Bourke Ulick J. Easy lessons, or Self-instruction in Irish / Легкие уроки: самоучитель ирландского языка

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SELF-INSTRUCTION

IRISH.

359

Many

special principles

the

language from

which

idioms

flow,

have in

the

foregoing

fifty-seven

lessons

been

explained.

page

34,

Part

I.,

and

pp.

75, 76,

Part

II.,

Easy

Lessons." the

verb

shown

have two

forms

of the same

conjugation

—

the

one called

the

synthetic,

e., in which the

personal

pronouns have become

incorporated

the

verb,

which therefore

admits change of

ending ;

the other called

the

analytic.

Again,

Obs.

—

Whenever the

nominative

case

is not

expressed,

the verb

in the synthetic

form,

and

conforms

the

general

rule of agreement in

number

and person with

its

subject;

as,

b-^ni]l" y]h

rli\u,

are

well ?

'CAn^uib

(we

are).

"B-fuil"

is the analytic, used

when

fib,"

the

nom.

case is expressed

;

cAn^iqh,"

the

synthetic,

employed

when

the

nominative

is not

expressed.

asking questions the analytic form

forcible, it is

therefore

more in use than the other

;

but, in

replying, the synthetic is

the fullest

and

most usual.

Obs.

—

Whenever the nominative case is

expressed,

the

verb must be

analytically

conjugated,

and

must therefore

have only the same ending in

all numbers and

persons.

Exception.

—After nouns in the third

person plural, the

verb follows the

general rule and

agrees

number with its subject—

See

seventh lesson, part

I.,

34.

EXERCISE

CXVII.

2lt)

c-21j*aI,

SiouDAC,

A5u|-

ai? teoi).

THE ASS,

THE

FOX, AND THE

LION.

i)o

"|iir)i)AbA|i"

(exception to

Obs.

2),

a^aI

a5ui*

fioT)

ijAc

cor)t)ftAÓ

(compact)

fiojt,

&A]T)5eAn>

(firm, strong),

ce]le

(together, with

each other),

a5ui*

cua&a|i'' (Obs.

1),

Att^AC cutD

reil5e.

í)o

cajiUiis

ofxitA

leot)

ai) c-]'l]5e.

1^uA]ji bo b]teAC At)

|*ior)T)AC

jtAbAbAjx"

At)t)

5^x6, bo

cuAiÓ

fUAf

A15

At)

leor)

a5u]*

cix5

003^111

(gave

him a whisper)

rr)-béA|t]íA6 ye

ai)

c-a]*aI 65

pAO]

U\rT),

Acc 5At)

bocAT|i

Ai]t

bjc

óeAi;A6

a^ji

freji).

43'

Aoi)ciii5

AX) leot).

2t)<\|t

f|t)

bo ]t]i)t)e At)

n)AbAÓ

jl^c ^eill-beAjxc

A^yi

A COmpATJAC A511]*

CU5 |*U<\|* é

ho ClirbACC A

i)ArbAib.

2lt)r)

fiD

A]5

cult

bo 't) leot) at) aj-ajI

fAO]

Óíoi),

]on|*iii5

]*&

(he turned)

<sm

ai)

c-f

ioi)1)ac,

ajuj*

t)io|t

-pA5 5tte]n)

be,

le cejle (and

did

not leave a bit of

him together)

a^s

001)5-

bA|l

(reserving)

At)

aj-ajI

h-^n)

eile.

Mio|t

|tAb A ]i|ATT) At) c-X\ó

'\]]\

lucc T)A

-peille.

Those who

betray others never yet

have had success.

860

SELF-INSTRUCTION

IRISH.

VOCABULARY.

C|ioóA, adj. (pr.

eroiu-ya), brave,

hardy,

valiant

;

pjrt

ctio6.x, brave

men. 3uU

c|;oó*\,

the

valiant

Goll.

CftobA, adv.

(50

ctaoóA),

bravely,

valiantly ;

béAn

cttoóA, act

man,

valiantly

and

with

courage.

