Duiker William J., Spielvogel Jackson J. The Essential World History
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2. Quoted in H. Smith, e New Russians (New York, 1990), p. 74.
3. Quoted in S. Karnow, Mao and China: Inside China’s Cultural
Revolution (New York, 1972), p. 95.
4. Quoted in F. Ching, “Confucius, the New Saviour,” Far Eastern
Economic Review, November 10, 1994, p. 37.
5. Quoted in J. Spence, Chinese Roundabout: Essays in History and Culture
(New York, 1992), p. 285.
CHAPTER 28
1. Quoted in W. I. Hitchcock, e Struggle for Europe: e Turbulent
History of a Divided Continent, 1945–2002 (New York, 2003),
pp. 399–400.
2. Simone de Beauvoir, e Second Sex, trans. H. M. Parshley (New York,
1961), p. xxviii.
3. Quoted in Renate Bridenthal, “Women in the New Europe,” in
Renate Bridenthal, Susan Mosher Stuard, and Merry E. Wiesner, eds.,
Becoming Visible: Women in European His tory, 3rd ed. (Boston, 1998),
pp. 564–565.
4. Quoted in Henry Grosshans, e Search for Modern Europe (Boston,
1970), p. 421.
5. Quoted in Richard Maltby, ed., Passing Parade: A History of Popular
Culture in the Twentieth Century (New York, 1989), p. 11.
CHAPTER 29
1. Cited in M. Meredith, e Fate of Africa (New York, 2005), p. 168.
2. K. Little, African Women in Towns: An Aspect of Africa’s Social
Revolution (Cambridge, 1973), p. 6.
3. A. Nicol, A Truly Married Woman and Other Stories (London, 1965),
p. 12.
4. Ngugi Wa iong’o, Decolonizing the Mind: e Politics of Language in
African Literature (Portsmouth, N.H., 1986), p. 103.
5. Quoted in R. R. Andersen, R. F. Seibert, and J. G. Wagner, Politics and
Change in the Middle East: Sources of Con ict and Accommodation, 4th
ed. (Englewood Cli s, N.J., 1982), p. 51.
6. S. Azadi, with A. Ferrante, Out of Iran (London, 1987), p. 223.
CHAPTER 30
1. New York Times, May 2, 1996.
2. Quoted in L. Collins and D. Lapierre, Freedom at Midnight (New York,
1975), p. 252.
3. Y. Mishima and G. Bownas, eds., New Writing in Japan (Harmonds-
worth, England, 1972), p. 16.
4. New York Times, January 29, 1996.
EPILOGUE
1. Quoted in J. N. Pieterse, Globalization and Culture (Lanham, Md.,
2004), p. 49.
2. E. Boulding, Women in the Twentieth Century World (New York, 1977),
pp. 187–188.
4. Quoted in Catherine W. Reilly, ed., Scars upon My Heart: Women’s
Poetry and Verse of the First World War (London, 1981), p. 90.
5. Quoted in William M. Mandel, Soviet Women (Garden City, N.Y.,
1975), p. 43.
6. Quoted in Irving Howe, ed., e Basic Writings of Trotsky (London,
1963), p. 162.
CHAPTER 24
1. Speech by Mahatma Gandhi, delivered in London in September 1931
during his visit for the rst Roundtable Conference.
2. Ts’ai Yuan-p’ei, “Ta Lin Ch’in-nan Han,” in Ts’ai Yuan-p’ei Hsien-sheng
Ch’uan-chi [Collected Works of Mr. Ts’ai Yuan-p’ei] (Taipei, 1968),
pp. 1057–1058.
3. Quoted in William eodore de Bary et al., eds., Sources of Chinese
Tradition (New York, 1963), p. 783.
4. Lu Xun, “Diary of a Madman,” in Selected Works of Lu Hsun, vol. 1
(Peking, 1957), p. 20.
CHAPTER 25
1. Benito Mussolini, “ e Doctrine of Fascism,” in Adrian Lyttleton, ed.,
Italian Fascisms (London, 1973), p. 42.
2. Quoted in Alexander De Grand, “Women Under Italian Fascism,”
Historical Journal 19 (1976), pp. 958–959.
3. Quoted in Jackson J. Spielvogel, Hitler and Nazi Germany: A History,
5th ed. (Upper Saddle River, N.J., 2005), p. 60.
4. Quoted in Joachim Fest, Hitler, trans. Richard Winston and Clara
Winston (New York, 1974), p. 418.
5. Documents on German Foreign Policy, ser. D, vol. 7 (London, 1956), p. 204.
6. Quoted in Raul Hilberg, e Destruction of the European Jews, vol. 1,
rev. ed. (New York, 1985), pp. 332–333.
7. Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, vol. 6 (Washington, D.C., 1946), p. 789.
8. Quoted in Claudia Koonz, “Mothers in the Fatherland: Women in Nazi
Germany,” in Renate Bridenthal and Claudia Koonz, eds., Becoming
Visible: Women in European History (Boston, 1977), p. 466.
9. Quoted in John Campbell, e Experience of World War II (New York,
1989), p. 143.
10. Quoted in Norman Graebner, Cold War Diplomacy, 1945–1960
(Princeton, N.J., 1962), p. 117.
CHAPTER 26
1. Quoted in Department of State Bulletin, February 11, 1945, pp. 213–216.
2. Quoted in J. M. Jones, e Fi een Weeks (February 21–June 5, 1947),
2nd ed. (New York, 1964), pp. 140–141.
3. Quoted in W. Laqueur, Europe in Our Time (New York, 1992), p. 111.
4. Quoted in W. Loth, e Division of the World, 1941–1955 (New York,
1988), pp. 160–161.
CHAPTER 27
1. Quoted in V. Zubok and C. Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin’s
Cold War: From Stalin to Khrushchev (Cambridge, Mass., 1996), p. 166.
814 CHAPTER NOTES
INDEX
Italicized page numbers show the locations
of illustrations.
Abacha, Sani, 729
Abbas, Mahmoud, 740
Abbas I the Great (Safavids), 395, 396, 397
Abbasid Empire, 164–166, 165 (map), 167 (map), 171,
174, 215, 296, 320
Abbesses, 288
Abbots, 288
Abd al-Rathman (Umayyad), 169
Abolition: of American slavery, 483; of British slavery,
528–529
Abortion, 501, 713
Absolutism: in central and eastern Europe, 377–378;
enlightened, 448; in France,
375–377; in Russia, 378, 484
Abstract art, 511, 585
Abstract Expressionism, 715, 716
Abu al-Abbas (Abbasid), 164
Abu Bakr (Muslim caliph), 162
Academies: in China, 241; Islamic, 175; of Plato
(Athens), 92
Achaemenid family, 24
Achebe, Chinua, 734, 736
Acheson, Dean, 646
Achilles (Greek hero), 82, 96
Acid rain, 776
Acre, fall to Muslims, 168
Acropolis (Athens), 83
Actium, Battle of, 112
Act of Supremacy (England), 367, 370
Adal (Muslim state), 192, 193
Addis Ababa, 726, 727
Adenauer, Konrad, 699
Administration. See Government
Adrianople: battle at, 119
Adriatic Sea region, 106
Adulis (port), 185
Adultery: in Islamic world, 174
Adventures of Marco Polo ( lm), 251, 251
Aegean Sea region, 80, 88
Aegospotami, battle at, 89
Aeneid, e (Virgil), 115
Aeolian Greeks, 82
Aequi: Rome and, 108
Aeschylus, 90
A onso of Congo, 348
Afghanistan, 208, 215, 743 (map); al-Qaeda in, 714;
as Bactria, 47; Greek culture and, 98; Pakistan and,
756–757; Soviets and, 665; Taliban in, 714, 743; U.S.
involvement in, 666, 714, 743; West and, 516
Africa, 722; AIDS in, 727; ancient, 185 (map);
anticolonialism in, 533–536; arts in, 201, 201–204;
Bantu-speaking peoples of, 133, 528; British in, 531–
532; capitalism in, 727–728; Carthage and, 110, 110
(map), 111; Central, 187; civilizations of, 183–191;
in Cold War, 726–727; colonialism in, 517, 531–532,
Agriculture in the Tropics: … (Willis), 552
Aguinaldo, Emilio, 523
Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud, 741
Ahriman (spirit), 26
Ahuramazda (god), 26
Aidoo, Ama Ata, 735–736
AIDS, in Africa, 727
Ain Ghazal, statues from, 5
Ainu people, 264
Air force: German, 624, 635; in World War II, 635
Airplanes, 471
Air pollution, 689, 714, 758
Aix-la-Chapelle. See Charlemagne
Ajanta caves (India), 49, 223, 223
Akbar (Mughals), 397, 398 (map), 399, 400, 405–406
Akbar, M. J., 746
Akhenaten (Egypt), 17–18
Akkad and Akkadians, 9–10
Akkak, Moustapha, 160
Ala-ud-din (Tughluq monarchy), 217, 219
Albanians, 580, 702
Alberta, 499
Albuquerque, Afonso de, 339
Alcohol, in China, 71, 245
Alexander ( lm), 99, 99
Alexander II (Russia), 482, 483, 484
Alexander III (Russia), 484
Alexander Nevsky, 302
Alexander the Great, 95–97, 96, 97 (map); India and,
35, 35 (map), 96, 98; Judah and, 22
Alexandra (Russia), 575
Alexandria, Egypt, 98, 100, 115, 175; bishops of, 287;
in World War II, 626
Alexius I (Byzantine Empire), 306
Alexius I Comnenus (Byzantine Empire), 167, 320
al-Fatah movement, 738
Alfonsín, Raúl (Argentina), 709
Alfonso VI (Castile), 170
Alfonso X (Castile), 176
Algebra, 176
Algeria, 388, 471, 529; France and, 595, 698; independence
movement in, 724; Westernization in, 723
Algiers, 388, 527
Alhambra, 170, 178, 179
Ali (Muhammad’s son-in-law), 162–163
Ali, Haidar, 403
Allah, 157, 158, 160, 161
Alliances: in Cold War, 650 (map); in 1871, 485–486,
485 (map); Iroquois, 153; Soviet- ird World, 658;
World War I and, 566; World War II and, 621.
