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Mining

Chemicals

HANDBOOK

Revised Edition

Mining

Chemicals

HANDBOOK

Revised Edition

www.cytec.com

PLEASE NOTE

Some of the products in this handbook may not be available at

the time of intended use. Be sure to check with your local Cytec

Industries representative or sales office prior to any product testing.

Trademark Notice

The

indicates a Registered Trademark in the United States and the

™ or * indicates a Trademark in the United States. The mark may

also be registered, the subject of an application for registration or a

trademark in other countries.

All product names appearing in capital letters are registered trade-

marks of or trademarks licensed by Cytec Industries Inc. or its

subsidiaries throughout the world and, in this publication, include

the following:

ACCO-PHOS

depressants

ACCOAL

promoters

AERO

promoters, xanthates, or reagents

AERODRI

dewatering aids

AEROFLOAT

promoters

AEROPHINE

promoters'

AEROFROTH

frothers

AEROSOL

surface active agents

CYQUEST

antiprecipitants, humate removal and iron removal reagents

CYANEX

extractants

OREPREP

frothers and defoamers

SUPERFLOC

flocculants

IMPORTANT NOTICE

The information and statements herein are believed to be reliable but

are not to be construed as a warranty or representation for which

we assume legal responsibility or as an assumption of a duty on our

part. Users should undertake sufficient verification and testing to

determine the suitability for their own particular purpose of any

information, products, or vendors referred to herein. NO WARRANTY

OF FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE IS MADE. Nothing

herein is to be taken as permission, inducement, or recommendation

to practice any patented invention without a license.

Mining Chemicals Handbook

Acknowledgment

This latest edition of Cytec's "Mining Chemicals Handbook," a

traditional service to our customers and to the Mining Industry,

was written and reviewed by our Mineral and Alumina Processing

Technical Service staff. Their special effort is a sign of the impor-

tance we attach to serving our customers in every way possible.

The contributors were backed up by expert editorial comments

from the Mineral and Alumina Processing staff in Cytec's global

offices. Much of the credit for this book goes to the following

contributors and editors who reviewed the book:

Arnold Day, Chief Editor

David Briggs Calvin Francis Wilfred Perez

Frank Bruey Abdul Gorken Andy Poulos

Frank Cappuccitti Jim Lee Peter Riccio

Owen Chamberlain Morris Lewellyn Alan Rothenberg

Jennie Coe Lino Magliocco Don Spitzer

Mark Eichorn D. R. Nagaraj Willard Thomas

Peter Fortini Randy Nix Dave Withers

Terry Foster Donato Nucciarone

Congratulations to all these contributors for a job well done.

Introduction

Mining Chemicals Handbook

Introduction

Section

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Usage of Cytec

flotation reagents

Section

2 Reagent usage and functions tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Applied mineralogy and

mineral surface analysis

Section

3 Applied mineralogy and mineral surface analysis . . . 19

3.1 Applied mineralogy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

3.2 Mineral surface analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Laboratory evaluation

of flotation reagents

Section

4 Laboratory evaluation of flotation reagents . . . . . . . . 63

4A Effect of selective reagents on flotation

circuit design and operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Contents

Introduction

Flotation reagent

fundamentals

Section

5 Flotation chemistry fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Flotation of sulfide ores

Section

6 Flotation of sulfide ores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

6.1 Collectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

6.2 Frothers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

6.3 Modifying agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

6.4 Flotation practice for sulfide ores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

6.4.1 Copper ores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

6.4.2 Copper-molybdenum ores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

6.4.3 Lead ore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

6.4.3.1 Oxidized lead ore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

6.4.4 Zinc ores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

6.4.4.1 Oxidized zinc ores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

6.4.5 Lead-zinc ores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

6.4.6 Complex copper-lead-zinc ores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

6.4.6.1 Copper-lead separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

- depression of lead minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

- depression of copper minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

6.4.7 Copper-zinc ores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

6.4.8 Gold and silver ores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

6.4.9 Nickel and cobalt ores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

6.4.10 Platinum- group-metals ores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

Mining Chemicals Handbook

Flotation of non-sulfide ores

Section

7 Flotation of non-sulfide ores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

7.1 Overview of laboratory and plant practice . . . . . . . . 163

7.2 Reagents for non-sulfide minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

7.3 Treatment of specific ores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

Flocculants and

dewatering aids

Section

8 Flocculants and dewatering aids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

Bayer process reagents

Section

9 Bayer process reagents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

Solvent extraction

Section

10 Solvent extraction reagents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

Contents (continued)

Introduction

Metallurgical computations

Section

11 Metallurgical computations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

Statistical methods

in mineral processing

Section

12 Statistical methods in mineral processing . . . . . . . . . 247

12.1 Laboratory testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

12.2 Plant testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

Safe handling, storage

and use of Cytec reagents

Section

13 Reagent handling, storage and safety . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

Tables

Section

14 Useful tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

14 Comparison of standard sieve sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270

14 Pulp density relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274

14 Conversion factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276

14 Useful physical constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

14 Periodic table of the elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292

Mining Chemicals Handbook

Introduction

The year 2003 marks Cytec’s 87th anniversary as a supplier of

chemical reagents to the mining and mineral processing industry.

