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1394 Part G Applications

electrons is treated by an extension of the Spencer–

Fano equation [92.15], until they reach kinetic energies

comparable with the thermal energy of the medium

molecules. Then, the transport, moderation, and eventual

energy gain from medium molecules become important,

as well as the energy loss to them. The three main en-

ergy domains of electronic excitation, subexcitation, and

thermal [92.19] are illustrated in Fig. 92.5. Because of

the great disparity in the modes of interactions with the

medium, electrons in each of the domains need different

treatments.

Together with ions, molecular fragments, and other

products of electron degradation, electrons in the ther-

mal domain are important as precursors to subsequent

chemical reactions, and therefore have been the subject

of extensive study [92.4, 20, 21].

92.3.3 Quantities Expressing the Yields

of Products

The total ionization yield is often expressed in terms of

the quantity W, deﬁned to be the mean energy required

to produce an ion pair, or equivalently,

W = T

abs

, (92.8)

1.0

0.5

10 100 1000

T(eV)

(T) Q(T)10

–18

(cm

)

Triplet

Ion

Singlet

Fig. 92.4 The yield spectra for three product species in

molecular hydrogen. Source electrons of kinetic energy

max

= 1000 eV steadily enter the hydrogen gas at 0

◦

Cand1

atmosphere at the rate of 1 electron

−1

−3

.Thesolid curve

labeled “ION” represents ionization, the long-broken curve

labeled “SINGLET” represents the production of the B

state, and the short-broken curve labeled “TRIPLET” rep-

resents the production of the a

state, which dissociates

into two hydrogen atoms in the ground state (Courtesy:

Mineo Kimura)

where T

abs

is the mean enery absorbed and N

is the

mean number of ions observed over many events. T

abs

simply the initial injection energy if all the resulting

electrons are degraded to kinetic energies below the ion-

ization threshold. Since each event is stochastic, T

abs

and N

in general ﬂuctuate from one event to the next.

A simple index for the statistical ﬂuctuations in N

the variance V of N

from its mean. The ratio F = V/N

called the Fano factor [92.22].

Both measurements and theory indicate that W

and F are approximately the same for different

kinds of ionizing radiations of sufﬁciently high en-

ergy, and that they depend primarily on the material

of the medium [92.15, 23, 24]. This fact is im-

portant as a basis for radiation dosimetry through

ionization measurements. The ratio W/I ranges from

1.7to3.2 depending on the nature of materials,

where I is the ionization threshold energy. The

ratio always exceeds unity because a fraction of

radiation energy absorbed is expended to generate prod-

ucts other than ionization, such as discrete excited

states, neutral molecular fragments, and subexcitation

electrons.

–1

–2

–1

101

E(eV)

T(eV)

Thermal

Domain

Subexcitation

domain

Electronic excitation

domain

Fig. 92.5 A schematic diagram for showing three distinct

domains of electron transport in a molecular substance. The

horizontal axis represents the kinetic energy T of an elec-

tron. The vertical axis represents the energy loss E upon

a single collision with a molecule. The vertical broken line

indicates the ﬁrst electronic excitation threshold E

.The

shade and fade schematically represent the magnitudes of

cross sections

Part G 92.3

Radiation Physics 92.3 Electron Transport and Degradation 1395

The Fano factor F is restricted to 0 < F< 1ongen-

eral theoretical grounds. The maximum value F = 1

would occur if the ionization process were character-

ized by the Poisson statistics. In reality, the ionization

process is subject to the constraints that it must compete

with nonionizing events, and that the available total en-

ergy is ﬁxed; therefore the ﬂuctuations in the ionization

yield must be smaller than those given by the Poisson

statistics, viz., F< 1. Both theory and experimental data

indicate that F and W tend to vary together from one ma-

terial to another; more precisely, Krajcar–Broni

c[92.24]

found an approximate empirical relation

F = a(W/I) + b ,

(92.9)

where a and b are constant. This relation is valid for

electrons of sufﬁciently high energies.

