Cognitive Exploration of Language and Linguistics (2nd edition)

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Cognitive Exploration of Language and Linguistics

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Cognitive Linguistics in Practice

A text book series which aims at introducing students of language and linguistics, and

scholars from neighboring disciplines, to established and new ﬁelds in language research

from a cognitive perspective. Titles in the series are written in an attractive, reader-

friendly and self-explanatory style with assigments, and are tested for classroom use at

university level.

Executive Editor

Günter Radden

University of Hamburg

radden@rrz.uni-hamburg.de

Editorial Board

René Dirven

University of Duisburg, Essen

Suzanne Kemmer

Rice University

Kee Dong Lee

Yonsei University

Klaus-Uwe Panther

University of Hamburg

Johanna Rubba

California Polytechnic State University

Ted J.M. Sanders

University of Utrecht

Soteria Svorou

San Jose State University

Elz˙bieta Tabakowska

Cracow University

Marjolijn H. Verspoor

University of Groningen

Volume 1

Cognitive Exploration of Language and Linguistics, 2nd rev. ed.

René Dirven and Marjolijn Verspoor, Editors

Cognitive Exploration of

Language and Linguistics

Second Revised Edition

Edited by

René Dirven

University Duisburg, Essen

Marjolijn Verspoor

University of Groningen

In collaboration with

Johan De Caluwé, Dirk Geeraerts, Cliﬀ Goddard, Stef Grondelaers,

Ralf Pörings, Günter Radden, Willy Serniclaes, Marcello Soﬀritti,

Wilbert Spooren, John R. Taylor, Ignacio Vazquez, Anna Wierzbicka,

Margaret E. Winters

John Benjamins Publishing Company

Amsterdam/Philadelphia

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements

of American National Standard for Information Sciences – Permanence

of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1984.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Cognitive exploration of language and linguistics / [edited by] René

Dirven and Marjolijn Verspoor; in collabration with Johan de

Caluwé... et al.--2nd rev. ed.

p. cm. (Cognitive Lingusitics in Practice, issn 1388–6231 ; v. 1)

Includes bibliographical references and indexes.

1. Linguistics. 2. Cognition. I. Dirven, René. II. Verspoor, Marjolijn.

III. Series.

P123 C567 2004

410-dc22 2004045509

isbn 90 272 1905 2 (Eur.) / 1 58811 485 6 (US) (Hb; alk. paper)

isbn 90 272 1906 0 (Eur.) / 1 58811 486 4 (US) (Pb; alk. paper)

No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microﬁlm, or

any other means, without written permission from the publisher.

John Benjamins Publishing Co. · P.O. Box 36224 · 1020 me Amsterdam · The Netherlands