See also speci c alliances
Allied Reparations Commission, 580
Allies (World War I), 569, 572, 573, 578; Russian civil
war and, 577
Allies (World War II), 624, 626; bombings by, 635; Cold
War and, 645–651; end of war and, 628–629; Japan
a er war and, 767; Normandy landing by, 627–628;
at Potsdam, 638; prisoners of war from, 631; at
Tehran, 637; at Yalta, 638, 644, 644–645, 651
723; communism in, 600–601; culture in, 201–204,
733–736; democracy in, 730–731; Dutch in, 346;
E
ast, 187–191, 193; economy in, 350–351, 725–727;
education in, 731–732, 732; ethnic and religious
disputes in, 666; Europeans and, 345–351; future
of, 736; German colonies in, 572; gold in, 336, 339,
346; Heart of Darkness and, 736; human origins in, 3;
imperialism in, 529–533; independence and, 723–
724, 725–731; Islam in, 191–198, 191 (map); leaders
in, 725; literature in, 203–204, 734–736; Marxism-
Leninism in, 725; migration to Americas from, 135;
modern, 724 (map); music of, 202–203; nationalism
in, 533, 599–600, 723–724; nation-states in, 731; in
1914, 526 (map); Ottomans in, 388; peoples of, 184;
politics in, 350–351, 725–727; population in, 727,
728; Portugal and, 338, 339; poverty in, 727; religions
in, 191; rock art in, 187, 190, 201; rural areas in, 727,
732, 733; Sahara region, 187; slavery in, 200–201,
339, 346–350, 349, 527; society in, 199–201, 350–
351; states in, 197 (map); storytelling in, 202–203;
trade and, 443, 725–726; unity movement in, 726;
U.S.-Soviet relations and, 665; West and, 516;
women in, 200, 203–204, 532–533, 732–733; World
War I and, 572–573. See also speci c regions and
locations
African Americans, 704–705
African Economic Community (AEC), 731
African National Congress (ANC), 724, 728
African Union, 731
Afrikaans dialect, 346
Afrika Korps, 626
Afrikaners, 528–529, 532
Afshar, Nadir Shah, 395–396
A erlife: in China, 56, 57. See also Pyramids; Religion
Against Celsus (Origen), 123
Agamemnon (king of Mycenae), 82
Agatharchides (historian), 186
Age of Discovery, 335
Age of Exploration, 332, 335–343, 340 (map);
Islam and, 385–386; warships in, 338
Age of Pericles (Athens), 88
Agincourt, Battle of, 325
Aging. See Elderly
Agora, 84
Agra, 399, 401, 405–406
Agrarian societies. See speci c countries
Agricultural Involution: e Processes of Ecological
Change in Indonesia (Geertz), 536
Agriculture: in Africa, 184, 533, 723, 731; Americas and,
343, 444–445; in China, 59, 60, 70, 70–71, 124, 128,
242, 293, 550–551, 686–687; in Europe, 19, 292, 293,
373, 443; Harappan, 31; in India, 30, 34–35, 221–222,
400, 758; in Japan, 263, 264, 270, 555–556; in Latin
America, 136; Mayan, 139; Neolithic Revolution
and, 4–6; in Roman Empire, 115, 119; Russian, 620;
in South America, 146; in Southeast Asia, 225, 226,
355; in Soviet Union, 673; in Taiwan, 772; technology
and, 174, 717; in Teotihuacán, 137; in Turkey, 596; in
Vietnam, 279. See also Farms and Farming; Irrigation
815
816 INDEX
Arms race: in Cold War, 651, 665, 666, 693
Arranged marriages. See Marriage
Art(s), 7; in Africa, 201, 201–204, 733–734; in
Andalusia, 170; Aztec, 145; Baroque, 380–381;
Byzantine, 313, 314–315; in China, 73, 75, 127,
128, 238, 257–258, 691–693; Dutch realism in,
381; Egyptian, 18–19; in Enlightenment, 441–442;
in Greece, 90–91; in India, 48–50, 405, 405–406,
406, 760; Islamic, 178–180, 179; in Japan, 273–274,
275–276, 430, 560–561; in Korea, 279; in Latin
America, 611; Mesopotamian, 11–12; in Middle
East, 749; Moche, 147; Modernism in, 510–511;
Ottoman, 393–394; Paleolithic, 4; religious, 315; in
Renaissance, 327; in Rome, 115–116; Safavid, 397;
in South Asia, 760; in Soviet Union, 675; a er
World War I, 584–586; a er World War II, 715–716.
See also Culture; speci c arts
Arthasastra (Kautilya), 35, 36, 39, 47, 222
Articles of Confederation, 447
Artisans: African, 199; European, 297; in India, 222
Aryan race, in Germany, 618–619
Aryans (India), 30, 32–40, 41
Asceticism, in India, 41–42
ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations),
765, 766
Ashanti kingdom and people (Ghana), 191, 350–351,
419, 533, 724
Ashikaga shogunate (Japan), 269–270
Ashoka (India), 46, 46 (map), 48, 49, 204
Ashurbanipal (Assyria), 24
Ashurnasirpal (Assyria), 23
Asia: Alexander the Great in, 35; Cold War in, 651–656;
colonialism and, 516–517, 533–536; Columbus and,
341; communism and, 600–601, 653; Europeans and,
337, 343–345; Japanese aggression and, 559–560;
migration into Americas from, 135; Mongols in,
247–252, 250 (map); nationalism in, 533, 599–601;
New Order in, 631; Red Sea and, 184; southern,
208–232; women in, 732–733; World War II and,
622–624, 627 (map), 629, 631. See also Australia;
New Zealand; speci c countries and regions
Asia Minor, 20, 22–23, 82, 164, 320, 321
Asia-Paci c region: Australia, New Zealand, and, 775
Askia Mohammed (Songhai), 336
Assemblies, 87
Assimilation, colonialism and, 517
Association of Southeast Asian Nations. See ASEAN
Assyrian Empire, 22–23, 23 (map), 24; Israelites in,
21–22
Astrolabe, 176, 243, 338
Astronomy, 436–438; Chavín society and, 147;
geocentric and heliocentric theories and, 436, 437;
Mayan, 141; Moche, 147; Muslim, 176; Stonehenge
and, 20
Atatürk. See Kemal, Mustafa (Atatürk)
Aten (god), 16
Athena (god), 93
Athens, 80, 87; Cleisthenes in, 87; democracy in, 79,
88; empire of, 88; government of, 87, 88; intellectual
thought in, 91–93; lifestyle in, 94–95; navy of, 88;
Pericles in, 79, 79–80; Persia and, 87–88; philosophy
in, 91–93, 100–101; Platonic Academy in, 175;
Spartan war with, 79–80, 89; women in, 95. See also
Greece (ancient)
Athletics: in Soviet Union, 676. See also Sports
Atlantic Ocean region: Phoenician trade in, 21
Atman (soul), 44
Atomic bomb, 629, 635, 636, 638, 716
Atomic science, 507
Attica, 80, 87
Antietam, Battle of, 498
Antiforeign sentiment: in France, 698–699
Antigone (Sophocles), 90
Antioch, 306, 320; bishops of, 287
Anti-Semitism: in Germany, 618, 619, 628;
in late 19th century Europe, 509–510.
See also
Holocaust; Jews and Judaism
Antony, Mark, 112
Anyang, China, 55–56, 57
ANZUS alliance, 775
Apache people, 153
Apartheid, in South Africa, 728
Aphrodite (god), 94
A
pollo (god), 94
Apostles (Christian), 121, 287
Appenines, 106
Appian Way (Via Appia, Rome), 109
Aqueducts, Roman, 113, 116
Aquinas. See omas Aquinas
Aquino, Corazon, 761–762
Aquitaine, 299, 325
Arabia, 114, 158, 526, 595
Arabian Nights, e, 177
Arabian peninsula, 133, 162, 192, 744
Arabic language, 166, 174, 175, 176, 203; poetry in,
176–177
Arabic numerals, 50, 176, 255
Arab-Israeli disputes, 738–740
Arab League, 737
Arabs and Arab world, 133, 162–167; Algeria and, 724;
Byzantine Empire and, 317; East African slave trade
and, 527; Islam and, 158, 169, 174–180, 214; Jews
and, 737–740; nationalism in, 598–599; in North
Africa, 163, 164, 191–192; Six-Day War and, 739;
terrorism in, 737; veiling in, 174, 175, 748; wealth of,
172; a er World War I, 580; Yom Kippur war and,
739. See also Islam; Israel; Middle East; Muslims
Arafat, Yasir, 738, 740
Aragon, 328
Aramaic writing, 35
Aramco, 598
Arawak people, 153–154
Arch, 116, 305
Archbishop, 287
Archimedean screw, 100
Archimedes of Syracuse, 99–100
Architecture: in Africa, 203; Baroque, 380; in China,
245, 421, 421–422; in Greece, 90–91, 91; Hellenistic,
98; in India, 48–50, 405, 405–406; Indian rock
architecture, 223, 223–224; Inkan, 149, 151; Islamic,
178, 179, 180; in Japan, 275, 276, 276; in Korea, 278;
Ottoman, 393, 393–394; Roman, 116; Safavid, 397; in
Southeast Asia, 229–230
Ardennes forest, 624
Argentina, 471, 492–493, 495, 496, 609, 610, 706;
nationalism and military in, 708–709
Aristocracy: in Athens, 88; in China, 56–57, 67; in
Europe, 291, 292–293; in Greece, 85, 87; in India,
36–37; in Japan, 267, 268, 557; in Rome, 108, 111;
Safavid, 396; in Southeast Asia, 228. See also Nobility
Aristotle, 92–93, 175, 305
Armada (Spain), 370
Armaments: in Germany, 580, 633; a er World War I,
580. See also Weapons
Armed forces. See Military; Navy; Wars and warfare;
speci c wars and battles
Armenia and Armenians, 595; Russian, 576; Seljuk
Turks in, 166; uprising against Ottomans, 578
Armenian Christians, 391
Armor, 291
All Quiet on the Western Front (Remarque), 571
Almohads, 165 (map), 176
Almoravids, 170, 176
Alphabet: Phoenician, 21, 82. See also Writing
al-Qaeda, 167, 713–714, 714, 737, 743, 767
Alsace, 481, 579
Altaic-speaking people, 277
Amaru (Indian poet), 224
Amaterasu (god), 264
Amazon River region (Amazonia), 146, 149, 154
Amendments: to U.S. Constitution, 447, 498
Amenhotep IV (Egypt). See
Akhenaten
American empire, 498–499
American Federation of Labor, 498
American Indians. See Indians (Native Americans)
American Revolution, 447
Americas, 134–154; Columbian Exchange and, 343,
344, 419; Columbus in, 341; crops from,
350;
environmental changes in, 148; Europeans in,
341–345, 345 (ma
p); rst peoples of, 135; gold and
silver from, 443; slave trade and, 346–347, 347
(map); stateless societies in, 151–154; use of name,
341. See also speci c colonizers and regions
Amerindians, 135, 151–152, 153. See also Indians
(Native Americans)
Amherst (Lord), China trade and, 541
Amiens, 306
Amin (Abbasid), 165
Amin, Idi, 731
Amin, Qassim, 534
Amir Khusrau (poet), 217
Amphitheaters, Roman, 117
Amritsar, 755
Amur River region, 545
Analects (Confucius), 53, 61, 62, 63, 75
Anasazi people, 153, 188
Anatolia, 20, 167, 167 (map), 320, 388, 395, 595.