For molecular products other than ions, it is custom-

ary to use G

deﬁned by

= N

abs

, (92.10)

where N

is the mean number of molecular products

of type j (see pp. 241–242 of Kimura et al. [92.15]

for fuller discussion). Like W, G

is often approxi-

mately the same for different kinds of ionizing radiations

of sufﬁciently high energy, provided that the material,

either liquid or solid, is homogeneous and that the ab-

sorbed energy is not extremely great. A counter example

is the ferrous sulphate equeous solution, which is of-

tenusedfordosimetryandinwhichtheG value for

the ferrous-ferric conversion depends appriciably on the

kind of radiation (Chapt. 91). In the more general case

of a heterogeneous material having complex molecu-

lar structure and aggregation, such as a biological cell,

the yield of a product is not even approximately pro-

portional to the absorbed energy, and the idea of a G

value is useful only at the limit of vanishing absorbed

energy.

In SI units, the G value has units of molJ

−1

.Thisis

related to the older unit, molecules (100 eV

−1

), by

1molJ

−1

= 9.6485 × 10

−6

molecules(100 eV)

−1

(92.11)

The meaning of the yield of a product depends on

the process. The molecular species produced as a result

of electron degradation (e.g., those given in Table 92.1)

may be called initial products. Subsequently, they re-

act with neighboring molecules or among themselves

to form other species, which may be called sec-

ondary products, such as H

, through the ion-molecule

reaction

+ H

→ H

+ H . (92.12)

The yield of an initial product is seldom measured and

is accessible by theory only. Most yield measurements

concern a secondary product. To keep the distinction

in mind, Platzman recommended [92.25]useofthe

symbol g for an initial product and the symbol G for

a secondary product.

For data on G values, see Tabata et al. [92.4]and

references cited therein.

92.3.4 Track Structures

The spatial distributions of initial products such as ions

and excited states inﬂuence the kinetics of their subse-

quent chemical reactions, which lead to radiation effects.

Spatial distribution is generally expected to have a role

in a heterogeneous material; this role should be espe-

cially prominent when the scale characteristic of the

distribution is comparable to the scale of the material

inhomogeneity.

The simplest index of the distribution is the stop-

ping power, which gives the linear density of energy

lost from a particle along its path. From the point of

view of radiation effects, or Class II problems, the lin-

ear density of energy imparted locally to matter is of

greater interest. The distinction between the energy lost

from a particle and the energy imparted locally to mat-

ter arises when one considers a volume having a linear

scale less than the ranges of the majority of secondary

electrons produced in the volume; sufﬁciently energetic

secondary electrons will escape the volume and impart

much of their kinetic energies elsewhere. This recogni-

tion led to the idea of the linear energy transfer (often

abbreviated as LET), which is deﬁned as the mean en-

ergy loss, excluding contributions from the production

of secondary electrons having kinetic energies above

a ﬁxed value, such as 100 eV [92.26]. The LET, like

the stopping power, depends on the particle charge and

speed, as well as on the material, and is often used in ra-

diation chemistry and biology to consider the role of the

spatial distribution of initial products.

However, a given value of LET from particles of

different charges and speeds does not necessarily lead

to the same radiation effect. The aim of microdosime-

try [92.27] is to provide a more detailed description of

the energy imparted locally to a small volume of matter.

For a fuller discussion see Chapt. 91.

The full representation of the spatial pattern of

the initial products resulting from individual incident

and secondary particles is called the track structure,

because the pattern was ﬁrst recognized in particle

tracks visualized in cloud chambers, photographic emul-

sions, and other radiation detectors. Treatments of track

structures and their consequences for the subsequent

Part G 92.3

1396 Part G Applications

chemical reactions by Monte Carlo simulations are cer-

tainly informative and ﬂexible for application to a wider

range of problems, as exempliﬁed by [92.28–33]. Such

treatments are in principle sound, because they are in-

dependent of an assumption that the yield of a product

is proportional or otherwise simply related to the energy

lost or imparted.

The spatial distribution of the initial products and

other consequences of radiation interactions with matter

can be also studied by analytic methods using trans-

port equations. An excellent exposition of the recent

status of this approach is given in the NCRP Report

No. 108 [92.34]. By solving relatively simple prob-

lems, the analytic methods are effective in elucidating

principles and providing insights into the physics in-

volved, while the Monte Carlo simulations are powerful

in providing answers to complicated problems. In sum-

mary, the two approaches are complementary, rather

than competitive.

