6-7,
19-7
Contact inhibition of
locomotion, 6-3
“Copy-cat” device, 17-12
Corneal epithelial cells, 6-7
Corporal tissues reconstruction,
29-7–29-9
Cryogenic molding, 25-9–25-10
Cryopreservation, 12-9–12-11,
12-14, 33-7
Crystallinity, 9-2–9-3
Crystallization, 12-10, 12-14
Cultured epithelial autograft
(CEA), 18-5, 18-7
Cultured skin substitute (CSS),
18-3, 18-5–18-7, 18-9
Curing method, 8-10
Current good manufacturing
practices (cGMPs), 17-9
Cutaneous gene therapy, 18-10
Cyclic stretching, 4-9, 15-12,
25-15
Cystic fibrosis, 14-10
transmembrane conductance
regulator (CFTR),
14-10
Cytokeratin, 25-12
Cytokines, 1-4, 7-7–7-8, 13-8,
21-4
Cytomegalovirus immediate early
promoter (CMV
ie
), 14-2
Cytoskeletal tension, 4-5–4-6
in anchorage-dependent cells,
4-2–4-4
Cytosolic mobility, 12-5
D
Dacron™, 26-2
Data mining, 3-8
Decellularized vascular matrix,
26-6
Decentralized model, in
mechanosensing, 4-11
Degenerative joint disease,
23-8–23-9
Dendrimer, 14-4–14-5
Dental follicle, 32-4
Dental lamina, 32-3–32-4
Dental organ, 32-4
Dental papilla, 32-4
Dental pulp stem cells, see
Human DPSCs
Dental tissues bioengineering,
32-1
dentin tissue regeneration,
32-8–32-9
genetic control and
development
molecular mechanisms,
32-4–32-7
mikos: “index” — 2007/4/9 — 17:48 — page4—#4
I-4 Index
Dental tissues bioengineering
(continued)
stages, of tooth
development,
32-3–32-4
regenerative strategies,
32-7–32-10
supporting structures,
32-2–32-3
Dentin phosphoproteins (DPP),
32-2
Dentin sialoprotein (DSP), 32-2
Dermagraft
®
, 18-3, 18-4
Desiccation, vitrification by,
12-11, 12-13
Desmosine, 26-4
Dialysate regeneration, 31-5
Dialysis, 31-1–31-2, 31-4–31-5
and filtration systems,
30-5–30-6
Diffusion, 12-12, 13-3–13-4,
16-4, 19-3, 21-7,
21-10–21-11, 28-13
mechanisms, 12-7
Dihydroxylphenylalanine
(DOPA), 3-12
Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO),
12-9, 12-10
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid),
4-10, 13-14–13-15, 14-6,
14-7
nucleotide decoys, 14-2
plasmids, 14-2
recombinant techniques, 20-2
Drug definition, 17-4, 17-5
Drug delivery, 13-1
goals, 13-2
mechanisms, 13-2–13-5
competing mechanisms and
kinetics, 13-5
diffusion, 13-3–13-4
erosion, 13-4
swelling, 13-4
protein drug properties,
13-5–13-7
in tissue engineering,
13-8–13-15
cell carriers, 13-12–13-15
classical drug-delivery
systems, 13-9–13-12
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
(DMD), 20-4
E
ECM proteins and cell–substrate
interactions
for cell movement, 6-5–6-7
Ectomesenchyme, 32-4
Elastic cartilage, 22-1–22-2, 33-9,
33-10
Elastin, 3-13, 10-4, 23-6, 24-6,
25-4, 25-15, 26-7
Electrical fields
for cell movement, 6-7
Electroporation, 14-6
Electrostatic spinning, 25-8–25-9
Embryonic stem cells, 24-9,
32-7
Emulsion techniques, 13-14
Enamel, 32-2, 32-4
Enamel knot, 32-4, 32-5–32-6
Endobon
®
, 9-6
Endochondral ossification, 21-1