See also Turkey
Ancestors: in Africa, 191; in China, 56; in India, 38;
in Japan, 271
Ancient world: trade routes in, 125 (map); writing
systems in, 34 (map). See also speci c civilizations
Andalusia, 163, 169–170
al-Andaluz, 169–170. See also Spain
Andes region, 135, 149 (map), 341. See also Peru;
South America; speci c cultures
Andropov, Yuri, 676
Angevin Empire, 298
Angkor, 225, 226, 226 (map), 227, 228, 351, 431;
sacred rituals in, 229
Angkor om, 230
Angkor Wat, 230, 231
Anglican Church. See Church of England
Anglo-Saxons, in England, 297
Angola, 198, 349, 665, 724
Animals: in Americas, 155; domestication of, 5, 184;
herding of, 187; Hindus and, 42; hunting of, 3;
in Roman games, 117
Animism, in China, 64–65
Anjou, 299
Ankara, 595
Annam, 279
Anne (England), 379
Anschluss (union), 621
Antapodosis (Liudprand of Cremona), 318
Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty. See SALT I
and II
Anticolonialism, 533–536; in India, 592–593; Lenin
and, 599
Anti-Comintern Pact, 621
Index 817
Bell, Alexander Graham, 471
Benares (Varanasi), 45, 210
Ben Bella, Ahmad, 724
Benedict (Saint), and Benedictines, 287–288, 303
Benelux countries: European uni cation and, 703
Bengal, 222, 403
Bengali language, 746
Benin, 202, 339, 351
Berbers, 163, 164, 170, 176, 187, 192, 200, 724
Berengar (Italy), 318
Berenike, Egypt, 173
Bering Strait, migration across, 135
Berlin, 500; in Cold War, 646, 647 (map); crisis over
(1957–1958), 657–658; occupation zones in, 647, 647
(map), 649. See also East Berlin; West Berlin
Berlin Airli , 647, 649
Berlin blockade, 647
Berlin Conference (1884), 530
Berlin Wall, 680
Bernard of Clairvaux (Saint), 307
Beveridge, Albert, 523
Beys (governors), 386, 388, 390, 596
Bhagavad Gita, 29–30, 48
Bhaja (Indian rock chamber), 49
Bhakti (devotion), 213
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP, India), 755
Bhopal, chemical leak in, 758
Bhutto family (Pakistan): Benazir, 756, 757; Zul kar
Ali, 756
Biafra, 726, 729
Bible, 363, 364. See also Hebrew Bible; New Testament
“Big man,” in Africa, 200
Big ree: World War II and, 637–638
Bill of Rights: in England, 379, 380; in U.S., 447
Bin Laden, Osama, 713–714, 737, 743
“Biography of a Great Man, e,” 240
Biological weapons, 631
Bipedalism, 3
Birth control, 501, 711, 713. See also Family planning
Birthrate, 501; in China, 687, 688; in Europe, 578,
712–713; a er World War I, 578
al-Biruni (historian), 215
Bishops (Christian), 287, 303, 451–452
Bismarck, Otto von, 480–481, 481, 484–485, 530
Bitter Love (Chinese lm), 692
Black Death (plague, Europe), 321–324, 323
Black Hand (Serbian organization), 567
Black Hole of Calcutta, 402
Blackness (négritude): concept of, 722
Black pottery culture: in China, 54
Blacks: in South Africa, 728–729. See also African
Americans
Black Sea region, 81 (map), 85, 119, 294
Blair, Tony, 700
Blast furnace, 242
Blitz, 635
Blitzkrieg (lightning war), 624
Blockade: of Berlin, 647
Blues (faction), 311, 313–314
Blues (music), 718
Bodhi (wisdom), 44
Bodhisattva, 212
Boeotia, 80
Boers, 346, 528–529, 530, 532, 533
Boer War, 532
Bohemia, 300, 364, 373, 378
Bokhara, 394, 395
Boleyn, Anne, 367
Bolívar, Simón, 491, 492, 492, 493
Bolivia, 493, 707
Bakongo, 724
Bakufu (Japan), 268, 425, 427
Balance of Truth, e (Chelebi), 392
Balboa, Vasco Núñez de, 356
Baldwin of Flanders, 320
Balearic Islands, 170
Balfour Declaration (1917), 598, 599, 737
Bali, 714, 730
Balkan region: agriculture in, 19; Bulgars in, 314; a er
Cold War, 666; industrialization in, 471; nationalism
in, 479, 566, 567; Ottomans in, 321, 386, 388, 595;
Roman control of, 113; World War I and, 486, 486
(map), 572, 580; a er World War II, 645
Ball courts: Mayan, 139–141,
140
Baltic region, 378, 576, 628
Baluchi people, 756
Bamboo, 71
Bamiyan (town), 208,
208, 210
“
Banana republics,” 609, 707
Bananas, 191
Bandar Abbas, 397
Bandiagara Escarpment, 188
Bangkok, 765
Bangladesh, 754, 756
Ban Gu (historian), 127
Banking, 172; in Great Depression, 581; in India, 40;
in Japan, 426
Banners (Manchu military units), 415
Banpo (Pan P’o), China, 56
Bantu-speaking peoples, 133, 188, 346, 528–529
Ban Zhao (historian), 127
Bao-jia system (China), 71
Barak, Ehud, 740
Barbary pirates, 388
Bards: African, 203
Barley, 5, 31, 40, 71
Barmakid family, 165
Baroque style, 380–381, 381
Barter: in China, 60; in Gupta India, 211
Barton, Clara, 501
Basho (Japanese poet), 428–429
Basil II (Byzantine Empire), 319
Basilicas, 49
Bastille, 435, 451
Basutoland (Lesotho), 532
Batavia (Jakarta), 351
Baths: in Mohenjo-Daro, 32; Roman, 116
Batista, Fulgencio, 658, 707
Battle of Britain, 716
Battles. See speci c battles and wars
Bayazid I (Ottoman Turks), 386
Bay of Naples, 115
Bay of Pigs incident, 659, 707
Bazaars, 296
Bechuanaland (Botswana), 532
Beckett, Samuel, 715
Bedouins, 158, 162, 176, 738; rugs of, 178
Beer Hall Putsch (Germany), 618
Begin, Menachem, 739–740
Beijing, 421, 692; imperial city in, 421, 421–422; as
Khanbaliq, 249, 251–252, 252 (map); UN conference
on women’s issues in, 713
Belarus, independence of, 679
Belgian Congo, 531. See also Congo; Democratic
Republic of the Congo; Zaire
Belgium, 294, 703; cities in, 468; imperialism by, 529,
530; industrialization in, 467, 471; Napoleon in, 458;
in World War I, 568
Belgrade, Ottoman Turks and, 388
Belisarius (general), 312, 315
Attlee, Clement, 699
Atum (Egyptian sun god), 14
Augustus (Octavian, Rome), 112, 113
Aung San Huu Kyi (Burma), 764
Aurangzeb (Mughals), 398, 401
Auschwitz-Birkenau, 630, 633
Ausgleich (Compromise) of 1867 (Austria), 482
Australia, 471, 572, 775
Australopithecines, 3
Austrasia, 287
Austria, 329, 449 (map), 479, 485; absolutism in, 378;
anti-Semitism in, 509; Concert of Europe and, 475;
enlightened absolutism in, 448; European uni cation
and, 703; French Revolution and, 452; Germany and,
480–481, 621; Green Party in, 714; Hungary and,
392; Italy and, 479, 480; military in, 566; Napoleon
and, 457; Ottomans and, 388, 479; Reformation and,
364; revolutions of 1848 and, 477; Versailles Treaty
and, 579; women in, 574; World War I and, 486, 566,
567–568, 569, 579, 580. See also Congress of Vienna;
World War I; World War II
Austria-Hungary, 471, 482, 484, 485; fall of, 550; a er
World War I, 580; World War I and, 486, 567, 573
Austrian Empire: Habsburgs and, 378, 448; nationalism
in, 477–479, 482; revolution in (1848), 477, 477
Authoritarianism: in Germany, 484, 616; in Latin
America, 610–611
Authors. See Literature; speci c authors and works
Autobiography (Shibuzawa Eiichi), 470
Autocracy, in Southeast Asia, 761
Automobiles, 471
Avant-garde art, in China, 692
Averroës, 176
Aves sin Nido (Birds without a Nest)
(Matto
de Turner), 507
Avicenna, 175–176
Avignon, papacy in, 326
Axial Age, 93, 93
Axis Powers, 626–627
Axum, 184, 185–187, 192, 203, 204
Ayacucho, battle at, 493
Ayatollah.
See Khomeini, Ruhollah (Ayatollah)
Ayodhya, India, 757
Ayuthaya, ailand, 335, 351, 353
Azadi, Sousan, 748–749
Aza
nia (East Africa), 193
Azerbaijan, 394, 395, 576, 646, 679
Aztecs, 142–146, 269, 341, 343
Aztlán, 142
Azuela, Mariano, 611
Ba’ath Party (Iran), 742
Ba’ath Party (Syria), 600, 738
Babur (Mughals), 398
Babylon, 24; Alexander the Great and, 96; Assyria
and, 24; Chaldean, 24; Cyrus the Great and, 24;
Hammurabi in, 10–11; Judeans in, 22
Babylonian captivity: of people of Judah, 22
Bachelet, Michelle, 707
Bactria, 47, 209, 210, 243
Badajoz, battle at, 170
Baghdad, 164, 165 (map), 168, 172, 249, 296, 297, 598;
“house of wisdom” in, 174; Safavids and, 394–395.
