Цыбина Е.А., Нудько В.А. Английский язык
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things they wanted more than anything else: a large family, a business they could run
from home and a farmhouse. But their combined salaries could barely cover essentials.
They decided they would have to be ruthless about cutting costs if they wanted to
achieve their goals.
First they divided all their expenses into essentials and optionals and cut out every
optional: meals out, cigarettes and alcohol, magazines, junk food, new clothes. Then
they looked at how they could pare down the essentials: utilities, groceries, petrol.
Within seven years they had saved $49,000.
Everything about Amy reflects the tightwad life. Her hair has been washed in cheap,
bulk-bought shampoo and she is wearing minimal make-up. Since she is dedicated to
frugality with time as well as money, her maroon blouse is unironed. The jeans were bought
in a sale. Her sneakers have a three-year plan all their own. Today she’s wearing this year’s
pair; last year’s pair she wears when she’s not seeing visitors and the year before’s she
wears around the garden. All come from sales, at a maximum $ 15 a pair.
The issue of surplus money is the core of tightwaddery. There’s no point in
scrimping in one area if you’re wasting money in another and still not achieving the
quality of life you really want. And the tightwad life is not only about spending less
but spending in a way that reflects your values.
16. Write down four ways in which Amy saves money.
She uses a Thermos to keep water hot in order to save electricity.
17. Write down six things which Amy considers as optionals.
18. The words in columns A and В have something to do with money. Match a word
in A with its closest opposite in B. Use your dictionary to check new words.
generous waste
spendthrift second-hand
luxury well-off
brand new loss
hard up stingy
deposit(v) expenditure
save overdrawn
in the black penny pincher
deb
t
withdraw
tight-fisted extravagant
income priceless
worthless millionaire
beggar necessity
profit loan
19. Complete the following sentences, including words from A or B.
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a. Tom couldn’t afford a brand new car ...
b. Do you see that vase? We thought it was worthless. I paid only 50p for it in a
jumble sale, but ...
с. I think that nowadays a car is a necessity, but my grandmother says ...
d. My two daughters are so different. One regularly saves her pocket money, the
other ...
e. Susie’s always getting into debt and then she has to go to her father ...
f. I was so sure my account was in the black, but I’ve just got an angry letter ...
g You’d never believe that he used to be a millionaire, now ...
h. Ted’s so tight-fisted. He’s worn the same suit every day for work for 15 years, but
his wife ...
i. Anna’s always complaining about being hard up, but compared to me ...
j. Mr. Micawber’s advice to his young friend, David Copperfield, in the year 1850:
‘Annual ____ £20, annual __ £19 and six shillings, result happiness.
Annual_____ £20, annual __ £20 and six pence, result misery.’
20. Would you be happy or miserable if you:
- fell on hard times?
- lived on a shoestring?
- lived in the lap of luxury?
- were living rough?
- couldn’t make ends meet?
- were rolling in money?
- had to penny-pinch?
- were made of money?
- were down and out?
- had to tighten your belt?
- had a business that was doing a roaring trade?
- lost a quid and found a fiver?
20. Below is an English family’s budget in pounds sterling for next month. Look at it
to see where their money is coming from and how much is going out. Note down how
you think they could save money and any differences between this budget and a
family budget in your country.
Income Out
g
oin
g
s
Basic salar
y
(g
ross National Insurance
380, after tax):
335.00
Contributions:
46.00
Overtime payment:
56.50
Mortgage payment:
175.0
Productivity bonus:
10.00
Rates (Direct Debit)
39.50
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Royalties on ‘Son of
Jaws’:
35.50
Gas and Electricity -
Son’s wages (4 x 45 180.00
Quarterly Bills:
164.0
His tips and
commission:
25.00
Alimony -
maintenance
money to ex-wife: 173.5
Basic Earnings:
642.00 HP installment on car: 88.00
Road Tax:
80.00
plus extras: Speeding fine: 35.00
Jim’s college grant
Life Insurance
i
48.00
(240 - 3, tax-free):
80.00 Deposit on new
hi
Freda’s scholarship machine: 45.00
(120-3):
40.00 Accountant’s fees
Child Benefit
(3 months overdue): 25.00
(7.50x2x4):
60.00 Repayment on Credit
Dad’s pension: 136.00
loan (Standing
60.00
Ted’s dole money - Interest on overdraft
unemployment
benefit:
146.00
current account:
45.00
Dad’s dividend on Other bank charges: 10.00
BP shares: 13.00 Subscription to
Interest on Mum’s magazines 10.00
(bank deposit 3.50 Donation to ‘Help the
Tax Rebate (Tax Aged’: 5.00
1980-81): 4.50 Contribution to
Winnings on the 2.50 Party funds: 7.50
Jenny and Jim’s pocket
Total extras: 485.50
money:
60.00
Stake money for
pools and horse-racing: 18.50
Church Collection: 1.00
Total Income (all sources): 1127.50 Total Expenditure: 1136 50
Balance: –£8.50
22. Act out or write a conversation between various members of this family, discussing
how perhaps they could cut down and save a little money.