Endocrine effect, 7-8
Endocytosis, 14-6, 14-7
Endolysosome, 14-6–14-7
Endothelial cells, 3-15, 6-5–6-6,
6-8, 6-9, 7-4, 15-6, 15-7,
18-9, 18-10, 29-8
End-stage healing response, 7-5
End-stage renal disease (ESRD),
31-1, 31-2
Engineered heart tissues (EHTs),
27-7, 27-10, 27-11
Entropic brush, 3-2–3-3
Entubulization, 19-3
biochemical modifications,
19-7–19-11
cellular modifications,
19-11–19-14
nerve conduits, using, 19-4
physical modifications,
19-5–19-7
Epicel
®
, 18-3, 18-5
EpiDerm™, 18-3
Epidermal growth factor (EGF),
3-15, 6-4
EpiDermFT™, 18-3, 18-5
EpiDex™, 18-3, 18-5
Epithelial cells, 6-1, 6-7, 8-8,
25-4, 25-5, 32-4,
33-2–33-4, 33-9–33-11
characteristics, 25-10–25-12
source, for tissue engineering,
25-12–25-13
Erosion, 13-4
Esophagus, 33-4
anatomy and physiology,
25-3–25-4
smooth muscle tissue
constructs, mechanical
conditioning of,
25-15–25-18, 25-19
cell possibilities
epithelial characteristics,
25-10–25-12
epithelial cell source,
25-12–25-13
esophageal regeneration,
25-14–25-15
muscle component, 25-13
muscularis mucosa and
externa, 25-14
criteria for tissue engineering,
25-4–25-5
fabrication processes,
25-7–25-10
medical need/clinical problem,
25-1–25-2
scaffold possibilities
background, 25-5
design, 25-6–25-7
materials selection,
25-5–25-6
European Economic Community
(EEC), see European
Union (EU)
European Medicines Evaluation
Agency (EMEA),
17-10–17-11
European Union (EU), 17-10
Expression-targeting, 14-7–14-8
Extracellular ice formation (EIF),
12-11
Extracellular matrix (ECM), 1-3,
2-3, 3-1, 8-11, 10-1–10-2,
13-7, 15-6, 19-4, 19-8,
22-7, 25-6, 25-14, 25-15
basement membranes, 3-2–3-3
focal adhesions, 3-3–3-5
gradient structure formation,
3-13–3-14
growth factor delivery,
3-14–3-16
implanted materials,
functional integration,
3-2
interaction, with growth
factors, 10-3
mining, for functional motifs,
3-8–3-10
molecules, functions,
3-10–3-11
polymeric materials and
surface modification,
3-11–3-13
properties, 3-8
proteins, artificial, 10-4
scaffolds, in cellular tension
regulation
compliance effect, 4-4–4-5
physicality, 4-6
spatial distribution effect,
4-5–4-6
and skeletal tissues, 3-5–3-7
sources, 3-7
synthetic ECM, 24-4–24-6
Extracellular signaling, 24-4
Exvivogene therapy, 14-8–14-9,
18-10, 20-2, 20-6,
20-8–20-9, 21-8
F
Fabrication process, 8-10, 17-11,
19-6, 21-9, 25-7–25-10
cryogenic molding,
25-9–25-10
mikos: “index” — 2007/4/9 — 17:48 — page5—#5
Index I-5
electrostatic spinning,
25-8–25-9
rapid freeze prototyping, 25-10
Familial tooth agenesis, 32-7
FDA Modernization Act (1997),
17-9
Feline immunodeficiency virus
(FIV), 14-3–14-4
Fibrin, 3-15, 19-8, 28-9
Fibrinogen, 7-4, 15-10
Fibroblast, 3-14, 4-4, 6-7, 18-5,
18-10, 25-13
Fibroblast growth factors(FGFs),
2-3, 32-5
FGF-1, 21-5
FGF-2, 21-5
Fibrocartilage, 22-2, 23-18
Fibronectin, 1-3, 3-7, 3-9, 6-6,
19-8
Fibrosa, 28-2