See also Iraq
Baghdadi, Khatib, 166
Bahrain, 744
Bai Hua (China), 692
Baili s, 293
Ba Jin, 605
818 INDEX
Calicut (Kozhikode, India), 334, 334, 339
Caliphs and caliphate, 162, 168; Abbasid, 164–165, 171;
of Abd Al-Rahman, 169–170; in Ottoman Empire,
388, 391; in Turkey, 596; Umayyad, 163. See also
speci c caliphs and caliphates
Calligraphy: Arabic, 179; Chinese, 258; Mughal, 406
Calpullis (Aztec kin groups), 143
Calvin, John, and Calvinism, 365–367
Cambodia, 351, 353, 765; France and, 521, 523, 655,
656; Khmer Rouge and, 765, 766; Vietnam and, 431
Cambyses (Persian Empire), 24
Camels, 19, 40, 172, 187, 188, 190
Cameroons, 531, 572
Campania, 106
Camp David Agreement (1978), 739–740
Camus, Albert, 715
Canaan, 23
Canada, 446, 450, 499, 499 (map), 533, 706
Canals: of Chimor people, 147–148; in China, 60, 68,
237; Suez, 525, 526, 526 (map), 527
Cane sugar. See Sugar industry
Cannae, battle at, 111
Cannon, 325, 386–387
Canton, 68, 244, 415, 417, 544 (map)
Cao Cao (Ts’ao Ts’ao) (China), 128
Cape Colony, 529 (map), 532
Cape Guardafui, 184, 189
Cape Horn, 343 (map)
Cape of Good Hope, 184, 199, 205, 339, 344, 346
Capet, Hugh, 299
Capetian dynasty (France), 299
Cape Town, 728
Cape Verde, 184, 350, 525
Capital cities: of Arab Empire, 164; in China, 58;
in Japan, 267. See also speci c cities
Capitalism: in Africa, 727–728; American trade and,
343; China and, 687, 691; commercial, 294, 373, 443;
European expansionism and, 337; in Japan, 425–426,
562; Lenin on, 599; Marx on, 671; modernization
and, 634; in Soviet Union and China, 679
Caracalla (Rome), 114; baths of, 116
Caral, Peru, 7–8, 8 (map), 146
Caravans, 172, 173, 187, 188; Bedouin, 158; Indian
trade and, 40; plague and, 321–322; along Silk Road,
115, 125, 243; in West Africa, 195
Caravels, 338
Cárdenas, Lázaro, 611
Caribbean region, 153, 341, 342, 345; Cuba and, 658;
independence and, 609
Carlowitz, Treaty of, 392
Carnegie Steel Company, 498
Carnival, 442
Caroline Islands, 573
Carolingian Empire, 288–289, 289 (map), 299
Carpini, John Plano, 249, 337
Carruca (plow), 292
Cars. See Automobiles
Cartels: in Japan, 767
Carter, Jimmy, 665, 705, 739–740
Carter Doctrine, 665
Carthage, 110–111, 110 (map), 187, 192
Cartwright, Edmund, 465
Castes: in India, 36–38, 40, 46, 211, 220, 220, 221, 404,
758; origin of term, 38
Castile, 170, 328
Castles: in Europe, 294; in Japan, 423; medieval, 169
Castro, Fidel, 658, 707–708
Castro, Raúl, 708
Casualties: in World War I, 565, 569, 573, 575, 578; in
World War II, 636. See also speci c battles and wars
Bubonic plague, 321–324, 443
Buda, 477
Budapest, 482
Buddha, 43–46, 44; portrayals of, 101,
208,
210, 278
Buddhism, 355; in China, 127, 133, 236, 254, 690;
Hinayana, 212; in India, 30, 43–46, 210–214; in
J
apan, 267, 270, 271, 273, 770; kingship in, 353;
in Korea, 278, 278, 279; Mahayana, 212–213; a er
Siddhartha, 211–212; in Southeast Asia, 226, 229;
spread of, 209–210; eravada, 212
Buenos Aires, 496
Bu ers: a er World War II, 638
Building: in Rome, 116. See also Architecture; Housing
Bulgaria, 319, 569, 572, 573, 628, 703; Nazi Germany
and, 624; Soviet Union and, 645
Bulgarians, 300
Bulgars, 314, 317, 319, 386
Bullion (gold and silver), 373
Burakumin (Japanese minority), 768. See also Eta
(Japanese class)
Bureaucracy: Abbasid, 164–166; in China, 56, 62, 67,
69, 122–124, 241, 686; in Europe, 374; in France, 299,
457; in Korea, 431; in Middle East regimes, 744; in
Roman Empire, 113
Burghers, 363
Burgundy, 287, 299
Burial mounds: in Cahokia, 153; in China, 56
Burj Dubai, 752
Burma (Myanmar), 225, 226, 351, 353, 355; colonialism
and, 516, 520, 523; democracy and, 764; development
in, 764; England and, 545; Japan and, 623, 631;
manufacturing in, 524; nationalism in, 590–591
Burundi: Rwanda and, 729–730
Bush, George H. W., 705, 743
Bush, George W., 705; Iraq War and, 743; Kyoto
Agreement and, 776; terrorism and, 714
Bushido (way of the warrior, Japan), 268
Business: in Japan, 556, 767, 768; in South Korea, 772;
women in, 404
Buxar: battle at, 402
Byelorussians, 300, 631. See also Belarus
Byzantine Empire, 167 (map), 311–312, 314 (map),
317 (map); Arabs and, 162, 191–192; Christianity
in, 300, 314–315; Crusades and, 167–168, 306–308,
320; decline and fall of, 319–321, 386–387, 388;
economy of, 317; European trade with, 294; height
of civilization of, 317–319; Islam and, 163–164;
Justinian in, 312–314, 312 (map); Macedonian
dynasty in, 317–319; military in, 317–319; Ottomans
and, 169; painting of Jesus and Virgin Mary from, 44;
politics in, 317–319; revival of, 320–321; Seljuk Turks
and, 166–167; western view of, 318. See also Eastern
Roman Empire; Roman Empire; speci c rulers
Byzantium, 85, 119, 315. See also Constantinople
Cabot, John, 340 (map), 341
Cabral, John, 402
Cabral, Pedro, 341
Cacao (kakaw), 138, 343
Cactus Hill, Virginia, 135
Caesar, Julius, 112, 112
Cahokia, 153
Cairo, 169, 191, 296, 297, 388
Cairo Trilogy (Mahfouz), 749
Cai Yuanpei, 601
Calakmul (city), 139
Calcutta (Kolkata), 401, 402
Calderón, Felipe, 709
Calendar: Caesar and, 112; Mayan, 141; Sumerian, 12
Bologna, Italy, university in, 304
Bolshevik Revolution (1917), 573, 576
Bolsheviks (Soviet Union), 576–577, 599
Bombay. See Mumbai (Bombay)
Bombings: of Japan, 629, 635, 636; in World War II,
629, 635, 636
Bonaparte. See Napoleon entries
Boniface VIII (Pope), 325–326
Bonsai, 276
Book of Changes.
See Yi Jing (I Ching)
Book of History (China), 71, 75
Book of Kells, e,
316
Boo
k of Mencius, e, 63
Book of Songs, e (China), 59, 72, 75
Book of Xunzi, e, 63
Books: burning in Qin China, 68; in China, 256, 412;
in Islamic world, 175; in Middle Ages, 304; printing
of, 363
Borders: of China, 416, 416 (map), 660; of post-World
War I Germany, 579–580, 579 (map), 581. See also
Boundaries; Frontiers
Borneo, 336, 525, 761
Borobudar, temple of, 220, 230
Borodino, battle at, 457
Bosnia, 391, 486, 566, 567, 701, 702
Bosnian Muslims, 701–702
Bosporus, 85, 386
Botswana. See Bechuanaland (Botswana)
Boundaries: in Africa, 724 (map), 725; in Middle East,
744 (map). See also Borders; Frontiers
Bourbon dynasty (France), 370, 373, 377, 458, 475
Bourgeois/bourgeoisie, 294, 469, 473–474; in France,
450–451, 457
Boxer Rebellion (China), 546, 546 (map)
Brahman (god), 37, 42
Brahman (Hindu Great World Soul), 42, 43
Brahmanism, Hinduism and, 42
Brahmaputra River region, 399
Brahmin class, 37, 41, 42; in Angkor, 228; education of,
214; in India, 213, 221
Brahmo Samaj (India), 534
Brandenburg-Prussia, 377–378
Brandt, Willy, 699
Braudel, Fernand, 387
Brazil, 341, 445, 471, 609, 610–611, 706, 707; African
slaves in, 346–347; Portuguese government of, 345
“Bread and Circuses” (Rome), 117
Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of, 576
Brezhnev, Leonid, 658, 663, 674–676
Brezhnev Doctrine, 663–664
Briand, Aristide, 581
Bride price, 246
Britain. See Battle of Britain; England (Britain)
British, use of term, 446
British Columbia, 499
British East India Company, 345, 401, 402, 417,
516, 517
British Empire, 447, 515–516, 723, 753. See also
Colonies and colonization; Independence; speci c
locations
British Honduras, 609
Brittany, 299
Bronze, 7; in Asia, 58; axhead from, 58; in China, 57,
72–73, 73, 75, 127
Bronze Age, 7; in China, 56; in Minoan Crete, 80;
in northeastern Asia, 277; in Vietnam, 279
Brown, Gordon, 700
Brown Shirts, in Nazi Germany, 708
Broz, Josip. See Tito (Yugoslavia)
Bruges, 297
Index 819
in, 242, 413; people of, 54; Period of the Warring
States in, 79; Philippines and, 521; philosophy
in, 60–65; plague in, 321; politics in, 56, 59, 67,
239–240, 414–415; Polo in, 235–236; popular culture
in, 256–257; population in, 69, 124, 128, 239, 242,
418–419, 541, 687; Portugal and, 340, 411; printing
in, 245, 255, 256, 363, 412; protests in, 602; religions
in, 60–61, 64–65, 127, 254–256, 690; reuni cation of,
237–247; revolution in, 452, 549–550, 601–605; rice
in, 5, 60, 70; Roman Empire and, 209; rural areas in,
124, 245; Russia (Soviet Union) and, 416, 545, 655;
sciences in, 438; silk from, 315–317; Sino-Japanese
War and, 545, 558–559, 560; Sino-Soviet dispute
and, 660; socialism in, 661, 681; society in, 56–57,
59–60, 67–68, 127, 244–247, 256, 550–553, 604, 605,
686–690; Southeast Asia and, 225; Sun Yat-sen in,
548–549; Taiwan and, 663, 773; technology in, 57,
242, 255, 418–419; terraced farming in, 174; Tibet
and, 239, 416, 545, 654, 684, 685; trade in, 60, 115,
124–125, 125 (map), 126–127, 242–244, 411–412,
413 (map), 415, 416–418, 540–541; urban areas in,
242, 245; veneration of ancestors in, 56; Vietnam
and, 126, 279–282, 655, 660–662, 684; Warring States
period in, 65 (map); West and, 411, 415–418, 516;
women in, 72, 246–247, 420, 551–553, 553, 605,
689–690; World War I and, 573; World War II and,
627, 627 (map), 629, 651; writing in, 33, 55, 56, 57,
67, 74–75; Xiongnu people in, 68–69; Yellow River
region in, 7, 54, 58. See also Japan; Korea; Mao
Zedong; Taiwan; Vietnam; World War I; World
War II; speci c rulers, dynasties, and empires
Chinampas, 137, 138
China Sea, 55
China at Can Say No, e, 685
Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 601, 602, 652,
684, 686
Chinese language: in Japan, 274
Chinggis Khan. See Genghis Khan
Chinoiserie (Chinese art), 422
Chirac, Jacques, 698–699
Chocolate, 138
Chola kingdom (India), 209, 211, 227
Chonmin (Korean slave class), 279, 431
Chrétien, Jean (Canada), 706
Christ: Jesus as, 121
Christian Democratic Unino (CDU, Germany), 699
Christian humanism, 363
Christianity: in Africa, 525, 528, 529, 729; in Andalusia,
170; in Axum, 192, 203; in Byzantine Empire,
314–315; in China, 411–412, 414, 544, 690; of Clovis,
287; conversion to, 287–288, 350; Coptic, 186–187;
Crusades and, 167–168; Diderot on, 440; evangelical,
730; in India, 757; in Japan, 423–424, 770; in Korea,
431; in Latin America, 445; in medieval Europe,
287–291, 300, 302–303; in Middle Ages, 287–291;
and Muslims in Africa, 727, 729, 731; origins of,
121; in Roman world, 121–122, 123; scholasticism
and, 304–305; in Slavic Europe, 300, 301; spread of,
121–122, 289; in Vietnam, 431; Vikings and, 290;
western vs. eastern church, 317. See also Conversion;
Reformation; speci c groups
Chronicle of the First Crusade (Fulcher of
Chartres), 168
Chronicles of Japan, e, 266, 267
Chronographia (Michael Psellus), 319
Chulalongkorn ( ailand), 521
Chungshan Gate (Nanjing), 622
Church(es): Christian, 122; in Latin America, 445;
power of state and, 303; of San Vitale (Ravenna), 313.
