Cornwall M. The Undermining of Austria-Hungary: The Battle for Hearts and Minds
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Mark Cornwall
The Undermining of
Austria-Hungary
The Battle for Hearts and Minds
The Undermining of Austria-Hungary
Also by Mark Cornwall
THE LAST YEARS OF AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: Essays in Political and Military History,
1908–1918 (editor)
The Undermining of
Austria-Hungary
The Battle for Hearts and Minds
Mark Cornwall
First published in Great Britain 2000 by
MACMILLAN PRESS LTD
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London
Companies and representatives throughout the world
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN 0–333–80452–X
First published in the United States of America 2000 by
ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC.,
Scholarly and Reference Division,
175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010
ISBN 0–312–23151–2
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Cornwall, Mark.
The undermining of Austria-Hungary : the battle for hearts and minds / Mark
Cornwall.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0–312–23151–2 (cloth)
1. World War, 1914–1918—Austria—Propaganda. 2. World War, 1914–1918–
–Austria. 3. Hungary—History—1867–1918. 4. Austria—Foreign relations–
–1867–1918. 5. World War, 1914–1918—Public opinion. I. Title.
D639.P7 A93 2000
940.4'887436—dc21
99–059429
© John Mark Cornwall 2000
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made
without written permission.
No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written
permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents
Act
1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright
Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 0LP.
Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to
criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with
the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained
forest sources.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01
Printed and bound in Great Britain by
Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire
For my parents, John and Benita Cornwall
This page intentionally left blank
Contents
List of Tables ix
List of
Illustrations x
List of
Maps xi
Preface xii
List of
Abbreviations xv
1 A
Theory of Front Propaganda 1
2 Austria-Hungary
and the Control of Wartime Morale 16
3 The
Experience of Propaganda against Russia 40
3.1 The campaign
on the Eastern Front 40
3.2 The `breaking
of Russia' 49
3.3 The Serbian
campaign 62
4 Austria-Hungary's
Campaign against Italy 74
4.1 The Italian
target 74
4.2 The launch
of an Austrian campaign 78
4.3 The impact
of Austria-Hungary's front propaganda 92
5 The
Seeds of Italy's Campaign 112
5.1 Obstacles to
effective propaganda 112
5.2 The role
of Italian military Intelligence 122
5.3 The dream
of Carzano 131
5.4 The propaganda
duel 149
6 Italy's
Campaign against Austria-Hungary 174
6.1 The British
contribution 174
6.2 Steed's coordinating
mission 185
6.3 The Padua
Commission 202
6.4 Trench propaganda
228
7 Austria-Hungary
on the Defensive 257
7.1 The perception
of enemy propaganda 257
7.2 The Feindespropaganda-Abwehrstelle
268
7.3 The case
of the 42nd Honve
Â
d Infantry Division 287
7.4 Austria loses
the propaganda duel 299
vii
viii Contents
8 The Climax of Italian Psychological Warfare 320
8.1 The pressure
of Crewe House and the Italian obstacle 320
8.2 An Italian
or an Allied campaign? 332
8.3 Padua's summer
campaign:
the `Oppressed Nationalities' 342
8.4 Padua's summer
campaign: the Magyars
and German-Austrians 362
8.5 New trials
in trench propaganda 373
9 Disintegration
405
9.1 The failure
of patriotic instruction 405
9.2 A final
duel in front propaganda 415
10 Conclusion
433
Appendix 445
Bibliography 454
Index 466
List of Tables
7.1 Diminishing strength of the 42HID (1918) 297
7.2 Percentage of
literate males, aged 16±50, in Austria,
Hungary and Bosnia-Hercegovina 300
7.3 Desertions
to the Italian 4th Army, 15 May±14 June 1918 301
8.1 Propaganda and
Reconnaissance Units, June±November 1918 377
9.1 Desertions
from the Austrian 11th Army, 1±30 September 1918 408
ix