Meaningful results from these treatments require

a large volume of accurate cross section and other data

as input. Various surveys of atomic and molecular cross

section data are available to present recommended val-

ues and to identify needs for further studies, such as the

report [92.35] sponsored by the International Atomic

Energy Agency. A broader review of the current sta-

tus of cross section determination, dissemination, and

related topics is in [92.36].

92.3.5 Condensed Matter Effects

Beyond the interactions of ionizing particles with indi-

vidual atoms and molecules in a gas or beam, the atomic

or molecular aggregation in condensed matter has fur-

Table 92.2 Condensed matter effects

Classiﬁcation Example Remarks on characteristics

Shift of oscillator strength toward higher

energies

Water, hydrocarbons, and organics Occurs over wide ranges of exitation energies.

Excitation of special modes of motion Plasmons in metals Occurs at speciﬁc energies and carries

considerable strength.

Excitons in molecular crystals and

ionic crystals

Occurs at speciﬁc energies and at minor strengths.

Interaction of fast ejected electrons with

other atoms and molecules

EXAFS (extended X-ray absorption

ﬁne structure)

Occurs at energies above 100 eV, slightly above

the pertinent threshold, and at weak strengths,

chieﬂy due to interference of electrons emerging

from different atoms.

Resonances in electron interactions N

, and other

unsaturated hydrocarbons

Occurs at energies slightly above the excitation

threshold or even lower; leads to inelasticity.

Diffraction of the electron de Broglie

wave

Materials with periodic structure Leads to band structure effects, such as

transmission without energy loss at certain

electron kinetic energies.

ther important inﬂuences. A prelude to condensed matter

effects is seen in studies of high-pressure gases [92.37]

and in Chapt. 39.

Many phenomena are related to the complex

dipole-response function (E), which is the elec-

tric displacement generated in matter by a spatially

uniform electric ﬁeld of unit strength oscillating at

angular frequency ω = E/

(see, e.g., Landau and

Lifshitz [92.38]). For light at this frequency, the

real part 

(E) describes the dispersion, and the

imaginary part 

(E) describes the absorption. The

probability that a glancing collision of a fast charged

particle transfers energy E to matter is proportional

Π(E) = Im[−1/(E)]=



(E) + 

(E)

(92.13)

In a low-density material, such as a dilute gas, 

(E) is

close to unity, and 

(E) is much smaller than unity for

all E. Then, Π(E) is practically the same as 

(E);

in other words, the spectrum of energy transfer in

a glancing collision of a fast charged particle is ef-

fectively the same as the spectrum of photoabsortion.

In a high-density material, Π(E) differs appreciably

from 

(E) at some E. An extreme case occurs at

E at which 

(E) changes its sign; there Π(E) has

a peak. This is the well-known plasma excitation in

metals.

A general criterion for determining the effect of

atomic or molecular aggregation on the dipole oscil-

lator strength spectrum, and hence on Π(E),wasgiven

by Fano [92.39]. One may qualitatively summarize his

criterion as follows: If the density of the dipole oscilla-

tor strength of an atom or molecule in both space and

Part G 92.3

Radiation Physics 92.5 Supplement 1397

energy (or frequency) is sufﬁciently high, the effects of

atomic or molecular aggregation will be appreciable. In

other words, the effect will be seen in a sufﬁciently dense

material and in a generally limited spectral region where

the oscillator strength spectrum of an isolated atom or

molecule is especially intense. With the use of the Fano

criterion, one understands the occurrence of collective

excitation (electronic excitation involving more than one

atom or molecule), such as excitons, plasmons, and other

elementary modes of excitation in condensed matter.

For a fuller and more recent discussion of this topic,

see Fano [92.40].

Many manifestations of condensed matter effects

on the absorption of radiation energy have been iden-

tiﬁed, as discussed, for instance, in [92.7] and [92.41].

Table 92.2 presents a summary of these effects.

92.4 Connections with Related Fields of Research

92.4.1 Astrophysics and Space Physics

Some of the ideas and methods sketched in Sect. 92.3.1

and Sect. 92.3.2 are readily applicable to studies

on terrestrial and planetary auroras [92.42–46]and

on effects of cosmic rays or X-rays on interstel-

lar clouds and other astronomical objects [92.47–

53]. These studies treat consequences of the inter-

actions of energetic charged particles or high-energy

photons on voluminous gases, at low densities and

often partially ionized. Often the presence of elec-

tric and magnetic ﬁelds inﬂuence radiation degradation

phenomena.