See also speci c religions
Chau Ju-kua (Chinese o cial), 227
Chávez, Hugo, 707
Chavín society, 146–147
Chechnya, war in, 702
Checkpoint Charlie, 649
Cheka, 577
Chelebi, Katib, 392
Chemical fertilizers, 717
Chemical warfare, 387, 571
Chenla (state), 226
Chennai. See Madras (Chennai)
Chen Shui-bian (Taiwan), 773
Chernenko, Konstantin, 676, 678
Chernobyl nuclear accident, 714
Chia
ng Kai-shek, 594,
601, 602, 603–605, 651, 652, 653,
660, 773; Japan and, 622, 623; Taiwan a er, 773
Chichén Itzá, 142
Chicken pox, 419
Chie ains: in Southeast Asia, 228
Child labor, 467, 469
Children: abandonment, 501; Aztec, 143; in China,
70–71, 420, 551; in Code of Hammurabi, 11; in
India, 39; in Ottoman Empire, 390
Chile, 149, 492, 493, 496, 609, 706, 707
Chimor kingdom, 147–148, 149
China, 53–54, 122–128, 126 (map); agriculture in,
59, 60, 70, 70–71, 124, 128, 242, 293, 550–551,
686–687; arts in, 73, 127, 128, 257–258, 420–422,
691–693; Britain and, 412, 416–417, 541–544;
bronzes in, 72–73, 73; Buddhism in, 127, 133,
236; bureaucracy in, 56, 62, 67, 69; capitalism in,
679; Christian missionaries in, 411–412; cities
in, 71–72, 296; civilization in, 7, 7 (map), 54–57;
civil service examination in, 240–241; civil war in,
651–653, 652 (map); colonialism in, 520; commerce
in, 133; communism in, 651–654, 672, 680–693;
Confucianism in, 61–62, 122–124, 239–240, 250,
254, 410–411, 545, 551, 604, 605, 684; culture
in, 72–75, 127, 238–239, 256–258, 264, 420–422,
605, 691–693; Daoism and, 240; democracy in,
683; dynastic histories in, 256; East Asia and,
775; economy in, 59–60, 67–68, 124–126, 237,
242–244, 412–413, 604, 605, 652, 683, 684, 686–689;
environment in, 688, 688–689; European trade
with, 294; expansion by, 411; family in, 70–71, 72,
245–246, 419–420, 605 687, 687, 689–690, 691, 691;
foot binding and, 246–247, 551, 553, 607; foreign
policy in, 68; foreign possessions and spheres of
in uence in, 541–546, 546 (map); government of, 56,
59, 67, 240–241, 250–252; Great Proletarian Cultural
Revolution in, 549, 681–682, 682; Great Wall in,
69; Hong Kong and, 774–775; “hundred schools”
of philosophy in, 60–65; imperialism in, 541, 545,
551; industrialization and, 418–419, 550–551, 686;
Internet in, 686; inward turning of, 253–254; iron in,
72–73, 73; Japan and, 238, 263, 264–265, 276–277,
545, 553, 557–558, 602, 604–605, 622, 622, 624;
Jesuit conversions in, 369; Korea and, 430; Korean
War and, 654–655; land in, 54–55; language in,
74–75; lifestyle in, 70, 70–72, 127, 245–247, 419–420,
551–553, 686, 687–690; local government in, 241–
242; Macartney mission to, 540, 540–541; medieval,
252–254; metalwork in, 58; Mongols in, 55, 236, 239,
247–252, 248 (map); music in, 75; Nanjing Republic
in, 603–605; nationalism in, 684; Nationalists in,
594, 601, 602–603; neo-Confucianism in, 255–256;
New Culture Movement in, 601; Nixon and, 663; old
order in, 546–548; Olympic Games in, 685; Open
Door Notes in, 530, 546; Open Door policy in, 546,
560, 609; Opium War in, 542–544, 543; peasants
Çatal Hüyük, 5
Cathedrals: Gothic, 305–306, 306
Catherine of Aragon, 367
Catherine the Great (Russia), 448
Catholicism. See Roman Catholicism
Catholic Reformation, 367–369
Caucasus region, 702
Caudillos (leaders), 495
Cavalry: of Alexander the Great, 96; in India, 398
Cave art: in Dunhuang (China), 257–258; Paleolithic, 4.
See also Rock art
Cavour, Camillo di, 480
Cebu, Philippines, 344
Celadon pottery, 73
Celibate clergy, 367
Celsus (philosopher), 123
Central Africa, 187, 198; Bantu-speaking peoples of,
133; con ict in, 729–730; farming in, 5; imperialism
in, 529; Soviets and, 658
Central America, 134, 135–146, 341, 342, 666 (map),
707; banana republics in, 609; civilizations of,
135–146; exports from, 609; independence in, 493;
peoples and cultures of, 146 (map); Reagan and, 666.
See also Americas; South America; speci
c countries
C
entral Asia, 133; China and, 55, 126, 127, 252, 411,
545; civilizations of, 7, 7 (map); European trade
with, 294; Islamic states in, 685; Mongol Empire in,
247–252; Soviet republics in, 665
Central Europe, 328–329; absolutism in, 377–378; old
order in, 484; Protestantism in, 367; Slavic peoples
of, 299–301
Centralization: political, in World War I, 573
Central Kingdom: China as, 541
Central Powers (World War I), 572, 573, 580
Centuriate assembly (Rome), 108
Ceramics: in China, 73, 258. See also Porcelain; Pottery
Ceremonies: Mayan, 139; Olmec, 136
Ceylon. See Sri Lanka (Ceylon)
Chacabuco, Battle of, 492, 493
Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, 153
Chad, 729
Chador, 748–749
Chaebol (Korea), 772
Chaeronea, Battle of, 95
Chaghadai khanate, 249
Chaldeans, 22, 23, 24
Chamberlain, Neville, 621
Champa, 226 (map), 279–280, 281, 431
Chan Buddhism, 254, 273. See also Zen Buddhism (Japan)
Chandragupta (India), 211
Chandragupta II (India), 224
Chandragupta Maurya (India), 35–36, 46, 211
Chang’an, China, 127, 237, 239, 239, 244, 296
Changes: A Love Story (Aidoo), 735–736
Chao Phraya River region, 225, 226
Chapels: France, 49; rock (India), 49
Chariots, 56, 311, 313, 387
Charismatic rule: in Middle East, 744
Charlemagne, 286, 288–289, 289 (map), 290
Charles I (England), 379
Charles I (Spain), as Charles V (Holy Roman
Empire), 364
Charles II (England), 379
Charles V (Holy Roman Empire), 361, 364, 370
Charles VII (France), 325
Charles Martel, Arabs and, 163
Charter 77 (Czechoslovakia), 680
Charter Oath (Meiji, Japan), 555
Charter of the Organization of African Unity, 726
Chartres, 306
820 INDEX
222, 399, 404; in Japan, 270, 426; in Kush, 185; Rome
and, 115; in Southeast Asia, 353–355. See also Trade
Commercial capitalism, 294, 373, 443
Committee of Public Safety (France), 453–454, 455
Committee on Government Security (KGB), 672
Common law (England), 298
Common people. See Mass society; ird estate
Commonwealth: in England, 379
Commonwealth of independent states: former Soviet
Union as, 679
Communalism, in South Asia, 757
Commune (Paris), 453
Communes: in China, 681
Communication: in Africa, 724; in Assyrian Empire,
23; in China, 245; global network of, 332; among
Inka, 149, 149 (map); in Persian Empire, 25;
technology and, 243, 717, 717
Communism and communists: Eastern Europe and,
645, 679–680, 700–702; in France, 583; Indonesia
and, 761; in Latin America, 707; in non-Western
societies, 600–601; in Russia, 576–577; Vietnam and,
761; war communism and, 577. See also Communist
parties; Socialism; speci c countries
Communist International (Comintern), 600, 602
Communist Manifesto, e (Marx and Engels), 473,
473, 474
Communist parties: in Asia and Africa, 599–600, 653;
in China, 601, 602–603, 651–654, 652, 684, 685,
686; in Eastern Europe, 645; a er Soviet Union, 672;
in Soviet Union, 576–577, 584 , 675; in Vietnam, 655.