Clue,

adj..,

tight,

(50

blue,

adv.

tightly,

closely)

;

also,

thick

;

cojll

&lu6,

thick wood

;

|:olc

&lut,

thick

head-of-hair

;

blue

Ar)\) t)i\)ii;,

near

in kin

; jr

i'luc

Ao]br)eAX

bnót),

joy is

upon grief

;

Ours the light

grief that

sister

to joy."

—

MoORE.

t5t^Ul!3

blue"

ceile,

move closely

together.

tMuc,

n. mas.,

confined space,

yard, an

enclosure

;

the

warp or

woof of a web.

t5ó)6,

v.,

burn, singe, scorch ;

bo]c-

eAó, per.

pass.,

was burned.

l^iAjrs,

w., squeeze, press,

wring, com-

press

;

to wring,

with wet

cloth;

^;\jt5,

w., a

tie,

band,

penfold,

press.

2f)AftB-pi\ir5,

n., the

tie

under

the

chin of a

dead

body.

2r)Atib-pi\ir5

o^c,

is a common curse.

(Welsh,

fasg.)

The adj.

posur,

near,

this family

of words.

3o]n,

oujr),

v., wound,

hurt,

sting,

from

5A,

an arrow,

and Ap,

circle, an opening

—

whence

an-

mclas, Latin.

Johnson

knows

not the derivation

of the Eng-

lish word

gun." In

the Gaelic

its

root

is easily

found.

Welsh,

ffwamc,

to stab.

Lur,

tn. (Welsh,

Ihys; Fr., lis),

herb,

weed,

a plant,

or flower.

lujb,

f.,

an herb, weed,

grass.

Lu|b

applied to herbs

in general

;

Uir,

those

of special size and

efficacy.

?r)ACA|t\e,

m.,

a paddock,

field;

from

itjA5,

plain,

and

5A)t^e>

nearer;

3|ot\ttA,

shorter

—

field not

so large

as a

nj^s,

or ex-

tended plain;

luib

t)A

n)ACAit;e,

the herb

the

field.

NeAt)cÓ5,

/.,

nettle.

'H]meAc,

adj.

(from t)|n.),

poison),

poisonous, envenomed,

virulent,

sharp, bitter

its

physical

and

moral

acceptation.

U]nc, v.,

dance,

sport,

to play.

EXERCISE CXVIIL

2lt) buACAil Ajiif

At)

rjeAijrój,

THE

BOY AND THE NETTLE.

i)o

50]T) t)eAr)có5

buACAil

b| A15 ji]t)c

At?

n^ACAifte

i)o

óe|p|t]5

]*&

(he

hastened) a rD-bA^le a\)\) a

ttjacaii (home

his

mother),

A5uf

fe'

ymw

(and

told

[to] her)

3U)t

501

Ai)

Im*

iJirbueAC

X]\)

é,

516

r)']0]i

msoe

acc

Iait) a

leA5Ai)

Aijt

(although

he only laid his

hand

it).

Sit)

bi|teAc"

(that is

just

—^í]teAC,

directly),

a]|i

x\X^

(said

she) At)

c-iv6bATt

a|i

&ó|éeAÓ cu

;

'HuAifi c^ijt

A]5

buAjOC

t)eAi;cói3e,

VA]f5

blue

]

(grasp it

tightly)

ajui*

r,] &é<vt^

^Ajó

x']

^oil|5

o|tc (and

it will

do you no

mischief—

-hurt).

<t)éAi;

c]to6A

Ai)

t)]6

JduaI

6u]c ÓéAtjAÓ.

with

courage

whate'er

you

are to do.

SELF-INSTEUCTION IN IRISH.

361

FIFTY-EIGHTH LESSON.

GOVERNMENT

OF NOUNS.

The

grammatical

agreement, usually called

concord," between verbs

andi

their subjects, between the adjective and noun,

lias, in tbe preceding

lesson,

just

been

shown.