Fibrous degeneration, of
autograft, 33-7
Fick’s second law of diffusion,
13-3
Filtered fluid reabsorption
hollow-fiber bioreactors,
31-8–31-9
proximal tubule cells, 31-8
RAD, 31-9–31-12
renal tubule, 31-7–31-8
Focal adhesion, 3-3–3-4, 4-2–4-4
as signaling complexes,
3-4–3-5
Food, Drug and Cosmetic
(FD&C) Act (1976), 17-2,
17-6, 17-7
Section 201(g)(1), 17-4
Section 201(h), 17-4
Section 520(m), 17-5
Section 525, 17-5
Food and Drug Administration
(FDA), 17-1–17-2, 17-14,
18-8, 22-2, 23-10, 29-3
regulation, 17-2–17-9
HCT/Ps, 17-2, 17-3,
17-5–17-6, 17-7
marketing review and
approval pathways,
17-4, 17-6,
17-8–17-9,
17-12–17-13
medical product
classification, 17-4
“Proposed Approach”, 17-2,
17-6
special product
designations, 17-5
Fracture repair, 21-2–21-3
Functional heterogeneity, of
hepatocyte, 30-7–30-8
G
Galvanotaxis, 6-7
Gelatin, 8-4–8-5, 13-10, 13-11,
13-12, 27-7
Gel-like system, 13-11–13-12
Gene gun, 14-6
Gene therapy, 14-1, 20-2–20-3,
21-8, 26-4
cell and tissue targeting,
14-7–14-8
clinical applications,
14-9–14-10
ex vivo applications, 14-8–14-9
gene delivery, 14-2–14-6
intracellular pathways,
14-6–14-7
in vitro applications, 14-8
in vivo applications, 14-9
nucleotides, for delivery, 14-2
Genetic control, of tooth
development
molecular mechanisms,
32-4–32-7
stages, of tooth development,
32-3–32-4
Genetic modification
of keratinocytes, 18-10
of vascular cells, 26-4–26-5
Genital tissues, 29-7
Genzyme Tissue Repair, 17-4
Glial cell-line-derived growth
factor (GDNF), 19-11,
19-12
Glomerular basement membrane
(GBM), 3-3, 31-6
Glomerular endothelium, 31-6
Glomerular slit diaphragm, 31-6
Glomerulus
renal, 31-2, 31-5–31-6
synthetic, 31-6–31-7
Glycation, 26-5
Glycoproteins, 3-9, 5-4, 6-7, 21-2,
28-9, 33-4
Glycosaminoglycan (GAG), 3-10,
15-10–15-11, 23-7, 23-8,
33-8, 33-9
Glypican, 3-10
Gore-Tex
®
, 3-4, 19-4, 19-6, 26-2,
28-14
Granulation tissue, 7-5
Granulose stem cells, 29-13
Growth factors, 10-3, 15-1, 21-4,
22-7
Ca-P ceramics, 9-9–9-11
delivery of, 3-14–3-16
and gene therapy, 20-2–20-3
and morphogens, 2-1
osteoinductive, 9-11–9-13
Guanosine monophosphate-
dependent protein kinase
(PKG), 26-5
H
Haptotaxis, 6-6
Heart valves, 15-7, 28-1
bioreactor conditioning,
28-10–28-12
building block approach,
28-9–28-10
cell origin, 28-10
cell seeding, 28-8–28-9
clinical experience,
28-12–28-13
in vivo testing, in animal
models, 28-12
leaflet scaffolds, decellularized,
28-7–28-8
native heart valve, as design
goal
anatomy and terminology,
28-2
microstructure and material
behavior, 28-2–28-4
valvular cells, 28-4–28-6
natural materials, 28-9
polymeric scaffolds,
biodegradable,
28-6–28-7
Hematopoietic support
and MSCs
fat, 1-5
muscle, 1-4–1-5
new fundamental role,
1-5–1-6
tendon, 1-5
usage, 1-6
Hemi-arthroplasty, 23-10
Hemofiltration
renal glomerulus, 31-2,
31-5–31-6
synthetic glomerulus,
31-6–31-7