23. Below are a number of ways of saving or making money. Note down which you
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think are sensible and which you would not recommend. If you are working in a
group, discuss your notes. If you are working on your own, write a brief summary of
them.
1 buying in bulk to beat inflation
2 looking out for genuine reductions and real bargains in the sales
3 buying supermarket brands rather than brand-name products
4 buying economy-size packets and tins of things
5 collecting packet tops that offer discounts on the next purchase, have ‘5p off’
labels on them or contain forms for special offers
6 looking out for special HP (hire-purchase) deals at good rates of interest
7 delaying payment of bills until the final demand
8 taking your holidays out of season at cheap rates
9 buying second-hand clothes in jumble sales or charity shops
10 buying products that offer trading stamps or gift vouchers or competitions
with once-in-a-lifetime prizes
11 using the telephone at off-peak, cheap-rate times
12 shopping only at places where money can be refunded rather than goods
exchanged
13 changing your foreign currency when the rates of exchange are favourable
14 checking your bank statement and cheque counterfoils to make sure there are
no errors
15 looking after receipts and guarantees
24. Which expression from the list of comments below would you use about yourself at
the moment? Notice how many expressions we have for rich and poor, reflecting our
obsession with money, and how we often refer to pence as p in everyday conversation.
He’s a multi-millionaire.
She inherited millions (an oil-heiress).
They won a fortune.
She’s got more money than sense.
They’re made of money.
He’s a very wealthy businessman.
She’s extremely well-off.
You’re looking very prosperous.
They say we’re living in an affluent society.
He’s comfortably off.
Money doesn’t buy happiness, but it helps.
I’m a bit hard up at the moment, actually.
I’m down to my last ten p.
He’s broke.
They’re on the breadline.
I haven’t got a penny to my name.
I’m afraid we’re bankrupt, gentlemen.
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Now I know what it’s like to be poverty-stricken.
I’m running into debt.
I owe money everywhere.
I’m heavily in debt.
I’m a few thousand in the red.
I’m up to my ears in debt.
I wonder if it’s true that crime doesn’t pay!
25. Note down the various ways in which shops and firms in your country encourage
you to buy their products.
26. Act out or write a conversation between a friendly bank manager and a newly-
married couple. They are asking for advice on financial matters: how to manage their
salaries, savings, monthly outgoings, etc.
NOTE
Personal finance
Sometimes in a shop they ask you: ‘How do you want to pay?’ You can answer:
‘Cash. / By cheque. / By credit card.’
In a bank you usually have a current account, which is one where you pay in
your salary and then withdraw money to pay your everyday bills. The bank sends you
a regular bank statement telling you how much money has gone in and out of your
account. You may also have a savings account where you deposit any extra money
that you have and only take money out when you want to spend it on something
special. If you spend more than you have in your account you can have an overdraft.
The bank allows you to spend more and charges you interest. If your account is
overdrawn [you have taken more out of your account than you had in it] you are in the
red (as opposed to in the black or in credit).
Sometimes the bank may lend you money – this is called a bank loan. If the bank
[or building society] lends you money to buy a house, that money is called a
mortgage.
When you buy [or purchase more formally] something in a shop, you usually pay
for it outright but sometimes you buy on credit. Sometimes you may be offered a
discount or a reduction on something you buy. For example, you might get £10 off
perhaps because you are a student. You are often offered a discount if you buy in bulk.
It is not usual to haggle ha about prices in a British shop, as it is in, say, a Turkish
market. If you want to return something which you have bought to a shop, you may be
given a refund, i.e. your money will be returned, provided you have a receipt.
The money that you pay for services, e.g. to a school or a lawyer, is usually called
a fee or fees; the money paid for a journey is a fare. If you buy something that you feel
was very good value, it’s a bargain. If you feel that it is definitely not worth what you
paid for it, then you can call it a rip-off [very colloquial].