The influence

exercised

words on

each other,

causing in the noun a

change of case, is

called

government.''

This

influence

on nouns

pro-

duced

(1)

by other nouns, and adjectives

taken

substantively;

(2)

verbs;

(3)

prepositions.

The

change

of case may be

to the

(1)

genitive,

(2)

dative,

(3)

accusative.

GOVERNMENT OF THE GENITIVE CASE.

Obs.

—The latter of

two nouns

coming

together, when

the

objects

of which they are names

are

different,

governed

by the former in

the

genitive

case ; as,

2t)Ac

í)é,

God's Son.

t^é

the gen. case

t>]A,

God, governed

by the

noun

tijac,

son, which

precedes it.

2l]t;n) n)]c,

son's

name.

2t}]c

is the gen.

ttjac,

governed by

Ajtjnj,

instead oi 4^]X)n),

the

word leAb<\|i

(Ihoioer),

hahn, liber,

book,

substituted, the sentence runs

thus

l,eAbA]t n)]C, a son's

book,

(and with the pronouns,

the

article

preceding

rv]c)

;

te<\bA|t n)o n)]C, my

son's book

l,eAbA]i bo

xv]c,

thy son's

bookj

l,eAbA|t

tt^^c, his son's book;

LeAbA|i

Ai;" n}]c, the

son's

book.

The words t^é and

n)]c

are conformable to rule in

the gen.

case

;

and

rightly,

for they express the

idea of generation,

source, origin,

ownership

that which

conveved by

the nouns which precede

them.

—See "Easv Les-

sons," Part

IV„

261.

|^g° In

every

single instance,

[Irish,

as is seen from

the foregoing

examples,

the

latter

of the

two

nouns, and

never the

former,

which is

the

governed

word. It

is not so in Latin.

2i)Ac

t>é

may

be translated

filius Dei,

or JDei filius,

the gen. Dei

being

before

or after

the

governing word

;

and

in the Anglo-Saxon

genitive

case

(that is

the

genitive

possessive ending

in 's) it

is the

former

the

two

nouns,

and never

the

latter which

is the

governed word

;

as,

God's Son,

^Ac

t)é"

;

filius

Dei.

The Lord's

Day,

V<\

At) 'C]5eA|ii;A,"

dies Domini.

362

SELF-INSTRUCTION

IN IRISH.

Obs.

—In

translating from

English

cases

like those

(ending in

's) the

position

of the governed noun

must

there-

fore

reversed in

Irish,

the examples just

presented.

But, in translating

the Norman

genitive,

e.,

genitive

expressed by

of,"

into

Irish,

the order

and

position of

tlie

nouns are retained,

the

preposition

of,

sign of the

first

oblique

case omitted,

while

the

latter noun

assumes

the

genitive

case-ending

;

as.

Son (of) God,

21) AC

<Dé

;

Day

(of)

the

Lord, Lix at)

"CijeAjtUA.

The

definite article

"the" is

translated by

ad," which,

coming

before

riseATitjA,

the genitive, is in

the

same case

with

it.

is worth while observing that mere

English students,

not

acquainted

with

Latin,

or Greek, or

German, regard the particle

of"

such instances

as the

foregoing, purely

as a

preposition,

and

not

sign

of the genitive

case; and

this account they are,

whenever learning to

translate

into

those languages,

as well as

in the present instance

into

Irish, puzzled

at the

non-use

of the preposition

"q/l"

On the other

hand,

they find French

and

Italian

easy in this

respect.

VOCABULARY.

Cé]V)r)\xiyAi>,

V. to bound,

advance i

vcAn,'a

man;

huntsman

is the

strides

;

from

céiip,

step, a same as hunt's-man).

bound

; as in

coir

céjn;,

foot- loAtj, to follow

;

luce

leAntijujnte,

step.

pursuers, followers; luce,

tribe,

FeA|x

reil5C,

huntsman

(reilso

a class,

a set ; leAniijuipc,

fol-

gen.

case

tsaIs,

hunt, and

lowing; gen. case, \e&x)n)\x]r)ze.