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans
(HSPGs), 3-10, 31-6
Heparin, 3-15
Hepatic tissue engineering, 30-1
adjunct internal liver support,
30-2–30-3
temporary liver support,
extracorporeal
bioartifical livers,
30-6–30-13
dialysis and filtration
systems, 30-5–30-6
whole liver perfusion,
30-3–30-5
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF),
6-4
Hepatocytes, 8-3, 8-4
bioreactor design, 30-9–30-12
encapsulation, 30-3
implantable hepatocytes,
30-2–30-3
long-term culture techniques,
30-6–30-9
mikos: “index” — 2007/4/9 — 17:48 — page6—#6
I-6 Index
Hepatocytes (continued)
preservation techniques, 30-13
transplantation, 30-2
Herpes simplex virus (HSV), 14-3
Heterotopic animal model, 16-4
Heterotopic ossification (HO),
20-6–20-7
Histidine–lysine polyplexes, 14-4
Hollow-fiber bioreactors,
30-9–30-10, 30-11,
31-8–31-9
Human biliary epithelial cells
(hBECs), 8-8
Human cellular and tissue-based
products (HCT/Ps), 17-2,
17-3, 17-5–17-6, 17-7,
17-8
Human DPSCs, 32-7–32-8
Human embryonic stem cells
(hESCs), 19-13, 22-4
Human hepatocyte, 30-10, 30-12
Human skin substitutes,
bioengineering of, 18-1
assessment, 18-8
clinical considerations,
18-7–18-8
composition, 18-2–18-7
future directions, 18-9–18-10
objectives, 18-2
regulatory issues, 18-8–18-9
Human tissues ownership, 17-13
HYAFF
®
11, 22-4
Hyaline cartilage, 22-1
Hyaluronic acid, 1-3, 8-3–8-4,
22-4, 28-9–28-10
Hybrid multi-scale model, 6-11
Hydrogel, 3-15, 8-4, 8-11, 13-11,
13-12, 19-8, 19-10, 22-5,
23-17, 24-5–24-6
scaffolds, 26-7
Hydrostatic pressurization, 4-9
Hydroxyapatite (HA), 9-4
nanocomposites, 11-1,
11-6–11-7
Hypersensitivity reactions, 7-8
I
Immune response, 7-1, 7-6–7-10
Immunoglobulin, 5-5
Immunoglobulin G (IgG), 7-4
Immunosuppression, 7-10
Immunotoxicity, 7-9–7-10
Individual-cell assays, 6-8–6-10
Inflammatory response, 7-1,
7-2–7-6
Injectable cements, 9-6–9-7
Injectable therapies, 29-10–29-11
“Inside out” signals, 3-5
In situ fabrication, 8-10
Insulin-like growth factors
(IGFs), 2-3, 5-3
IGF-I, 9-12, 21-4–21-5, 22-7
IGF-II, 21-4–21-5
Integra
®
, 18-3, 18-4
Integrin receptor, 3-2, 3-4, 4-2,
4-4, 5-2–5-4, 5-6–5-7,
6-2, 6-5, 24-4
Interfacial biochemistry, 5-6
Interfacial chemistry, 5-6
Interfacial topography, 5-7
Internal derangement, of TMJ,
23-8, 23-9
Interpore™, 9-6
Intracellular ice formation (IIF),
12-10–12-11
Intracellular pathways, 14-6–14-7
Intracellular water and molecular
mobility, 12-4–12-6
Intramembranous ossification,
21-1
Investigational device exemption
(IDE), 17-8, 17-9
Investigational new drug
(IND) application, 17-8,
17-9, 31-12
In vitro angiogenesis, 18-9–18-10
In vitro gene therapy, 14-8
In vivo gene therapy, 14-9, 20-2
In vivo testing, in animal models,
28-12
Isoleucine–lysine–valine–
alanine–valine (IKVAV),
5-7
J
Japan Association for the
Advancement of Medical
Equipment, 17-12
K
Kayexelate
®
