Faroqhi S.N. The Cambridge History of Turkey: Volume 3, The Later Ottoman Empire, 1603-1839

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Glossary

terceme odası ‘translation ofﬁce’, founded in 1822, training school for a new group of

French-speaking Muslim bureaucrats

tevzi system of apportionment; judges and other local ﬁgures were called upon to divide

the burden of the provincial administration’s expenditures among the taxpayers

tezkire biographical dictionaries of poets, often containing samples of their work

timar tax assignment, whose holders owed cavalry or more rarely administrative service

timariot holder of a timar, sipahi

tourkokratia Greek: ‘rule of the Turks’

gra the mark that authenticates a sultanic edict or publicly used weights and measures;

it consists of the name of the reigning sultan and that of his father, with the formula ‘ever

victorious’

ulak ofﬁcial courier

ulema (sg. alim) religious and legal scholars, usually of higher rank

ulemazade kanunu, mollazade kanunu rulings entitling ulema notables to vouch for the

scholarly ﬁtness of their own sons at the entry level; older sons might be awarded

extra promotions

Uniate churches churches maintaining their own liturgical languages and rituals, but in

communion with Rome

Uskoks sixteenth-century Habsburg border warriors, noted for their piracy against both

Ottoman and Venetian subjects

umera military-type administrators

vakıf, waqf (pl. evkaf, awqaf) pious foundation

valide sultan, valide mother of the reigning sultan

voynuk non-Muslim horse-groom, serving in the sultan’s army

voyvoda tax-collection agent, also used for the dependent princes governing Moldavia and

Wallachia

yaya foot-soldiers, demoted to subject status in the late sixteenth century

yerliyya troops that were at least at the outset recruited locally, serving in Damascus and

elsewhere

gitbas¸ı lower-level guild elder

yoklama review of soldiers

uk a term used by the Ottoman administration for Turkish-speaking nomads, espe-

cially but not exclusively in the Balkans

zakir musically gifted dervish leading the zikir ceremonies, in which the name of God

was invoked as part of the mystical way

zimmi (Arabic dhimm

ı) non-Muslim living under Islamic rule

528

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