EXERCISE CXIX.

%\)

Pia6

At)

t^l^tj.

THE

STAG

AT THE POOL.

t)-AOT) bo

CA]i)ic

^|a6

AT3

l]i)r)

t)-a "cA|tc"

(ace.

case

coming before the

infinitive)

co|*5, a3h|* 'r)iiA]|t

AT5

ól

»0

couAijtc

ye a

CAife

(shadow) '}-ai)

c-j-jtuc.

I^AC

n)óii,

Ti:)A]|*eAc,"

&0]ii

fe,T)A

aOajica

(pr. eye-arha)

oyxrx), Acc

oc ! t)ac

ciV]|i

(poor)

]Ab njo

coi*a

caoI<n.

l.ei|*

|*|r;

&o CA|t)]c

|:eA|t-|*e]l5e

le]f

i;a

cv\]\)

a5u|*

i)a

5a6ai|i

'i)I7a

61A15.

V\]

|:AbA

i)A

cofA

caoIa a

civ]i)

j-o

cu|beAÓ

\e-\y

céjJDijuJAÓ

Veywi a

b-pAb ó 'i)

i)Au)Ab

leAtj

A5Uf

xjo,

AÓA]icA A

ri)ol

fé

iÍ7Ó]t,

bo cou5buj5bA|i

5AbcA

blue

V'syi

5-c]XAi/' (gen. plur.

livjt,

midst) i)o

51x11

CAlUICAbATt

1)A

l-'ljl

t^jlse

\q]X

1)A

CU|T)

]*UAf,

ASUf*

5U|l

rT)*|ibu)5bA|v

é.

SELF-INSTRUCTION

IRISH

363

IDIOilS

THE

INFINITIVE AND

PARTICIPLES OF ACTIVE

VERBS.

Ob3.

—The

infinitive

mood of active

verbs

governs

the

genitive

case

those

nouns

which come immediately

after

; as,

i)o

5|t;\óu5AÓ C)e,

love

God

;

i)o

ÓéAipAÓ

0]b|xe,

to do

work.

When the noun

goes

before

the infinitive

—which

the

usual

vernacular

form

—it

is governed in

the

accusative

case,

and not in the

genitive

;

as,

i)i<v"

5ii^óu5AÓ

;

ob^iit''

óeAijAÓ.

Í)|A and

obv\iti

are

in the accusative

case

After the

compound

preposition cunj,

towards, for the

purpose

of, the

gen.

and

sometimes

the

accusative

em-

ployed

;

as.

Cum

í)é

5|tí\óu5<,\6

;

Curn oibjte

óéAi)AÓ

;

or,

Cuii)

i)iA

5]tí\óu5Aó

;

Curt)

obA^Tt

6éAi)AÓ.

Obs.

—The

active

participle governs

the

genitive

;

as,

2li5

^eAr)A8

0|b|ie,

doing work.

2li5

511ÍV6U5ÍVÓ

i)e,

loving

God.

JAjt

T)beAi)A6

coiiuii'j-after

performing

journey.

Before

the

infinitive

or participle, the

gen. case

the

personal

pronoun

is the

more common

;

as,

1)-"

a" 5Ha6u5a6,

in order to

love (a)

him

;

r)-A

5]tiv6u3A6,

in order to love

(a)

her

;

5|tív6u5AÓ,

loving

him

;

3I^^^^^5<^^>

lo^áng her

;

literally,

his

(a)

loving

;

at (her) loving

;

his,

aspirates

the

initial

or first

letter of the infinitive

mood

;

her, does

not;

their,

causes

eclipsis.

—

See

Twenty-fifit

Lesson,

115.

The

difí'erence in sound leads the

hearer

to know their

respective

meanings.

•

oG4

SELF-IXSTRUCnOX

IN IRISH.