92.4.2 Material Science

As fully discussed earlier, radiation effects on gases, liq-

uids, and molecular substances, including the biological

cell, result mainly from electronic excitation. Radiation

effects on insulators, including crystalline solids, are

also initiated by electronic excitation [92.54, 55]and

are therefore closely related to atomic, molecular, and

optical physics.

In metals, electronic excitation per se is of little

consequence, because most of the electronic excita-

tion energy is rapidly converted into phonons (thermal

energy). Generally, a small fraction of electronic exci-

tation energy causes appreciable atomic displacement.

Radiation effects on these materials occur predomi-

nantly via direct energy transfer to atoms from neutrons,

protons, and heavier charged particles, causing atomic

displacement from a regular crystalline site [92.56–58].

More generally, the role of atoms and ions having

kinetic energies far exceeding the thermal energy is im-

portant in chemistry. This topic, known as hot-atom

chemistry [92.59, 60], represents another application of

the knowledge of atomic, molecular, and optical physics

as discussed in Chapts. 64 and 65, 66 and 67.

Radiation effects on the surface of a solid are a sub-

ject of extensive study, because of their importance as

means for material-structure probing and also for ma-

terial processing (for example, the ion implantation in

the manufacture of semiconductors and other devices).

A major phenomenon of interest is sputtering, which is

the ejection of atoms and molecules from the surface by

the action of ionizing radiation [92.61–64].

92.5 Supplement

A supplement to the foregoing sketch is provided by

an essay [92.65] on the role of physics written in

commemoration of the ﬁftieth anniversary of the Ra-

diation Research Society, an organ devoted to physical,

chemical, biological, and medical studies on the action

of radiation. According to the essay, contributions by

physicists have been steady, and show no sign of de-

cline in the total volume only changing emphasis over

years. Topics of the contributions concern radiation

sources, dosimetry, instrumentation for measurements

of radiation effects, fundamentals of radiation physics,

mechanisms of radiation actions, and applications. The

role of physics is most certain and decisive in the de-

velopment of instrumentation in a broad sense, ranging

from radiation sources to probes of radiation effects.

Finally, Ugo Fano was a giant in atomic, mo-

lecular, and optical physics and also a pioneer of

radiation physics. After his death in 2001 many ar-

ticles about his work and life naturally appeared

in print. A special issue of Physics Essays in his

Part G 92.5

1398 Part G Applications

honor [92.66] contains biographic materials, forty pa-

pers by his associates and friends, as well as his

own memoir. A recent article [92.67] summarizes

Fano’s contributions to atomic, molecular, and opti-

cal physics, and includes the most accurate list of his

publications.

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Molecular Data for Radiotherapy and Radia-

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Research Programme, Report IAEA-TECDOC-799 (In-

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Part G 92

1401

Acknowledgements

A.2 Angular Momentum Theory

by James D. Louck

This contribution on angular momentum theory is ded-

icated to Lawrence C. Biedenharn, whose tireless and

continuing efforts in bringing understanding and struc-

ture to this complex subject is everywhere imprinted.

We also wish to acknowledge the many contribu-

tions of H. W. Galbraith and W. Y. C. Chen in sorting out

the signiﬁcance of results found in Schwinger [2.20].

The Supplement is dedicated to the memory of

Brian G. Wybourne, whose contributions to symmetry

techniques and angular momentum theory, both abstract

and applied to physical systems, was monumental.

The author expresses his gratitude to Debi Erpen-

beck, whose artful mastery of T

X and scrupulous

attention to detail allowed the numerous complex re-

lations to be displayed in two-column format.

Thanks are also given to Professors Brian Judd and

Gordon Drake for the opportunity to make this contri-

bution.

Author’s note. It is quite impossible to attribute cred-

its fairly in this subject because of its diverse origins

across all areas of physics, chemistry, and mathemat-

ics. Any attempt to do so would likely be as misleading

as it is informative. Most of the material is rooted in

the very foundations of quantum theory itself, and the

physical problems it addresses, making it still more

difﬁcult to assess unambiguous credit of ideas. Prag-

matically, there is also the problem of conﬁdence in

the detailed correctness of complicated relationships,

which prejudices one to cite those relationships per-

sonally checked. This accounts for the heavy use of

formulas from [2.1], which is, by far, the most often

used source. But most of that material itself is derived

from other primary sources, and an inadequate attempt

was made there to indicate the broad base of origins.