Formerly a part of American Cyanamid Company, Cytec became an

independent company in 1993. Starting as a supplier of cyanide to

the gold-mining industry, our product line has expanded to over

500 reagents for use in flotation, flocculation, filtration, solvent

extraction, and other applications. While most of these products were

derived from our own research programs, others were obtained by

Cytec's acquisition of OREPREP specialty frothers from Baker

Petrolite, Nottingham Chemical’s industrial mineral products, and

Inspec (Chile) Mining Chemicals product lines in 1998 and 1999.

These acquisitions have significantly expanded our product lines

in sulfide and non-sulfide collectors, frothers, and defoamers.

The Mining Chemicals Handbook was originally little more than a

directory of our products but, over the years, has evolved into a

respected manual for use by engineers and plant operators in solving

a variety of mineral processing problems. Of course, a manual of

this scope can not, and is not intended to, provide in-depth infor-

mation on all aspects of mineral-processing theory and practice. We

hope, however, that it will provide a useful "starting point" for

researchers and operators alike when planning a testing program or

trying to solve some plant problem. More comprehensive informa-

tion on all the topics discussed in this handbook can be found in

innumerable textbooks, reviews, and technical papers, some of

which are referenced in the bibliographies at the end of each section.

This latest edition of the Handbook includes a new section on the

safety and handling of chemical reagents (Section 13). Cytec’s

foremost priority is the health and safety of all its employees and

customers; we urge you to make it your priority to read this section

and to consult with your nearest Cytec representative if you have

any questions or comments regarding this important information.

You will also find a new section on the fundamental aspects of

flotation chemistry (Section 5). Again, this is not meant to be a com-

prehensive review of this complex, and sometimes controversial,

subject. Rather, it is intended to explain, and give examples of, the

importance of designing or selecting the best collector, or collector

combination, for each specific ore type. It demonstrates how seem-

ingly insignificant changes to a collector's chemical structure can

have a major impact on the flotation efficiency of different minerals

as a function of pH and Ep, the pulp potential.

Introduction

New sections have also been added on guidelines for laboratory

testing of flotation reagents (Section 4); the effect of selective

reagents on the design and operation of flotation plants (Section 4A);

and on the use of statistical methods for designing laboratory and

plant experiments and the evaluation of the results obtained there-

from (Section 12). The applied mineralogy section (Section 3) and

the computations section (Section 11) have been expanded to include

some of the more recent developments in analytical instrumentation

and automation and computer techniques available for these aspects

of mineral processing. The section on solvent extraction (Section 10)

has also been expanded to include the many new phosphine-based

extractants that have been introduced since the last revision of the

Handbook.

The manufacture (from basic raw materials) and the applications

know-how of water-soluble polymers has been a core competency

of Cytec since first introducing these products in the early 1950s.

A complete range of both dry and liquid products is available for

the flocculation and dewatering of mineral slurries. The flocculants

section (Section 8) has been expanded considerably to cover the

composition and use of these water-soluble polymers. Of particular

note is the development and widespread acceptance of hydroxamated

polyacrylamide (HXPAM) flocculants for use in the Bayer process.

This new chemistry provides significant process benefits in red mud

settlers and thickeners. A new section (Section 9) has been added

which describes these polymers and other Cytec products for use

in alumina refineries.

As both we and our customers learn more about the interaction of

reagents with various ore-types, the practice of "custom-designing" a

unique reagent or reagent formulation for individual ores has

become increasingly common. Although there are a host of factors

which have a bearing on any plant operation, we believe that the

choice of chemical reagents is often under-appreciated. While many

problems do not have a "chemical solution", the proper testing and

selection of reagents can often have a major impact on plant

performance e.g. improved metal recoveries and concentrate grades,

better elimination of penalty elements, reduced lime consumption

in flotation, the possibility of operating at a coarser primary grind,

etc. Cytec’s technical representatives are available to work with you

in optimizing the use of all our reagents. Since Cytec offers a total

range of mineral processing reagents, our technical representatives

are in a position to help you take advantage of interactions and

synergies among the chemicals used in any particular process. They

are backed by an experienced team of researchers, engineers, metal-

lurgists, and chemists.