Note.—

The

two

foregoing

idioms in Gaelic are founded

the

substantival

character

verbs

—a

principle which is

true

in all languages, and which

is well

explained

in the

following words of Professor Latham, in his work

—

" The

English

Language,"

290

—

A noun is a word capable

of declension

only. A verb

is a

word capable

declension

and

conjugation

also

The

infinitive mood has the

declension

noun substan-

tive.

Verbs

languages, in

general,

are

naturally de-

clinable as

nouns.^^

the

learner ask, then,

why does the

infinitive active

and

the

active

participle govern in Gaelic the

genitive case

nouns

immediately following them, the reason

is,

because

they

are

verbal nouns,

and

therefore

come

under Obs.

the latter

two

nouns,"

&c.,

36L

Obs.

—

For this reason

adjectives

and other

words, em-

ployed

nouns in

sentence,

govern

the

genitive case.

Obs.

—Family names preceded

the

words

Ua,

descendant ; ttjac, son,

rj], or

1515,

^ daughter, are

always

in the genitive case; as, í)orbt)AUj

Donnell, Ua

<t)0Tt)r)Aill,

O'Donnell

(i)orbi)A]ll

being

the gen.

case

Ooti^uAll)

;

MiaU,

Neill,

r^ejll, O'Neill

(NeiU,

gen. case

MjaU)

;

Ce.aiAc,

Kelly,

O'CcaUais,

Kelly;

Catxcac,

Carthy, 2l)AcCA|t!:Ai5,

MacCarthy

—

M15"

CAjtcA^s,

Mac

Carthy,

as applied

to a

woman

that

name.

Ml3

the feminine form

2t)AC,

and

must, there-

fore,

with reason and with the

sanction

of usage, be

prefixed

the

family names of

women; as, Jane

O'Donnell

Sju-

bAt)

1)15"

't)otT)i)AiU

(not Ua, or 2t)Act)omuA]U) ;

Bridget

O'Neill,

Bit,5i&

V] MéiU

(not

2t)AcNé|U).

Obs,

—

Proper

names

the gen. case are aspii'ated,

whether preceded by

the

article "at)" or not;_ as,

cill

PeAbAjji,

the

Church of

St.

Peter

; aui;

Ain7f*i|i

PAbftu|c,

in the time

of Patrick.

Nouns which

are not

proper

names are not thus aspirated.

^p™

and

2T)ac,

the

nominative

case,

this

latter

class,

and

not

aspirate

the sirname, as

seen in

the foregoing examples.

But

Ua,

?t)Ac

governed

in the case

(ui,

\\)]c, genitive),

then the

family

names

suffer

aspiration

;

as,

John

the son

James O'Donnell,

SeA5An

Sf^AC ScAnjujr

Cot)nA)U. SeAHjuir

and U] are

each in

the genitive

case,

and

accordingly

aspirate

Cot)t7A|U, the family name.

SELF-INSTRUCTION

IRISH.

865

Obs. 8

causes

aspiration;

as,

N|5

Coi)i)aiII,

Ni5

*t)oitji;Aill.

VOCABULARY.

to bring

up)

;

Tt)ut7Aó, as, binne

5»\n

n)ur).\ó,

person

without

education or manners,

ceA5ur5

(instruction),

beur

(manners).

The

young man's

grandfather's

name,

Airjm ^CA)ri-TÍ)óm

AT)

f-\\\

Ó15

ro.

(In possessives

this

kind

the

position of

the gen,

cases in

Irish

the

opposite

the na-

tural

arrangement in

English.)

Thistle,

vosApAo,

the

seed

the

thistle,

rfol

An"

voo-^""''^!''-

Descent

(offspring),

rfol,

rMocc(racf;),

buoAD,

cneAb,

sioeAlAc,

well

descended, ó i]\e]h ttmjc

(of a

good tribe).

Family (members of

one

house),

ceAjUc, i.e., luce

rjse,"

clAijn

(children, offspring),

rfol

(seed),

rliocr(race,

progeny), M,cTteAb,

SineAlAc,

cijeACAf

(those

one

house C15).