While one might expect to ﬁnd in a reference book

a comprehensive list of credits for most of the formu-

las, it has been necessary to weigh the relative merits

of presenting a mature subject from a viewpoint of con-

ceptual unity versus credits for individual contributions.

The ﬁrst position was adopted. Nonetheless, there is an

obligation to indicate the origins of a subject, noting

those works that have been most inﬂuential in its de-

velopments. The list of textbooks and seminal articles

given in the references is intended to serve this purpose,

however inadequately.

Excerpts and Fig. 2.1 are reprinted from Biedenharn

and Louck [2.1] with permission of Cambridge Uni-

versity Press. Tables 2.2–2.4 have been adapted from

Edmonds [2.18] by permission of Princeton University

Press. Thanks are given for this cooperation.

B.11 High Precision Calculations for Helium

by Gordon W. F. Drake

The author is grateful to R. N. Hill and J. D. Mor-

gan III for suggesting some of the material at Sect. 11.1.

This work was supported by the Natural Sciences and

Engineering Research Council of Canada.

B.20 Thomas–Fermi

and Other Density-Functional Theories

by John D. Morgan III

I am grateful to Cyrus Umrigar and Michael P. Teter

of Cornell University for generously providing sab-

batical support in the spring of 1995. I should also

like to thank them, as well as Elliott Lieb and Mel

Levy, for helpful discussions. This work was sup-

ported by my National Science Foundation grant

PHY-9215442.

B.23 Many-Body Theory of Atomic Structure

and Processes

by Miron Ya. Amusia

This work was supported by the Israeli Science Founda-

tion under the grant 174/03.

B.28 Tests of Fundamental Physics

by Peter J. Mohr, Barry N. Taylor

The authors gratefully acknowledge helpful conversa-

tions with Prof. Michael Eides, Dr. Ulrich Jentschura,

Prof. Toichiro Kinoshita, and Prof. Jonathan Sapirstein.

B.29 Parity Nonconserving Effects in Atoms

by Jonathan R. Sapirstein

The work described here was carried out in collabora-

tion with S. A. Blundell and W. R. Johnson, and was

supported in part by NSF grant PHY-92-04089.

Acknowl.

1402 Acknowledgements

B.30 Atomic Clocks and Constraints on Variations

of Fundamental Constants

by Savely G. Karshenboim, Victor Flambaum,

Ekkehard Peik

We are very grateful to our colleagues and to participants

of the ACFC-2003 meeting for useful and stimulating

discussions.

C.31 Molecular Structure

by David R. Yarkony

This work has been supported in part by NSF grant CHE

94-04193, AFOSR grant F49620-93-1-0067 and DOE

grant DE-FG02-91ER14189

C.33 Radiative Transition Probabilities

by David L. Huestis

This work was supported by the NSF Atmospheric

Chemistry Program, the NASA Stratospheric Chemistry

Section, and the NASA Space Physics Division.

C.37 Gas Phase Reactions

by Eric Herbst

The author is grateful to Professor Anne B. McCoy,

Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University,

for a critical reading of the manuscript.

C.38 Gas Phase Ionic Reactions

by Nigel G. Adams

The support of the National Science Foundation, NASA,

and the Petroleum Research Fund-ACS for my experi-

mental research program is gratefully acknowledged.

C.41 Laser Spectroscopy in the Submillimeter

and Far-Infrared Regions

by Kenneth M. Evenson

†

, John M. Brown

We have beneﬁtted invaluably from the help and collab-

oration of I. G. Nolt of NASA, Langley for his assistance

with the detector technology, and of Kelly Chance for

his line shape ﬁtting program and his assistance with our

studies of upper atmospheric species.