See also Communism; speci c countries
Compass, 255, 338
Compulsory education, 502
Computers, 716–717
Concentration camps, 618. See also Holocaust;
Nazi Germany
Concert of Europe, 475
Concordat of Worms, 303
Concubines: in China, 245, 246
Condoms, 711
Confederate States of America, 497
Confederation of the Rhine, 457
Conferences: Allied in World War II, 637–638
Confucianism: Buddhism and, 213; in China, 61–62, 69,
122–124, 127, 236, 239–240, 250, 254, 410–411, 545, 551,
604, 605, 684; Christianity and, 412; commandments
of, 427; in Korea, 772; Neo-Confucianism and, 240;
in Vietnam, 280, 282; women and, 72
Confucius, 53, 53–54, 61, 61, 62, 63
Congo, 351, 510
Congo River region, 184, 198–199, 530
Congress (U.S.), 497
Congress of Vienna, 464, 464; Europe a er, 475–479,
476 (map)
Congress Party (India), 753, 754, 755, 756, 757
Conquest of New Spain, e (Díaz), 144
Conquistadors, 341
Conrad, Joseph, 736
Conscription: World War I and, 566
Conservatism: a er French Revolution, 475;
Metternich and, 477; in U.S., 705
Conservative Party: in England, 483, 699, 700
Consistory (Geneva), 367
Constance, Council of, 326
Constantine (Rome), 118, 119, 122
Constantine VII (Byzantine Empire), 318
Constantinople, 119, 119 (map), 296, 297, 311, 314;
Arab siege of, 314; in Crusades, 307; rebuilding of,
313; sacks of, 320, 321, 322, 386–387, 388; trade in,
315–317. See also Byzantium; Istanbul
Cleopatra VII (Egypt), 112
Clergy, 302–303; as rst estate, 299, 362, 450; in French
Revolution, 451–452; Islamic, 741, 747; Napoleon
and, 457; Protestant Reformation and, 367
Clermont, Council of, 306
Climate, 6; in China, 59, 68; human migration and, 190;
of India, 40; of Japan, 263; population explosion and,
419; in Southeast Asia, 355; world, 187
Clinton, Bill, 705, 743
Clitoridectomy, 532
Clive, Robert, 401, 402, 450
Clocks, European, 419
Cloth and clothing: in China, 71, 690. See also Textiles
and textile industry
Cloud Messenger, e (Kalidasa), 224
Clov
e trade, 351
Clovis (Franks), 287
Coal and coal industry: in Japan, 556; in Russia, 473; for
steam engines, 465, 470; working conditions in, 469
Cobá, 140
Coca plant, 147
Cocoa products: as African export, 723
Code of Hammurabi, 10
Code of Law (Justinian), 312
Codes: in World War II, 716
Codes of ethics: Muslim, 161
Co ee, 392, 723
Coins: in China, 60
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 377
Cold War, 639, 645–656; Africa during, 726–727;
alliances in, 650 (map); in Asia, 651–656; Brezhnev
Doctrine and, 663–664; détente and, 664–665;
Eastern Europe and, 647–649; end of, 666; India
and, 754; Iron Curtain and, 638, 645–646, 646;
Japan and, 767; Middle East and, 646; peaceful
coexistence and, 656; Reagan and, 666; responsibility
for, 648, 649–651; Sino-Soviet dispute in, 660;
Southeast Asia and, 761–762
Collectives and collectivization: in China, 681; in North
Vietnam, 762; in Soviet Union, 620; in Tanzania, 727
Cologne, Germany, bombing of, 635
Colombia, 149, 492, 493, 496
Colonialism. See Colonies and colonization;
Imperialism
Colonies and colonization: in Africa, 350–351, 517,
525–533, 723; American, 341–345, 345 (map),
445–447, 450, 497; assessment of colonialism and,
537–538; countryside and, 524–525; Dutch, 761;
English, 445–447; Greek, 85, 98, 107; in India, 516,
517–520, 520 (map); Japan and, 609, 767; Latin
American independence and, 491–495; mercantilism
and, 373; motives for, 515; nationalism as response
to, 590–601; nature of rule in, 523–525; Philippines
and, 521; resistance to, 516–517, 590–591; rivalry
over, 566; in Southeast Asia, 520–525, 522 (map);
Spanish, 341–342; Western, 514–515. See also
Anticolonialism; Imperialism; Nationalism
Color of skin: in Indian society, 36
Colosseum (Rome), 117
Columbian Exchange, 343, 344, 419
Columbus, Christopher, 135, 251, 340 (map), 341,
342, 344
COMECON (Council for Mutual Economic
Assistance), 648–649
“Comfort women,” 631, 768
Comintern. See Communist International
Command economy, 671, 687–689
Commandments: Jewish, 22
Commerce: of Axum, 185; in China, 67–68, 126–127,
133, 541–542, 551; cities and, 297; in India, 40, 211,
Churchill, Winston, 635, 636, 699; “iron curtain”
speech by, 638, 646, 646; Munich Conference and,
621; at Tehran, 637; at Yalta, 638, 644, 644–645
Church of England, 367, 379
Cicero, 116–117, 120, 326
Cincinnatus, 108
Cinnamon, 190–191
Cistercian order, 303
Cities and towns: in Africa, 727, 732–733; ancient, 2;
in Arab world, 172; in China, 71–72, 127, 245,
296, 687; European, 294–297, 297, 307–308, 443,
467–468, 500; Hellenistic, 98; Inkan, 149; Islamic,
170, 296; in Japan, 425–426; medieval, 294–297,
296, 297; Mesoamerican, 136–138, 146, 146 (map);
in Roman Empire, 114–115; in Southeast Asia, 765–
766; third estate and, 363; World War II bombings of,
635, 636. See also Villages
Citizens and citizenship: in Athens, 88, 94; in France,
451; in medieval cities, 294–295; in Meiji Japan, 556,
558; in Rome, 110, 114
“City of Joy,” 758
City-states: in Greece, 80, 83–85; in Mesopotamia, 8–9;
Sumerian, 8–9
Civil Code (France), 455
Civil Code (Japan, 1898), 557
Civil Constitution of the Clergy (France), 451–452
Civil disobedience, by Gandhi, 589, 593
Civilians: in World War I, 578; in World War II, 635, 636
Civilization(s), xxxii–1, 2; in Africa, 183–191; of
Central America, 135–146; characteristics of, 7;
colonialism and, 517; emergence of, 7–8; European,
19–20, 302–303, 356; Harappan (India), 30–32;
Islamic, 171–180; in Mesopotamia, 7, 8–12;
Mycenaean, 81–82; river valley, 2–3, 6; of South
America, 7–8, 146–151; in southern Asia, 208–232;
spread to new areas, 132–133; trade and, 173,
173;
writing and, 6–7, 33. See also Culture(s); speci c
civilizations
Civil law, Roman, 107
Civil rights: in U.S., 704
Civil Rights Act (1964), 704
Ci
vil service: Byzantine, 317
Civil service examination: in China, 47, 240–241; in Japan,
276–277; in Korea, 278, 430; in Vietnam, 280–281
Civil war(s): in Africa, 726; in Balkan region, 666;
in China, 651–653, 652 (map); in France, 370; in
Greece, 646; in Rome, 118; in Russia, 576–577;
in Sudan, 729; in U.S., 497, 498, 501
Cixi (Tz’u Hsi, dowager empress, China), 545, 547, 549
Clans: in China, 56, 71, 420; in Japan, 264. See also
speci c clans
Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World
Order, e (Huntington), 667
Classes: African lineage groups and, 200; Aztec,
143–144; in China, 56–57; in Egypt, 18; in Europe,
291, 292–293, 362–363, 443; in France, 450; in India,
36–38, 221, 758; in Islamic society, 172; in Japan,
268, 271, 428, 557; in Korea, 278–279, 431; Marx and
Engels on, 474; in Southeast Asia, 355; Sumerian,
8–9. See also Estates (social orders); speci c classes
Classical age: in India, 211
Classical Greece, 80, 87–95; Byzantine thought and,
315; culture of, 89–93, 91, 92; Islamic thought and,
174–176
Classical Latin, 326
Classless society, 676
Class struggle, 473–474
Cleisthenes (Athens), 87
Clemenceau, Georges, 578
Clement V (Pope), 326
Index 821
Czechoslovakia: a er communism, 680; communism
and, 700; Nazi takeover of, 621–622; Soviet Union
and, 645, 663–664, 676; World War I and, 580
Czech people, 300, 477, 484
Czech Republic, 700, 701, 703
Dacia (Romania), 113, 114
Dadaism, 584, 585
Da Gama, Vasco, 205, 334, 339, 340 (map), 398, 515
Daimyo (Japan), 270, 423, 424, 428, 555
Dai Viet (Great Viet), 226 (map), 279–280–282, 280
(map), 431
Dakar, 350
Dalai Lama, 684
Dalí, Salvador, 584–585, 586
Dalits (untouchables, India), 38, 758
Damascus, 163, 297, 322
Dandin (Indian writer), 225
Danes, in England, 290
Dangun (Korea), 277
Danibaan, 136
Danube River region, 113, 114, 388
Danzig, 621
Dao (Way), 61–62, 124, 255, 258
Dao De Jing ( e Way of the Tao), 63–64
Daoism (Taoism), 63–64, 236; China and, 240,
254, 690
Dara Shikoh (Mughals), 401
Dardanelles, 85, 386, 595
Dar es Salaam, 189, 193
Darfur, 729
Darius (Persia), 25, 25, 87
Darius III (Persia), 96
Dark Age, in Greece, 82–83
Darwin, Charles, 506; Social Darwinism and, 508–509
David (Israel), 21 (map)
David (Michelangelo), 327, 328
David, Jacques-Louis, 456
Dawes Plan, 581
D-Day. See Normandy
Death camps, of Nazis, 630–631, 633
Death rate. See Mortality rates
De Beauvoir, Simone, 711–712
Debt crisis: in Latin America, 706–707; in Mexico, 709.
See also Finances
Deccan Plateau, 30, 217, 222
Decentralization: in India, 398, 401; in Japan, 268, 423
Declaration of Independence (U.S.), 447
Declaration of Indulgence (England), 379
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
(France), 451, 453
Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female
Citizen (Gouges), 451
Declaration of War Against China, 559
“Declaration on Liberated Europe,” 638
Decline of the West, e (Spengler), 580
Deconstruction, 715
“Decree of Emperor Qianlong, A,” 417
Defense of the Realm Act (Britain), 573
De cit: in U.S., 705
De cit spending, 583
Degas, Edgar, 561
De Gaulle, Charles, 698, 724
Deism, 440
Deities. See Gods and goddesses
De Klerk, Frederik W., 728
Delacroix, Eugène, 505, 506
Delhi, 398, 401
Delhi sultanate, 215, 216–217
Cranmer, omas, 367
Crassus (Rome), 112
Creation myths: Japanese, 264; Mayan, 140
Crécy, Battle of, 325
Credit, in China, 242
“Cremation of the Strasbourg Jews, e” (Von
Königshofen), 324
Creoles, 491, 492
Crete, 16, 18, 82, 170, 319, 320; ideographs from, 33;
Minoan, 80–81, 82 (map)
Crimea, German capture of, 626
Crime and criminals: in China, 690, 691; in medieval
cities, 296; Roman gladiators and, 117
Crimean War, 479, 501
Croatia, 378, 701
Croats, 300, 580
Croesus (Lydia), 94
Cromer (Lord), 534
Cromwell, Oliver, 379
Crops: in Abbasid Empire, 164; as African exports, 723;
American in Africa, 350; in Americas, 135; in China,
60, 128; Columbian Exchange and, 419; in European
Middle Ages, 292; in India, 40, 222; in Japan, 264,
270, 426; in New Guinea, 243; in Stone Age Nubia,
184–185. See also Agriculture; speci
c crops
Cr
ossbow, 325
Cruci xion: of Jesus, 121; of Roman slaves, 117
Crusader states, 294, 307
Crusades, 167–168, 170, 294, 306–308, 307, 320, 337;
Byzantine Empire and, 320; castles and, 169
Cruz, Juana Inés de la (Sor Juana), 445, 445
Cry, the Peacock (Desai), 759
Cuba, 707; Angola and, 665; Castro and, 658–659, 707;
Columbus in, 341; society in, 707–708; United States
and, 496, 498
Cuban Missile Crisis, 659, 707
Cubism, 511, 585
Cultivation, of plants, 5
Cults: Greek religion and, 93
Cultural exchange: in Africa, 187; U.S.-Soviet, 658
Cultural Revolution (China), 681–682, 683, 691–692
Culture(s): African, 201–204, 733–736; Aztec,
145–146; Chavín society and, 146–147; in China,
72–75, 127, 238–239, 244, 256–258, 264, 420–422,
605, 691–693; in Eastern Europe, 676; Egyptian,
18–19; 1870–1914, 507–511; in Enlightenment,
441–442; European, 380–381; European in Asia, 521;
European-Polynesian, 352; Greek, 88; Harappan,
31–32; Hellenistic, 96–97, 98–101; in High Middle
Ages, 304–306, 306; in India, 47–50, 222–225,
404–406; Inkan, 150–151; Islamic, 170, 174–180,
176; in Japan, 273–276, 428–430, 560–561, 770–771;
Latin American, 611–612; Mesopotamian, 11–12; in
Middle East, 748–749; of Mongols, 250–251; popular,
428–429, 442, 718–719; Roman, 114, 115–117; in
South Asia, 759–760; in Soviet Union, 675, 676;
Swahili, 189–190; in Vietnam, 280–282; in Western
world, 502–507; a er World War I, 584–586; a er
World War II, 715–716. See also Art(s); Religion;
Society
Cuneiform writing, 12, 13, 33
Currency. See Money
Curriculum: in universities, 304
Curzon, Henry, 515
Cuzco, Peru, 149, 150, 151
Cyprus, 319, 703
Cyrenaica (Libya), 527
Cyril (missionary), 300
Cyrillic alphabet, 21
Cyrus the Great (Persia), 24
Constitution(s): in England, 439; in France, 451–452,
484; in Germany, 477; in Japan, 555–556, 557, 769;
in Mexico, 496, 611; in South Africa, 728; in U.S.,
447, 498
Constitutionalist Party (Mexico), 611
Constitutional monarchy: in England, 379–380
Consulate (France), 455
Consumer goods, 471; in China, 687, 690
Consumer society: in India, 758; in West, 710
Containment doctrine, 647, 653
Continent: Africa as, 184
Continental Congress: Second, 447
Continental Europe: industrialization in, 467; legal
system of, 313
Continental System, 457
Contraception. See Birth control
Contras (Nicaragua), 666
Convents. See Monks and monasticism; Nuns
Conversion: to Christianity, 133, 287–288, 343, 350,
351–352, 369, 414, 445, 529; to Islam, 162, 169, 170,
391, 396. See also Missions and missionaries; speci c
orders and religions
Convivéncia (commingling), 170
Cook, James, 356
Cook Islands, 231
Copán, 138, 141
Copenhagen: international conference on global
warming in, 713; UN conference on women’s issues
in, 713
Copernicus, Nicholas, 436, 437
Copper and copper industry, 7; in Asia, 58; in India, 40;
in Latin America, 707
Coptic Christianity, 186–187, 191
Coral Sea, Battle of the, 626
Córdoba, 170; mosque at, 178, 179
Corinthian order, 91
Corn, 343
Cornwallis (Lord), 447
Coronation, of Charlemagne, 289
Coronation of Napoleon, e (David), 456
Corporations: Korean, 772
Corpus Iuris Civilis
(Justinian), 312
“
Correct Viewpoint Toward Marriage, e,” 689
Corsica, 106, 455
Cort, Henry, 466
Cortés, Hernán, 323, 337, 341, 341 (map)
Cosmology: Aztec, 144–145; Buddhist, 212;
Newtonian, 437–438. See also Gods and goddesses;
Religion
Costa Rica, 493
Cottage industry, 350, 443, 465, 687
Cotton: as African export, 723; in Britain, 465, 467;
in China, 242; in India, 222, 401; in Japan, 426, 557;
in U.S., 497
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance. See
COMECON
Council of elders: Spartan, 87
Council of People’s Commissars, 576
Council of the Indies, 342
Council of the plebs (Rome), 108–109
Councils (Christian): of Clermont, 306; of Constance,
326; of Trent, 369
Counterculture: in Japan, 768, 769
Coup d’état: in Indonesia, 761; in South Korea, 772;
against UAR, 738
Courbet, Gustave, 507, 507
Courts (royal): in China, 124; in England, 297–298;
in France, 376–377; Ottoman, 390
Covenant (Jewish), 22
Cra s: in European cities, 297, 297
822 INDEX
India and, 345, 401; Japan and, 424, 553; Malacca
and, 522 (map); realistic art by, 381; religious wars
and, 370; Southeast Asia and, 351; trade and, 443.