, 31-5
Keratinocytes, 6-7, 18-2,
18-5–18-6, 18-8, 18-10
Kidney, 29-15–29-17; see also
Renal replacement
therapy
mitochondrial DNA analysis,
29-16–29-17
L
Laminar flow chambers, 5-9–5-10
Laminin, 3-7, 3-9–3-10, 5-7, 31-8
Leaflet scaffolds, decellularized,
28-7–28-8
Lentivirus, 14-4
Ligaments, 15-11–15-12,
20-9–20-10, 23-4
Lipids, 13-11, 14-5
Lithographic method, 3-14
Liver Dialysis Unit, 30-5
Long bone defect model,
16-4–16-5
Long-term hepatocyte culture
systems
functional heterogeneity, of
hepatocyte, 30-7–30-8
non-parenchymal cells,
30-6–30-7
preconditioning hepatocytes,
30-8–30-9
Lorenz-Biomet total joint system,
23-15
Lyophilization, 12-14, 13-14
M
Macrophage, 7-2, 7-4, 7-5, 9-4,
19-2
Macroporosity, 9-5
“Magic bullet”, 13-2
Magnetically aligned fibrin gels
(MAFGs), 19-8
Magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI), 21-10
Mammalian cell migration
characteristics
cell–cell contacts, 6-3–6-4
cell movement cycle, 6-2
persistent random walk,
6-2–6-3
Markov chain, 6-9–6-10
Marrow stroma, 1-4
Material surface chemistry, 5-6,
7-5
Matrigel™, 3-7, 19-12
Matrix metalloproteinases
(MMPs), 26-8
Mechanical conditioning
bioreactors for, 26-8
of smooth muscle tissue
constructs,
25-15–25-18, 25-19
Mechanical forces, on cells, 4-1
Mechanical stimuli, 4-7–4-10,
15-1–15-2, 22-6–22-7,
24-3, 24-7, 25-15, 25-16
Mechanical strength, 8-12, 15-6
Mechanosensing
direct, 4-10–4-11
indirect, 4-12
Medical Device Amendments
(1976), 17-8, 17-12
Medical Device User Fee and
Modernization Act
(2002), 17-4
Medical products classification,
17-2, 17-4
Medicinal product, 17-10–17-11
Melanocyte, 18-2, 18-9
Melanoderm™, 18-3, 18-5
Meniscus, 20-8–20-9
mikos: “index” — 2007/4/9 — 17:48 — page7—#7
Index I-7
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs),
1-2–1-3, 15-11, 15-12,
21-7–21-8, 22-3, 33-11
hematopoietic support
fat, 1-5
muscle, 1-4–1-5
new fundamental role,
1-5–1-6
tendon, 1-5
usage, 1-6
Meshes, 8-11, 23-18
Microcontact printing technique,
3-14, 5-11, 19-7
Microfabrication technique, 5-7,
19-6–19-7, 19-8
Microfluidic method, 3-13
Microfluidic patterning, 19-7
Microgel, 14-5
Microinjection technique, 14-6,
14-7
Micropatterning, 19-6–19-7, 30-7
Micropipette aspiration, 5-7–5-8
Microporosity, 9-5
Microstamping technique, 19-7
Microtexturing, 19-5–19-6
Microvascular surgery, 21-11
Mineralization, 21-1
Mining, 3-1–3-2
Mitek
®
, 23-19
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
analysis, 29-16–29-17
Mitral valve, 28-2, 28-3
Mode Coupling Theory, 12-6,
12-13
Molecular Adsorbent
Recirculating System
(MARS), 30-6
Molecular mobility, in
preservation, 12-1,
12-6–12-14
cryopreservation, 12-9–12-11
lyophilization, 12-14
supercooling and phase
change, 12-9
vitrification, 12-11–12-13
Monocyte immigration, 7-3–7-4
Monolithic systems, 13-10–13-12
gel-like systems, 13-11–13-12
particulate systems, 13-11
