Elder K. Human preimplantation embryo selection
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
INDEX
oocytes (Contd.)
defect detectability 303–4
esthetics, unreliablilty of 303
growth to terminal size 301
maturation/maturational status 4
mouse 156
organelles 2, 3, 4
GVBD, oocytes in 4
immature oocyte 3, 3–4
mature oocyte 3,3
maturing oocyte 3
postmature (aging) oocytes 4, 4–5, 5
unfertilized 7
polar body 3
polyspermic penetration 21
quiescence 301
size 92–3
spindle, metaphase II 2, 4, 5
oocyte competence
and aging 303
and Doppler ultrasonography 308–9
effect of maternal age/lifestyle 316–19
follicular fluid, determinants in 313–15
follicular markers, search for 301
oocyte development
atypical 51, 52
E-cadherin distribution 64, 65
normal 51, 52
oocyte selection 1
in contemporary IVF 301–23
oogenesis 301
mRNA during 265–6
osmolarity 191
outcome predictors of ART 16–17
ovarian hyperstimulation
and euploidy 211
see also controlled ovarian hyperstimulation
(COH)
ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) 312
ovarian stimulation
current trends 1
and higher-order multiple pregnancies 287
and pronuclear developmental perturbations 27
repeated, adverse effects of 319
oxidative stress markers 245–61
oxygen
consumption 186
analysis 181
measurement in embryos 282
intrafollicular 309–11
and VEGF levels 312
reduced, in vitro 191
Parkinson’s disease 260
parthenogenesis 7, 21, 337, 340
and centrosome anomalies 347–8, 348
and mosaicism 24
Ped gene 161–4
and embryo survival 162–3
mechanism of action 161–2
mouse model 163–4
clinical relevance 164, 164
and Qa-2/HLA-G 162–3
pentose phosphate shunt 182, 182
pericentrosomal matrix (PCM) 337
perifollicular blood flow
and intrafollicular oxygenation 311
in oocyte selection 305–8, 311
rates, Doppler-assessed 305–8
and embryo transfer outcome 307
and 11?-HSD 314
as oocyte/embryo competence marker 308–9
and VEGF levels 312
perifollicular blood flow regulation 309–11
PGD see preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)
pH
intracellular (pHi) 309
in vitro 191
pharmacodiagnostics 250
physiology analysis of blastocysts 81, 84, 85
platelet activating factor (PAF) 199
and Qa-2 levels 163–4
polar bodies 3
alignment and pronuclear scoring 32
chromosome abnormalities 201–7
detection rate 203
embryos, relationship with 204–6
frequency/types 202–4
first (PB1) 201
FISH analysis 201
detection of aneuploidies 205
missing chromatids after 219
preimplantation testing 205
technique 202
second (PB2) 201
as fertilization marker 21
polar body biopsy vs cleavage stage biopsy 218–20
Polscope readings 17
polyploidy 215, 217
polyspermic oocyte penetration 21
HPE_Index_new.qxp 7/16/2007 8:51 PM Page 366
INDEX
nucleolar precursor bodies in 23
polyspermy 337, 340, 343, 345
postmeiotic abnormalities 209
and embryonic competence 215
Prader-Willi syndrome 196, 326, 345
pre-eclampsia, HLA-G in 147, 150
pregnancy rates
‘early cleavage’ embryos 103–4
and embryo transfer timing 117
embryo transfer timing, optimum 116–18
and fragmentation 55, 55–7, 57
improvement with PGD 226–7
after IVF with damaged sperm 330
and multiday embryo scoring 112, 114
and multinucleation 49
and numbers of embryos for biopsy 227
and sHLA-G levels 151–2
preimplantation development
early 179–80
effect of Qa–2 163
effect of sex 163
and immune system 156–61
nitric oxide in 171–3
timeline of events 101
preimplantation embryos
MHC class I proteins on 160
membrane-bound vs soluble 160–1
mouse 155, 156
preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) 141–2, 269–70
blastocysts after 84
cell loss in 220
in chromosomal status determination 44–5
chromosomes selected 291
clinical impacts 228–9
future directions 289–92
impact on multiple pregnancies 288–9
indications 217–18, 227–8
in infertility, rationale for 217