See also Netherlands
Dutch East India Company, 345, 351, 523
Dutch East Indies, 520, 523, 525; environment in, 552;
Japan and, 623, 631; nationalism in, 591; in World
War II, 625
Dutch West India Company, 345
Dyarchy, 415
Dyaus (god), 41
Dynasties. See speci c dynasties and locations
Early History of Rome, e (Livy), 108
Early Middle Ages (Europe), 287–291
Early modern era, 332–333
Earthquakes: in Japan, 263, 608
East Africa, 187–191, 193; British in, 531–532;
Europeans in, 339, 345–346, 351; German, 572;
slavery and, 349, 525, 527, 528; trade in, 190
East Asia, 410, 540–541; China and, 775; civilization
of, 133; in Cold War, 651; religion in, 213 (map);
Western world and, 774; a er World War II, 651.
See also New Order, in East Asia; speci c countries
East Berlin, 656–657. See also Berlin
Easter Island, 231
Eastern Christian church, 317
Eastern Europe, 328–329; absolutism in, 378; Cold
War and, 647–649, 656–658, 666; COMECON in,
648–649; a er communism, 679–680, 680 (map),
700–702; culture in, 676; dissent in, 656–657;
environment in, 714; Jews in, 324; old order in, 484;
Protestantism in, 367; religion in, 317; Slavic peoples
of, 299–301; socialism in, 657; and Soviet Union,
628, 638, 645, 673 (map); a er World War I, 580;
a er World War II, 629, 638, 700–702
Eastern Front: in World War II, 626
Eastern Orthodox Christianity, 133, 301, 317, 320
Eastern Roman Empire, 119, 311–312, 314. See also
Byzantine Empire; Roman Empire
East Germany, 645, 647; Communist control in, 664;
industry in, 647; reuni cation and, 680, 699. See also
Germany
East India Company. See British East India Company;
Dutch East India Company
East Indies, 346, 401, 520, 523, 761. See also Dutch East
Indies
Eastman, George, 511
East Pakistan, 754, 756. See also Bangladesh
East Timor, 764
Echeverría, Luis (Mexico), 709
Ecology: chemical fertilizers and, 717; damage to,
714–715. See also Environment
Economic and monetary union: EU as, 703
Economics: as motive for expansion, 337; Smith, Adam,
and, 440
Economy: in Abbasid Empire, 164; in Africa, 350–351,
532, 725, 727; in Americas, 343, 444–445; in Athens,
87, 94; Aztec, 143; Black Death and, 324; in Byzantine
Empire, 317; in China, 59–60, 67–68, 124–126,
237, 242–244, 251, 412–413, 604, 605, 652, 683,
684, 686–689; colonialism and, 552; in Egypt, 18;
in England, 467, 481, 583, 699; in Europe, 291, 373,
442–443, 471, 697–698, 701; in France, 377, 451, 583,
698; in Germany, 583, 619, 699; global, 332, 471–472;
in Hong Kong, 774–775; in Hungary, 680; in India,
38, 39–40, 211, 221–222, 399, 402–403, 405, 519,
754, 757–758; in Iraq, 743; in Japan, 270, 425–426,
555–556, 608–609, 620, 767, 768–769; in Kenya, 728;
Diet of Worms, 361, 361
Digest (Justinian), 312
Ding Ling (China), 692
Diocese, 287
Diocletian (Rome), 118, 119
Diplomacy: in Japan, 609; Roman, 107; U.S.-Cuba, 707;
a er World War I, 581
Directory (France), 454–455
Direct rule, 523
Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind
(Rousseau), 440
Diseases: in Africa, 530, 727; African slaves and, 348;
in Americas, 155, 342; historical role of, 323, 323;
in Japan, 277; population explosion and, 419
Disk of Phaistos,
33
Dissidents and dissent: in China, 683–684; in Soviet
Union, 675; in World War I, 566, 573
Divination: in China, 56, 61
Divine Faith (Mughal Empire), 399, 400
Divine right of kings, 375–376, 378
Divinity: Chinese rulers and, 59; Islam and, 160; of
Japanese emperor, 264, 267, 272.
See also Gods and
goddesses
Division of labor, 5; in Arawak society, 154
Di
vorce, 710; in China, 247, 420, 690; in Code of
Hammurabi, 11; in Egypt, 748; in France, 455–457;
in India, 39; in Islam, 174; in Japan, 271, 557, 769; in
Southeast Asia, 355–357
Diwan (council), 164
Doctor Zhivago (Pasternak), 676
Dollar (U.S.): Latin America and, 609
Doll’s House, A (Ibsen), 503, 607
Dome, 116
Dome of the Rock, 178, 740
Domestication, of animals, 5, 184
Domestic system of production, 443
Dominican Republic, 496
Dominicans, 303, 414
Dominic de Guzmán (Saint), 303
Dominion of Canada, 499
Dona Barbara (Gallegos), 611
Don Segundo Sombra (Guiraldes), 611
Dorian Greeks, 82
Doric order, 91
Doryphoros (statue), 91, 92
Dos Pilas (archaeological site), 134
Dowry: in China, 72, 246, 247; in India, 221, 758, 759;
in Southeast Asia, 229
Dra (military). See Conscription
Drama: in Greece, 90; in Japan, 275, 428; in Southeast
Asia, 228; a er World War II, 715
Dravidians (India), 30, 31, 34, 41, 209
Dream of the Red Chamber, e, 421
Dresden, Germany, rebombing of, 635
Drinking. See Alcohol
“Drinking Alone in Moonlight” (Li Bo), 257
Drugs: drug culture and, 710; Mexican cartels and, 709
Dualism: in Zoroastrianism, 26
Dual monarchy (Austria-Hungary), 482, 484
Dubai, 752
Dubcek, Alexander, 663, 664
Duce, Il, Mussolini as, 617
Duchamp, Marcel, 585
Du Fu (Chinese poet), 256, 257
Duma (Russia), 484
Dunhuang, 257–258, 688
Dunkirk, 624
Dupleix, Joseph François, 401, 402
Dutch: in Africa, 346, 525, 528–529; China and, 412;
colonies of, 761; exploration by, 345, 345 (map);
Delian League, 88
Delos, island of, 88
Delphi, oracle at, 94
Demilitarized zone, in Germany, 580
Democracy: in Africa, 730–731; in Athens, 79, 88; in
China, 545, 683; in Germany, 484; Great Depression
and, 582; in India, 757; Islam and, 746; in Japan,
606–608; in Latin America, 707; in Malaysia, 763; in
Middle East, 744; modernization and, 634; Plato and,
92; in Southeast Asia, 523, 761; in South Korea, 772;
in Western Europe, 483–484, 698–700; a er World
War I, 583; before World War II, 617
Democracy Wall (China), 683
Democratic Party (U.S.), 703, 706
Democratic Progressive Party (Taiwan), 773
Democratic Republic of the Congo, 724, 730, 731
Democratic Republic of Vietnam. See North Vietnam
Democratic socialism, in India, 753–754
Demoiselles d’Avignon, Les (Picasso), 510, 585
Denazi cation policy, 647
Deng Xiaoping (Teng Hsiao-p’ing), 681, 682, 683, 684,
686, 692
Denmark, 373, 480, 624; Danes in England and, 290;
European uni cation and, 703
Departure from Egypt (Kiefer), 716
Depopulation: from slave trade, 349
Depression. See Great Depression
Deregulation: in Japan, 768
Der
rida, Jacques, 715
Dervishes, 177
Desai, Anita, 759
Desas people, 33
Descent of Man, e (Darwin), 506
Descent of the Ganges River (rock sculpture), 224
Description of a Starry Ra (Ma Huan), 336
“Description of the Rus” (Ibn Fadlan), 302
Description of the World (Polo), 251
Deserti cation, in Africa, 187, 727
Deserts. Se
e Gobi Desert region; Sahara Desert region;
Taklimakan Desert
Deshima Island, Japan, Dutch in, 424
Despotism: enlightened, 448
Destalinization policy, of Khrushchev, 673–674
Détente, in Cold War, 664–665
Devi (Hindu deity), 221
Devshirme system, 390, 390–391, 392
Dewey, George, 521
Dhahran, 598
Dhaka, 756
Dharma (laws), 35, 42, 61
Diamond, Jared, 6, 155
Diary of a German Soldier, 628
“Diary of a Madman” (Lu Xun), 605
Diary of Matthew Ricci, e (Ricci), 412
Dias, Bartolomeu, 339, 340 (map)
Diayou Island: Japan, China, and, 684
Díaz, Bernal, 143, 144, 145
Díaz, Por rio, 496, 611
Dictators and dictatorships: in Africa, 730–731; Caesar
and, 112; in Cambodia, 765; in Latin America,
609–611; in Middle East, 744; in Soviet Union,
584; before World War II, 582, 617–620. See also
Authoritarianism
Diderot, Denis, 440, 448
Did Marco Polo Go to China? (Wood), 251
Diem, Ngo Dinh, 660, 761
Dien Bien Phu, Battle of, 656
Diet (food): in Europe, 292; Islamic, 172; in Japan, 271.