C.43 Spectroscopic Techniques:

Cavity-Enhanced Methods

by Barbara A. Paldus, Alexander A. Kachanov

We have beneﬁted invaluably from the collaboration

with our co-workers at Picarro, and would especially

like to acknowledge Eric Crosson, Bruce Richman, Sze

Tan, Bernard Fidric, Ed Wahl, and Herb Burkard. We

would like to extend our gratitude to Prof. Richard

N. Zare and Dr. Marc Levenson for their unwavering

support in helping make CRDS a commercial reality.

We would also like to express our appreciation to all

of our scientiﬁc collaborators worldwide, both indus-

trial and academic, for their friendship, openness, and

help over the years. Barb would like to dedicate this

chapter to her father, Prof. Josef Paldus, who has been

an inspiration to her throughout her career, and with

whom it is an honor to share a publication in the same

book.

D.45 Elastic Scattering:

Classical, Quantal, and Semiclassical

by M. Raymond Flannery

This research is supported by the U.S. Air Force Ofﬁce

of Scientiﬁc Research under Grant No. F49620-94-1-

0379. I wish to thank Dr. E. J. Mansky for numerous

discussions on the content and form of this chapter and

without whose expertise in computer typesetting this

chapter would not have been possible.

D.54 Electron–Ion and Ion–Ion Recombination

by M. Raymond Flannery

This research is supported by the U.S. Air Force Ofﬁce

of Scientiﬁc Research under Grant No. F49620-94-1-

0379. I wish to thank Dr. E. J. Mansky for numerous

discussions on the content and form of this chapter and

without whose expertise in computer typesetting this

chapter would not have been possible.

D.56 Rydberg Collisions: Binary Encounter,

Born and Impulse Approximations

by Edmund J. Mansky

The author thanks Prof. M. R. Flannery for many helpful

discussions and Prof. E. W. McDaniel for access to his

collection of reprints. The author would also like to thank

Dr. D. R. Schultz of ORNL for the time necessary to

complete this work.

This work was begun at the Georgia Institute of

Technology (GIT) and completed at the Controlled

Fusion Atomic Data Center at Oak Ridge National Lab-

oratory (ORNL). The work at GIT was supported by

US AFOSR grant No. F49620-94-1-0379. The work

at ORNL was supported by the Ofﬁce of Fusion En-

ergy, US DOE contract No. DE-AC05-84OR21400 with

Lockheed-Martin Energy Systems, Inc. and by ORNL

Research Associates Program administered jointly by

ORNL and ORISE.

E.61 Photon–Atom Interactions: Low Energy

by Denise Caldwell, Manfred O. Krause

This work was supported in part by the National Science

Foundation under grant PHY-9207634 and in part by

Acknowl.

Acknowledgements 1403

the US Department of Energy, Division of Chemical

Sciences, under contract with Martin Marietta Energy

Systems, Inc., DE-AC0584OR21400.

E.62 Photon–Atom Interactions:

Intermediate Energies

by Bernd Crasemann

The author is indebted to Sue Mandeville for indefatiga-

ble assistance. This chapter is dedicated to the memory

of Teijo Åberg.

E.65 Ion–Atom Collisions – High Energy

by Lew Cocke, Michael Schulz

This work was supported by the Chemical Sciences Divi-

sion, Basic Energy Sciences, Ofﬁce of Energy Research,

U.S. Department to Energy and by the National Science

Foundation.

F.74 Multiphoton and Strong-Field Processes

by Multiphoton and Strong-Field Processes

This work was supported in part by the U.S. DOE under

contract number W-7405-ENG-48.

F.78 Quantized Field Effects

by Matthias Freyberger, Karl Vogel,

Wolfgang P. Schleich, Robert F. O’Connell

We want to thank Prof. I. Bialynicki-Birula for stimulat-

ing discussions and a critical reading of the manuscript.

The work of RFOC was supported in part by the U.S.

Army Research Ofﬁce under grant No. DAAH04-94-G-

0333.

F.81 Quantum Information

by Sir Peter L. Knight, Stefan Scheel

We like to thank A. Beige, J. Eisert, E. A. Hinds,

V. Kendon, W. J. Munro, M. B. Plenio, and many others

for numerous stimulating discussions on this exciting

subject. Funding by the UK Engineering and Physical

Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), the Royal Society,

the European Commission, and the Alexander von Hum-

boldt foundation are gratefully acknowledged.