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Public finance
The government collects money from citizens through taxes. Income tax is the
tax collected on wages and salaries. Inheritance tax is collected on what people inherit
from others. Customs or excise duties have to be paid on goods imported from other
countries. VAT or value added tax is a tax paid on most goods and services when they
are bought or purchased. Companies pay corporation tax on their profits. If you pay
too much tax, you should be given some money back, a tax rebate.
The government also sometimes pays out money to people in need, e.g.
unemployment benefit [also known as the dole, informal] disability allowances and
student loans [money lent to help pay for studying]. Recipients draw a pension /
unemployment benefit or are on the dole or on social security.
Every country has its own special currency. Every day the rates of exchange are
published and you can discover, for example, how many dollars there are currently to
the pound sterling.
A company may sell shares to members of the public who are then said to have
invested in that company. They should be paid a regular dividend on their investment,
depending on the profit or loss made by the company.
***
27. Answer the following money quiz.
1 What currencies are used in Japan, Australia, India and Russia?
2 What does the expression ‘hard currency’ mean?
3 Give two examples of imports that most countries impose customs duties on.
4 Give three examples of kinds of income that would be classed as unearned.
5 What is the Dow Jones index and what are its equivalents in London and Japan?
6 Give an example of something that is priceless and something that is valueless.
7 Name the coins and banknotes used in your country and one other country.
28. Match the words with their definitions.
1 interest
2 mortgage
3 an overdrawn account
4 savings account
5 current account
6 pension
7 disability allowance
8 child benefit
9 inheritance tax
a bank account with a negative sum of money in it
money paid towards the cost of raising a family
money paid on what is inherited after someone dies
an account that is used mainly for keeping money
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money paid to people after a certain age
an account for day-to-day use
money chargeable on a loan
money paid to people with a handicap
a loan to purchase property
29. Complete the sentences with words from the opposite page.
1 If you get something more cheaply, perhaps because you buy in bulk, you get a
2 If the bank lends you money, you have a bank .......
3 If you have some money in your account you are in the.....
4 I paid too much tax last year so I should get a .......soon.
5 If it’s no good, take it back to the shop and ask for a .....
PART 6. HEALTH
1. Complete the gaps in the following dialogues with words from the boxes. For
speaker A, choose words from box A. For speaker B, choose words from box B. Use
a dictionary if necessary.
A Symptoms
diarrhoea pain sneezing sick cough faint sore bleeding
temperature cut
B Illness
food poisoning flu tonsillitis infection heart attack
a) A: My throat’s ………….. .It hurts to swallow. But I don’t ………….. at all, even
though I smoke fifty cigarettes a day.
B: It sounds like …………………… to me.
b) A: My nose is running and I can’t stop …………………….. .
I’ve also got a very high …………….. .
B: It’s probably ……………. .There’s a lot of it about.
c) A: My mother feels very after eating at that new restaurant. She has had terrible
…………………….. for twenty-four hours!
B: Oh no! That’s the third person who’s suffered from ….....…. after eating at that place.
d) A: I had this ……………………..… in my hand last week. It was very deep and
the wound wouldn’t stop ………………… . Now it’s very painful again.
B: I expect you’ve picked up some kind of ……………………………… .
e) A: At the match yesterday, Brian felt very ………………………. and nearly fell
over. He said he had a terrible in his chest.
B: Oh no! He didn’t have a ………………………. , did he?
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2. Look back. What advice would you give to each person for their illness. Use some
of the words in the box if you wish. Example:
‘Take an aspirin, and lie down and get some rest.’
pastilles hot lemon suck rub aspirin antiseptic lotion doctor
plaster tie keep warm bandage
3. Put these words under the following headings people, places, medicine and
medical complaints.
sister dentist pill tablet nurse hospital wound chemist cut matron
pain ointment ward diseasel temperature patient surgeon surgery
injection blood pressure heart attack consultant clinic
4. Work in pairs. Here are some more words to do with medical matters In what
circumstances would you use them in English or in your own language?
bandage ambulance appointment prescription emergency casualty
dizzy shiver outpatients wheelchair limp plaster stick crutches
disabled sedative
5. Match a person in A with suitable lines from B and C. Make at least one sentence
about each person. Example: The nurse took the patient’s temperature.
A B C
The nurse performed his knee.
The surgeon suffered her wrist.
The accident victim had in the smoky atmosphere.
The toddler took during the crossing.
The teenager fell over and grazed the patient’s temperature.