See also Food
Diet (assembly), in Japan, 555
Index 823
Epicurus and Epicureanism, 100–101
Epidemics: AIDS as, 727; in China, 413; population
explosion and, 419. See also Bubonic plague
Equal eld system (China), 242
Equality: in Islamic society, 172–174; slavery in Haiti
and, 454; in Soviet society, 677; in U.S., 704–705
Erasmus, Desiderius, 363
Erbakan, Necmettin, 747
Erhard, Ludwig, 699
Eridu, Mesopotamia, 8
Erik the Red, 306
Eritrea, 726–727, 731
Erosion: soil, 688, 688
Essay Concerning Human Understanding (Locke), 439
Essenes, 120–121
Essentials of the Moral Way (Han Yu), 240
Estates (land): in Latin America, 495; in Rome, 111
Estates (social orders): in Europe, 362–363;
in France, 299
Estates-General (France), 299, 451
Estonia, 580, 679, 701, 703
Estrada, Joseph, 762–763
Eta (Japanese class), 271, 428, 557, 768
Ethiopia, 186 (map), 727, 730; Axum as, 185, 187;
Coptic Christianity in, 192, 193; Fascist Italy and,
621; Islamic resurgence in, 726–727; West and, 516
Ethnic Albanians, in Kosovo, 702
Ethnic cleansing: by Serbia, 701–702
Ethnic groups: in Africa, 199, 728; in Austrian Empire,
482; in China, 415; in Eastern Europe, 666; German,
629; nationalism and, 566; in Soviet Union, 678–679;
tourism and, 766; a er World War I, 580. See also
speci c groups
Etruria, 106
Etruscans, 106, 107
EU. See European Union (EU)
Eunuchs: in China, 69, 128, 241
Euphrates River region, 2, 166
Eurasians: in India, 520
Euripides, 90
Euro, 703
Europa, Europa ( lm), 632
Europe: Africa and, 345–351, 525–533; Age of
Exploration and, 332, 335–343, 340 (map);
agriculture in, 292, 293; Asian exploration by,
343–345; birthrate in, 712–713; Black Death in,
322–324; China and, 411–412; cities and towns
in, 294–297; civilization in, 19–20; Congress of
Vienna and, 464, 464, 475–479, 476 (map); crises of
14th century in, 321–326; crises of 1560–1650 in,
369–374; Crusades and, 306–308; cultural in uences
of, 521; economy in, 291, 373, 442–443; in 1871,
485 (map); exploration and expansion by, 334–358;
farming in, 5; feudalism in, 269; global confrontation
in, 449–450; in High Middle Ages, 291–306, 300
(map); Holocaust in, 629–631, 630; Indian trade
with, 209–210; industrialization in, 465–475,
472 (map); invasions of (9th and 10th centuries),
289–290; kingdoms in, 297–302; Latin America and,
494, 496; liberalism in, 475–476; in Middle Ages,
286, 286–309; military in, 566; Mongols and, 248;
Muslims in, 169–170; national states in, 481–482;
in 1914, 566–568, 567 (map); Ottoman Turks in,
388–389; peasants in, 373; population in, 371, 419,
443, 467–468; Reformation in, 361–362; Renaissance
in, 326–329; Safavids and, 397; Scienti c Revolution
in, 436–438; in 1763, 449 (map); in 17th century,
373–374, 374 (map); slave trade and, 346–350, 347
(map), 348; society in, 291, 292–293, 371–372, 443,
710; Southeast Asia and, 351–357; state in
Emecheta, Buchi, 735
Émile (Rousseau), 440
Emir, 170
Emirate: in Spain, 170
Emperors: Byzantine, 315; Chinese, 124, 413–414;
Japanese, 264; Napoleon as, 455; Roman, 113. See
also speci c emperors
Empire(s). See Imperialism; speci c empires
Empire building: in Africa, 525–533
Employment: in China, 687; in Great Depression, 581;
in Japan, 769; of women, 473, 634. See also
Workers
Enablin
g Act (Germany, 1933), 618
Enco
mienda system, 342
Encyclopedia (Diderot), 440
Energy (power), 292; electricity and, 470–471; steam
engine and, 465
En eld ri e, 534–536
Engels, Friedrich, 473, 474
Engineering: Mayan, 138; Roman, 107, 113, 116
Engines: internal combustion, 471; steam, 465
England (Britain), 449 (map); Africa and, 525, 531–
532; Bill of Rights in, 379, 380; Blitz in World War
II, 635; Canada and, 446, 450, 499; China and, 412,
416–417, 541–544, 545; cities in, 468; colonialism
of, 345, 516, 516, 517, 528; as commonwealth, 379;
and Concert of Europe, 475; constitution in, 439;
Crimean War and, 479; Danes in, 290; democracy
in, 483; economy in, 467, 481, 583, 699; Egypt and,
534; European uni cation and, 703; exploration by,
344–345, 345 (map); France and, 449, 450, 457, 486;
Germanic tribes in, 287; Glorious Revolution in, 379;
in High Middle Ages, 297–299; Hong Kong and, 542,
774–775; Hundred Years’ War and, 325; imperialism
by, 514, 514–515, 529, 530–531; India and, 401,
402–403, 450, 517–520, 520 (map), 592, 592 (map),
594; industrialization in, 465–467, 470, 471; Iran
and, 596; Iraq and, 598; Latin America and, 493–494;
laws in, 298, 299; limited monarchy in, 378–380;
mandates a er World War I, 580; Napoleon and,
457; national state in, 481; Nazi Germany and, 624;
nuclear protests in, 713; Palestine and, 595; plague
in, 322; Protestantism in, 367, 370; public opinion
in World War I, 573, 574; Restoration in, 379; Rome
and, 114, 114 (map); in Seven Years’ War, 449, 450;
Singapore and, 522; Southeast Asia and, 351; Suez
Canal and, 526; trade and, 443; women in, 502–503;
a er World War I, 578, 583; a er World War II, 646,
699–700. See also Common law; Parliaments; World
War I; World War II; speci c rulers and wars
English Football Association, 502
English language: in Canada, 499
Enlightened absolutism, 448–449
Enlightenment (Buddhism), 45
Enlightenment (Europe), 436, 438–442; American
Revolution and, 447; Latin American independence
and, 491; philosophes in, 439–440, 447–448; political
impact of, 447–450; women in, 440–441
Entertainment: in China, 245; in Southeast Asia, 228
Entrepreneurs, 443
Environment: acid rain and, 776; in China, 59, 688,
688–689; in European cities, 297; global, 776; Green
movement and, 714; imperialism and, 552, 552; in
Mesopotamia, 166; Moche and, 147, 148; of Roman
Empire, 148. See also Ecology; Pollution
Ephesus, 314
Epic literature: African, 203; Indian, 30, 39; Roman,
115. See also Homer and Homeric Greece; speci c
works
Epic of Gilgamesh, e, 12, 33
Epic of Son-Jara, e, 203
in Korea, 431; in Latin America, 495–496, 609–611,
706–707; mercantilism and, 373; in Mexico, 709; in
Ottoman Empire, 392; in Roman Empire, 115, 118;
in Russia a er Soviet Union, 702; in South Africa,
728–729; in Southeast Asia, 353–355, 523–524,
764–765; in South Korea, 772; in Soviet Union, 583,
620, 671–672, 673, 675–676, 678; Sumerian, 8; in
Turkey, 596; in U.S., 498, 705, 706; World War I and,
573. See also Great Depression
Ecuador, 149, 492
Edessa, 320
Edict of Milan, 122
Edict of Nantes, 370
Edirne (Adrianople), 393
Edison, omas, 471
Edo. See Tokyo
Education: in Africa, 731–732, 732; of Bra
hmin, 214;
in China, 553, 686; in colonies, 518, 523; in Cuba,
707; in I
ndia, 39; in Japan, 428, 768, 769; mass, 502;
Rousseau on, 440; sex, 710; in Southeast Asia, 523; in
Soviet bloc, 676–677; in Turkey, 596; in West, 710; for
women, 473, 732. See also Universities and colleges
Edward I (England), 299
Edward III (England), 325
Edward VI (England), 367
Egalitarianism: of Buddhism, 45–46
Egypt (ancient): Alexander the Great and, 98; Arabs in,
162; Assyria and, 12–19, 15 (map), 23; Berenike in,
173; burials in, 57; civilizations in Africa and, 184;
culture of, 18–19; dominance by others, 18; economy
in, 18; Fatimid dynasty in, 166, 167, 172; Islam and,
167–168, 191–192; Jewish exodus from, 22; Mamluks
in, 169; Middle Kingdom in, 14, 16; New Kingdom
in, 14, 16–18; Nubia and, 16, 18, 19, 19; Old Kingdom
in, 14–16; pharaohs in, 15, 16; pyramids in, 15–16;
religion in, 13–14; slavery in, 200; society and daily
life in, 18; writing in, 19
Egypt (modern), 296; England and, 534; France and,
455, 525, 738; government of, 744; imperialism in,
525–527; Islam in, 747; literature in, 749; Mamluks
in, 388; modernization of, 525–526; Nasser in, 738;
Ottomans and, 388; protectorate over, 529; Seljuk
Turks and, 166–167; in United Arab Republic, 738;
women in, 534, 748; a er World War II, 737
Eighteenth Dynasty (Egypt), 16–18
Einhard, 290
Einsatzgruppen (Nazi forces), 630, 630
Einstein, Albert, 437–438, 507–508
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 660, 703, 738; Normandy
landing and, 627–628; Soviets and, 658
El Alamein, battle at, 626
Elamites, 24
“Elam Tigers,” 755
Elba, Napoleon on, 458
Elbe River: in World War II, 628
Elderly: in U.S., 704
Eleanor of Aquitaine, 293, 298, 298
Electors: in Germany, 364
Electricity, 470–471
Elementary education, 502
Elite(s): in Brazil, 610; in China, 56–57, 71, 547–548; in
India, 221; in Latin America, 491, 492, 495, 496; in
Mexico, 496; modernizing and, 524, 634; in Ottoman
Empire, 391. See also speci c classes
Elizabeth I (England), 367, 370, 371, 378, 381
Ellora, temple at, 223
El Niño, Moche culture and, 147, 148
El Salvador, 493, 666, 666 (map)
Emancipation: Emancipation Proclamation (Lincoln),
483, 497; of Russian serfs, 482, 483