John Benjamins North America · P.O. Box 27519 · Philadelphia pa 19118-0519 · usa

Table of contents

Preface xi

Chapter 1

The cognitive basis of language: Language and thought 1

1.0 Overview1

1.1 Introduction: Sign systems1

1.2 Structuring principles in language5

1.3 Linguistic and conceptual categories13

1.4 Summary20

1.5 Further reading21

Assignments22

Chapter 2

What’s in a word? Lexicology 25

2.0 Overview25

2.1 Introduction: Words, meanings and concepts25

2.2 From words to meanings: Semasiology28

2.3 From concepts to words: Onomasiology36

2.4 Conclusion: Interplay between semasiology and onomasiology43

2.5 Summary44

2.6 Further reading45

Assignments46

vi Table of contents

Chapter 3

Meaningful building blocks: Morphology 49

3.0 Overview49

3.1 Introduction50

3.2 Compounding54

3.3 Derivation59

3.4 Other word-formation processes64

3.5 Inﬂection and function words66

3.6 Conclusion: Morphology, lexicology and syntax69

3.7 Summary70

3.8 Further reading72

Assignments72

Chapter 4

Putting concepts together: Syntax 75

4.0 Overview75

4.1 Introduction: Syntax and grammar75

4.2 Event schemas and participant roles77

4.3 Hierarchical and linear structure of the sentence86

4.4 The grounding elements of a sentence91

4.5 Summary96

4.6 Further reading98

Assignments98

Chapter 5

The sounds of language: Phonetics and phonology 101

5.0 Overview101

5.1 Introduction: Phonetics and phonology102

5.2 Production of speech sounds103

5.3 Consonants106

5.4 V

owels108

5.5 Phonemes and allophones; phonemic tr anscription113

5.6 Beyond the phoneme116

5.7 Sounds in context118

5.8 Summary122

5.9 Further reading124

Assignments124

Table of contents vii

Chapter 6

Language, culture and meaning: Cross-cultural semantics 127

6.0 Overview127

6.1 Introduction: Linguistic relativity and universalism127

6.2 Culture-speciﬁc words134

6.3 Culture-speciﬁc grammar137

6.4 Cultural scripts140

6.5 Conclusion: Language, culture and thought143

6.6 Summar y144

6.7 Further reading146

Assignments146

Chapter 7

Doing things with words: Pragmatics 149

7.0 Overview149

7.1 Introduction: What is pragmatics?150

7.2 Constitutive speech acts and felicity conditions155

7.3 Informative speech acts and cooperative interaction159

7.4 Obligative speech acts and polite interaction166

7.5 Conclusion: Interplay between sentence structure

and types of speech act171

7.6 Summary173

7.7 Further reading174

Assignments174

Chapter 8

Structuring texts: Text linguistics 179

8.0 Overview179

8.1 Communication, text, and text linguistics180

8.2 Text representation181

8.3 Coherence vs. cohesion

184

8.4 R

efer

ential coherence186

8.5 Relational coherence189

8.6 Survey of coherence relations195

8.7 Summary197

8.8 Further reading198

Assignments199

viii Table of contents

Chapter 9

Language across time: Historical linguistics 203

9.0 Overview203

9.1 Language change and language variation204

9.2 Methods of studying historical linguistics208

9.3 Typology of language change214

9.4 Causation and predictability223

9.5 Summary226

9.6 Further reading228

Assignments228

Chapter 10

Comparing languages: Language classiﬁcation,

typology, and contrastive linguistics 231

10.0 Overview231

10.1 External comparison: Identiﬁcation and status of languages232

10.2 Spread and classiﬁcation of languages235

10.3 Language typology and language universals243

10.4 Contrastive linguistics247

10.5 Summary255

10.6 Further reading256

Assignments257

References 259

Index 269

Preface

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Language is one of our most articulated means of expressing ideas and

thoughts. This introduction to language and linguistics as the science of

language will mainly look at language from the perspective of “expressing ideas

and thoughts”. This approach to the study of language is known as the cognitive

perspective. The cognitive perspective also holds that language is part of a

cognitive system which comprises perception, emotions, categorization,

abstraction processes, and reasoning. All these cognitive abilities interact with

language and are inﬂuenced by language. Thus the study of language, in a sense,

becomes the study of the way we express and exchange ideas and thoughts.

This Cognitive Exploration of Language and Linguistics is ﬁrmly rooted in

cognitive linguistics. One of the great assets of this new understanding of

language and linguistics is that its foundations and most theoretical constructs

are so solid that they are still valid after a quarter of a century. The evolution

within cognitive linguistics rather tends to go in depth: scholars reveal ever

deeper insights into the nature and functioning of language and its relation to

cognition, culture, and communities. Since this book is an introduction, this

second edition must stick to the great basic insights of (cognitive) linguistics

and can only reﬂect a few insights gained in the newer evolutions within

cognitive linguistics such as construction grammar (see Goldberg 1995, 1996),

mental space theory (see Fauconnier 1997; Fauconnier and Sweetser 1996),

blending theory (see Coulson 2000), image schema research (see Hampe 2004)

or embodiment studies (see Lakoﬀ/Johnson 1999; Zlatev et al. Forthcoming).

It was originally planned that this introduction should be accompanied by

a second part, covering interdisciplinary areas such as language acquisition,

language processing, applied linguistics and language learning, sociolinguistics,

discourse study, cultural studies, language and ideology, linguistic anthropolo-

gy, etc. Since cognitive linguists are now working in all these areas, books on