G.86 Atoms in Dense Plasmas

by Jon C. Weisheit, Michael S. Murillo

This work was performed under the auspices of the

U.S. Department of Energy by the University of Cali-

fornia, Los Alamos National Laboratory, under contract

W-7405-Eng-36. LA-UR #04-7993. We wish to thank

C. Iglesias for the results plotted in Fig. 86.2,andLos

Alamos colleagues P. Bradley, J. Guzik, R. Peterson, and

D. Saumon for pro viding the data plotted in Fig. 86.1.

G.87 Conduction of Electricity in Gases

by Alan Garscadden

This article is based on notes originally developed in co-

operation with Dr. J. C. Ingraham. Dr. R. Nagpal assisted

with an earlier version.

G.90 Interface with Nuclear Physics

by John D. Morgan III, James S. Cohen

J. D.

M. is grateful to the Institute for Nuclear Theory of

the University of Washington for making it possible for

him to spend a productive semester there in the spring

of 1993. This work has also been supported by National

Science Foundation grant PHY-9215442.

G.92 Radiation Physics

by Mitio Inokuti

This work was supported by the U.S. Department of

Energy, Ofﬁce of Energy Research, Ofﬁce of Health

and Environmental Research, under Contract W-31-109-

ENG-38.

Acknowl.

1405

About the Authors

Miron Ya. Amusia Chapter B.23

The Hebrew University

Racah Institute of Physics

Jerusalem, Israel

amusia@vms.huji.ac.il

Dr. Miron Amusia is a Professor of Physics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem,

Israel, and Principal Scientist of the Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute, St-Petersburg,

Russia. He is author and co-author of more than 400 referred papers and 9 books. His

research is in many-body theory of atoms, nuclei, molecules, clusters, and condensed

matter, but primarily in atomic physics. He is Fellow of American Physical Society

and a member of several professional societies and editorial boards. He received

the Humboldt research award and is a member of the Russian Academy of Natural

Sciences.

Nils Andersen Chapter D.46

University of Copenhagen

Niels Bohr Institute

Copenhagen, Denmark

noa@fys.ku.dk

Nils Andersen is Professor of Physics at the Niels Bohr Institute of the

University of Copenhagen. His main activities include experimental and

theoretical studies of atomic collisions involving optically prepared

states. Recent research interests include cold and ultracold collisions.

Thomas Bartsch Chapter B.15

Georgia Institute of Technology

School of Physics

Atlanta, GA, USA

bartsch@cns.physics.gatech.edu

Thomas Bartsch received his PhD from the University of Stuttgart, Germany, in 2002.

He is currently a postdoctoral fellow at the Georgia Institute of Technology. His

research is centred on applications of nonlinear dynamics to atomic and molecular

physics.

Klaus Bartschat Chapter A.7

Drake University

Department of Physics and Astronomy

Des Moines, IA, USA

klaus.bartschat@drake.edu

Dr. Bartschat is the Ellis & Nelle Levitt distinguished Professor of Physics at the

Department of Physics and Astronomy at Drake University. His research in theoretical

and computational atomic physics focuses on combining the general theory of

measurement with highly accurate numerical calculations. He is a fellow of the

american physical society and has published 2 books, 30 book chapters, 10 review

articles, and more than 200 papers on electron and photon collisions with atoms and

ions.

William E. Baylis Chapters 1, B.12

University of Windsor

Department of Physics

Windsor, ON, Canada

baylis@uwindsor.ca

Professor Baylis earned degrees in physics from Duke (B.Sc.),

the University of Illinois (M.Sc.), and the Technical University of

Munich (D.Sc.). He has authored two books, edited or co-edited four

more, contributed 28 chapters to other volumes, and published over

a hundred journal articles. His publications are in theoretical physics

and emphasize atomic and molecular structure, atomic collisions, and

interactions with radiation. His most recent work concerns relativistic

dynamics, the photon position operator and wave function, and

applications of Clifford algebra, especially to the quantum - classical

interface. He is a fellow of the American Physical Society, past chair of

the Divisions of Atomic and Molecular Physics and of Theoretical

Physics of the Canadian Association of Physicists, a member of the

international editorial boards of the Springer Series of Atomic, Optical,

and Plasma Physics and of the journal Advances in Applied Clifford

Algebras. He is currently a University Professor at the University of

Windsor.

Authors