methodology 217–27
biopsy technique 221
cell type/number analyzed 218–21
embryo transfer technique 224–5
FISH error minimization 222–3
fixation method 221–2
implantation rates
and embryos for biopsy 227
improvement 226–7
misdiagnosis and mosaicism 224, 225, 225
pregnancy rates
and embryos for biopsy 227
improvement 226–7
probes 222
spontaneous abortion, decrease in 226
take-home baby rate improvement 226–7
technical errors 223
rescue 223–4
trisomy reduction 225–6
number of procedures performed 218
polar body
chromosome abnormalities 204, 206
vs cleavage stage biopsy 218–19
prognosis in subsequent ART 228–9
and reproductive history of couples 228
as selection method 217–29
studies, summary of 218
viability assessment 288–9
see also embryo biopsy
preimplantation genetic screening see preimplantation
genetic diagnosis (PGD)
primordial germ cells (PGCs) 263–4
probes in PGD 222
procentrosomes 342
pronuclear morphology 213
pronuclear scoring systems 25, 26–7, 33, 34, 35–7
0 patterns 34, 35, 35, 37–8
criteria 31–2
cumulative point scoring 35–6, 36
methodology 31–2
parameters 32–3
pronuclear morphology scoring (PNMS) systems
36–7, 37, 38
studies
prospective 113
retrospective 110
studies using zygote scoring systems 37–9
Z score 33, 33, 34, 35, 35
pronuclei 5–6, 21–9
alignment and pronuclear scoring 32, 38
analysis in living zygotes 25
possibilities/limits 25–6
asymmetric 25
developmental changes 27
function 23–4
structure 23
establishment 22
experimental approaches 22
as fertilization marker 21
interpronuclear synchrony 24–5
intrapronulcear structure polarization 24
male 23, 23, 340
HPE_Index_new.qxp 7/16/2007 8:51 PM Page 367
INDEX
pronuclei (Contd.)
in polar axis formation 24
in polyspermically penetrated oocyte 25
movement 24
recovery from abnormalities 26
in viability prediction 31–40
visualization 25
propanediol 124
and cortical granules 126
protein growth factors 314–15
proteomic embryo analysis 295
purine metabolism 193
pyruvate metabolism 180, 181, 182–4, 193
in fertilization/first cleavage 183, 183
with/without glutamine 183
and transfer time 184, 184
Qa-2
effect of presence/absence 162–3
on preimplantation embryo surface 161, 162
as signaling molecule 162, 163
Raman and NIR spectroscopy 249
Metabolomics Study Group for ART 254, 255, 256,
257
reactive oxygen species (ROS)
effect of glucose excess 193
metabolomics 253
protection against 191, 199
recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) 227
recurrent spontaneous abortions 150
redox potential in vitro 191–2
repeated implantation failure (RIF) 227
respiration
blastocyst 281
and maternal age 281
respiratory chain 276
respirometry 252
RNA
precursors 198
synthesis, intrapronulcear 25
see also messenger RNA (mRNA)
S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) 196
scoring systems
morphology analysis 103–8
2-day embryos 104, 105, 106, 111
3-day embryos 107–8, 111
blastocysts 81, 82–4
see also pronuclear scoring systems
SCSA see sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA)
securin 267
sex of embryo
and glucose levels 192–3
and preimplantation development 163
signal transduction cascade after GVBD 266
smoking 318–19, 327
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) 2, 5
sodium nitroprusside (SNP) 172
SNP-induced apoptosis 172
soluble human leukocyte antigen G (sHLA-G) 145–6,
146
in apoptosis of activated CD8+ T cells 148, 149
assessment in human embryos 145–54
distribution in pregnancy 147
expression in pregnancy 146
inhibition of NK cells 149
in normal vs pathological pregnancies 149–51
on preimplantation embryos 160–1
secretion from cytotrophoblasts 148
see also human leukocyte antigen G (HLA–G)
sperm asters see sperm-derived centrosomes (sperm
asters)
sperm centriole structure 343, 344
sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA) 328, 329
and clinical outcome 330–1
parameters measured 330
sperm-derived centrosomes (sperm asters) 6, 24, 339–40
centrosome function assays 342–3
clinical assays 343, 344
dysfunction and infertility 340–2
during fertilization 339–40
phenotypic expression in bulls 341
sperm DNA
damaged, removal of spermatozoa with 332
and embryo development 325–35
remodeling 328
repair 327
and reproductive outcome 326–7
strand breaks 327
and reproductive outcome 328–31, 329
sperm monoaster formation 6
sperm-oocyte fusion 21
sperm reconstitution model 343
spermatozoa
apoptosis 327–8
components 326
damaged
inheritance of 325
novel removal techniques 332
HPE_Index_new.qxp 7/16/2007 8:51 PM Page 368
INDEX
reproductive outcome 332
spindle structural proteins 347–8
spindles
checkpoints 267
and cryopreservation-induced damage 126–7
formation
in dispermy 346
after nuclear transfer 350
in parthenogenesis 348
in fragmentation 73
meiotic spindle 346
metaphase II 2, 4, 5
spontaneous abortion 226
surface-enhanced laser desorption and ionization time
of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF MS)
295
survival rates and embryo quality 129
symmetry 106, 107
systems biology 248
temperature and impact on ART 211
testicular sperm extraction and intracytoplasmic sperm
injection (TESE-ICSI) 326–7
theranostics 250
time-lapse monitoring of morphometric analysis 91
tobacco smoking 318–19, 327
total cytoplasmic volume 93, 95
morphometric analysis 95–6
multinucleated blastomeres 97
toxicity assessment with metabolomics 251
Tp53 gene 270
transamination 182, 182, 194, 197
trisomies
age-related increase 201
cleavage stage patterns 216–17
and fragmentation 58
reduction with PGD 225–6
trisomy/monosomy ratio discordance 205
‘trisomy rescue’ 204
trophectoderm (TE)
E-cadherin localization 65
formation 270
TE-specific markers 270
trophoblast cells, fetal 148
tumor protein p53 (Tp53) gene 270
TUNEL assay 129, 328
uniparental disomy disorders (UDD) 206, 345
vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) 311, 312
viability
assessment
morphology 287–8
preimplantation genetic screening 288–9
and gene expression 292–5
markers 179, 186
oxidative stress markers 245–61
non-invasive analysis see blastocysts, physiology
analysis;
morphology analysis; morphometric
analysis
prediction using pronuclei 31–40
and sHLA-G levels 152
vitamins 198
vitrification 124, 128
volatile compounds and ART 211
weight and fertility 318
whole genome amplification (WGA) 290
Z score system 33, 33, 34, 35,35
prospective studies 113–14
zona drilling 135–6, 137, 140
patient selection 135
zona opening techniques 137, 139–40
zona pellucida 15–19, 156–7
assessment of morphology 16–17
in cryopreservation 127
embryonic cell surface 158
during fertilization/implantation 15
filaments 15
function 15
hardening 126
hatching problems 16
and immune system 157–8
immunological role 15
intact/removed from blastocyst 157
as mechanical barrier 157–8
modification see assisted hatching (AH) technique
modulation 15–16
morphological changes
in ART 16–17
external influences 16
proteins 157
detection 158
mRNA expression 158
schematic of protective elements 158
surface morphology and ART outcome 157
thickness
and ART outcome 157
HPE_Index_new.qxp 7/16/2007 8:51 PM Page 369
INDEX
zona pellucida (Contd.)
in morphometric analysis 92, 93
thinning 16
zona proteins 15
zona pellucida thickness variation (ZPTV) 16–17
zona pellucida thickness (ZPT) 16, 17
calculation 17
zygotes 156
development
features of 101–2
morphology analysis 103
developmental characteristics 280
embryonic function 22
evaluation, predictive value of 26
morphology 280
physiology 21–2
size 92–3
zygote centrosomes 339
HPE_Index_new.qxp 7/16/2007 8:51 PM Page 370