Mononuclear phagocytic system
(MPS), 7-2
Montmorillonite (MMT), 11-5,
11-6
Morphogenesis, 2-1, 32-5
BMPs, 2-2–2-3, 20-7–20-8,
21-6, 24-3, 32-5
and growth factors, 2-3
mRNA, 13-7, 14-2, 15-10, 29-8,
29-14
Mucous goblet cell, 33-4
Multiwalled carbon nanotubes
(MWNTs), 11-7, 11-8
Muscle-derived stem cells
(MDSCs), 20-1
for bone healing improvement,
20-5–20-6
isolation, 20-3, 20-6
Muscularis externa, 25-6, 25-13,
25-14
Muscularis layer, 25-3–25-4
Muscularis mucosa, 25-6, 25-13,
25-14
Mutual recognition procedure,
17-10
Myosin light chain (MLC), 4-2
N
Nanocomposite scaffolds, 11-1
alumoxanes, functionalized,
11-3–11-4
carbon nanotubes, 11-7–11-8
ceramics, 11-7
hydroxyapatites, 11-6–11-7
overview, 11-2–11-3
polymer-layered silicates,
11-4–11-6
Nanofabrication technique, 19-6,
31-7
National Organ Transplant Act,
17-13
Natural ceramics, 9-6
Natural materials, 28-9
scaffolds, 26-4–26-5
Natural polymers, 8-1–8-5, 21-8,
22-4–22-5, 24-6, 28-9
polypeptides, 8-4–8-5
polysaccharides, 8-2–8-4, 14-5,
29-3
Neonatal rat aortic smooth
muscle cells (NRASMCs),
28-9
Nephrin, 31-6
Nerve growth factor (NGF), 3-15,
13-11, 14-9, 14-10, 19-10
Nerve regeneration, 19-1
CNS, 19-1, 19-2–19-3, 19-12
enhancement, using
entubulization
strategies, 19-4–19-14
biochemical modifications,
19-7–19-11
cellular modifications,
19-11–19-14
physical modifications,
19-5–19-7
guidance strategies, 19-3–19-4
PNS, 19-1, 19-2, 19-12
Neural stem cells (NSCs),
19-12–19-14
Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), 19-11
Neurotrophins, 19-10–19-11
New drug application (NDA),
17-8, 17-9
β-NGF, 3-16
Non-collagenous proteins
(NCPs), 32-2–32-3
Nonintegrin receptor, 3-3, 3-4
Non-parenchymal cells,
30-6–30-7
Norian
®
, 9-7
N-Terface™, 18-7
Nuclear localization signal (NLS),
14-7
Nuclear transplantation, see
Therapeutic cloning
Nucleotides, for delivery
DNA, 14-2, 20-2
RNA, 14-2
O
Office of the Combination
Products, 17-4
Olfactory bulb ensheathing cells
(OECs), 19-12
OrCel
®
, 18-3, 18-4
Oligodentrocyte, 19-7
Organoid units (OUs), 24-3,
25-13, 25-14
Orphan Drug Act (ODA) (1982),
17-5, 17-8
Orthotopic liver transplantation
(OLT), 30-1–30-2
Ortoss
®
, 9-6
Osteoblast , 2-3, 4-12, 6-1, 8-5,
8-7, 8-9, 9-11, 15-8, 21-1,
21-2, 21-4, 21-6; see also
Bone formation
Osteocalcin (Ocn), 21-2
Osteoclast (bone-resorbing), 21-1
Osteoconductivity, 11-2, 11-7,
15-8, 21-8
Osteogenesis, 1-4, 16-4–16-5
Osteogenic proteins expression,
regulation of, 20-6–20-7
Osteograf
®
-N, 9-6
Osteoinductivity
growth factors and Ca-P
ceramics, 9-9–9-13
and in vivo interactions,
9-7–9-8
Osteonectin/SPARC, 3-10
Osteopontin (Opn), 3-7, 3-10,
21-2
“Outside in” signaling, 3-3
Oxygen transport issues,
30-10–30-11
P
Paracrine effect, 7-7–7-8, 24-7
Parallel-plate flow chamber, 4-7,
4-8, 5-9
Parallel plate systems,
30-11–30-12
Particulate systems, 13-11
PEGylation, 13-7, 14-4,