The pregnant woman felt faint a difficult operation.
The old man felt sea-sick in the attack.
The tennis player sprained on a stretcher.
The racing driver was wounded a heart attack.
The soldier was carried from sunburn.
The gardener was stung the crash.
The ferry passengers was lucky to survive by a wasp.
The holidaymaker spot’s on her face.
6. Choose the word or phrase which best completes the sentences.
a) wounded injured damaged
Footballer Jimmie White was _______ in the second half of the match in a tackle
with the goalkeeper.
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b) sprained sore dislocated.
He’ll be out of the game for several weeks with a ____________________ shoulder.
c) a bandage stitches a sling
My daughter fell off her bike and she had to have _______________ in her leg.
d) pain ache indigestion
Suddenly Tom felt a sharp _______ in his stomach.
e) bruises a rash warts
Whenever I eat shellfish I get __________________ all over my body.
f) allergic to allergic with allergic from
Lots of people are shellfish.
g) a blister a blemish a boil
Ouch! I’ve got ______________ on my heel from these new shoes.
h) drowsy tipsy dizzy
My husband hates heights. When he looks down he feels ___________.
i) run in run over run down
There’s nothing seriously wrong with me. I’m just a bit _____________ because I’ve
been working so hard recently.
j) damages hurts injures
There’s no doubt about it. Smoking ______________ your health my body.
7. Circle the odd-one-out.
1 surgeon doctor patient consultant nurse
2 dizzy shiver faint limp prescription
3 outpatients casualty surgery maternity hospital
4 bandage ointment hurt tablet plaster
5 cut wound pill injury sprain
6 cough heart attack sore throat accident flu
7 wheelchair pain crutches stick stretcher
8 blood heart anaesthetic throat stomach
9 death burial undertaker autopsy emergency
10 ears sight touch smell taste
8. Complete the sentences with the following words. There are five extra words.
outpatients casualty toothache disabled plaster sedative operations
appointment pain injection prescription disease thermometer emergency
ambulance
1 He’s got a broken leg and he has to keep the _____________ on for six
weeks.
2 I went to the dentist’s yesterday because I had a dreadful __________ .
3 If you don’t want to waste too much time it’s a good idea to make an
_____________.
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4 They gave her a ______________ to calm her down.
5 The doctor made out a _____________ for pain-killers.
6 He cut his finger so badly that I took him to ______________ to have
stitches.
7 He is so severely ________________ that he has to have a wheelchair.
8 He caught some strange tropical ____________ when he was abroad last
summer.
9 I couldn’t take my temperature because I couldn’t find the ___________ .
10 Nowadays many _____________ are performed under local anaesthetic.
9. Read and translate.
WASHINGTON. – Because medical costs are rising so fast, more and more
people are diagnosing their own illnesses or, worse still, those of their friends. The
government would do well to make a study of how these non-professional diagnoses
are affecting the nation’s health picture.
The other day I had a cold. It was just like the ones you see on television. I was
sneezing, coughing and looking mournfully at my wife. I called my secretary at the
office and said I wouldn’t be in because I felt lousy.
“You must have one of those “eight-hour things” that’s going all around town,”
she said. “You’ll feel perfectly well tomorrow.”
Eight hours seemed to be a reasonable time to have a cold, and I was looking
forward to staying in bed, particularly since the Yankees and Red Sox were playing a
crucial game to get into the American League playoffs.
My sister called, and I told her I had one of those “eight-hour things that’s been
going all around.”
“Are you sure it’s only an “eight-hour thing”?” she asked. “It could be the “24-hour
bug” Harold had last week. Do you have any fever?”
“A little – maybe 100.”
“That’s the “24-hour bug” for sure. Drink lots of fluids and take aspirin, and
you’ll be able to shake it off.”
I really hadn’t counted on staying in bed for 24 hours, but it’s stupid to fight a
bug. My other sister called up 10 minutes later. “Edith says you’ve got a 24-hour
bug.”
“I don’t know if it’s a bug or just a cold.”
“Is your nose red from blowing it?”
“Yah, sure it is. Why do you ask?”
“Then you don’t have a “24-hour bug”. You have a “48-hour virus.”
“My secretary said all I had was an “eight-hour thing”. How come you moved it up
to 48 hours?”
“The “eight-hour thing” is entirely different. You feel funny but your nose doesn’t
get red when you blow it. The “24-hour bug” has all the symptoms of the
“eight-hour” one, except that you cough a lot. The “48-hour virus” makes you