Education,

ojleAiinMn

;

(from

oil,

A|l, to feed,

train),

^roslAnj

;

(learning),

có5i\]l

;

(from c55,

i^^^

in Entilish is generally the sign

the

gen.

case in Irish;

as,

the Son

God,

2t)AC

C)é

the

Lord

the

Word, 'C]-5e^-\xr)A

At?"

borbAir).

EXERCISE CXX.

this

Exercise the

government

the genitive

case is shown.

Who

is this young friend with

you, my dear sir,

Sm]

(hvvee)

6]\)y?

2. He is

John

(Ua)

O'Kelly,

the son

of Patrick

O'Kelly

(SeA5Ai)U^ Ce<\lU]3, rrjAC

PA&|tiqc

CeAllA]5).

3. His

"father's

son"

ought to

good

(ir

buAl

TT)<^c

AC4.\|t"

be|é

n)iS]t)

;

there

is a

great

deal

being well descended and

good family.

the

old saying,

5AC leAt)b rpAjt

oilce<x]i, 5AC 0]5e

rr)A|t

^6bA|t, because it

tells truly,

that education combined

with

natural

powers forms the man. 5.

You are

right;

for al-

though education is the

chief means

(ai) iDeAÓoT)

>*eiv|tfi)

make

man good and great, natural

gifts

of"

mind

(cAbAitcA]!*

T)<\bu]iÓA

r)A"

})-]\)V]ve)

which

are

often

con-

nected with nobility "of" race must

precede.

The seed

of"

the

thistle

can never produce an

oak

(bAi|t).

the

son

of"

King

David, you speak

in proverbs

(feAt)-

jtAjbcib).

8. What is

the young

man's grandfather's

name" ? 9.

Patrick,

son of Charles

O'Kelly, was the name

his "father's" father; and James,

the son

"of^

Cormac

MacCarthy,

was

the name of

his

"mother's"

father.

10.

Where did

they live? 11. They lived

on the banks

366 SELF-INSTRUCTION

IRISH.

the Shannon.

12.

What is this

boy

learning? 13. He

learning the

sciences (a^^

051^11)

rj<v tj-aIaÓat; [gen.

case]).

14.

Although

young, he has

much (jorrjAb

eolu]^*) know-

ledge

(gen. case

Obs.

5).

15. He is

very good boy.

FIFTY-NINTH

LESSON.

Observe

(1),

in translating

compound substantives, and

those followed

the

preposition

of'

—

that term of the

two which

expresses the property,

office, character,

owner-

ship, title, relation, or quality

the object

pointed out by

the other

noun,

governed in

the genitive case

;

as.

Property:

house-of-gohl,

ceAc

óiji

(gen. of

ó|t,

gold).

ship-of-war, loi)^ co5A]6.

wall-of-silver,

bAlU

A]Tt3l<3

(gen

A|ft5eA&).

a tin-can, cat^a

fcA^i)

(gen. of

fc^\r)).

Office:

door-keeper (porter),

^Qm

'no\\\\]X

{dorish,

gen. oi

bO|tiif,

dhorus),

„

musician

(man-of-music),

poAii

ceojl.

Character

: a

soothsayer,

caji

fCAfA

(man-of-knowledge).

Title: gate-of-heaven, 5eACA

plAjcif.

Note.—

The second noun

s])ecifics

the meaning of the first.

For instance,

in the

expression coac

ó]\\

(house-of-gold) the word

gold" does

not make

fuller nor

clearer

the prominent

idea conveyed by the term

house,"

yet

distinguishes this

latter from one

silver, clay, stone, or the like.

The use,

therefore, of the article

ad"

the

ha," fem.,

the"), is

not

employed

in instances

like the

foregoing before

the

noun in the genitive

case.

i^°

The nature

and use

of this last

remark will be seen

when compared

with the

coming Observations

Obs.

—

In translating

certain class of

compound

terms,

and

those followed by

of,"

from English

into

GaeHo, tlie

article

precedes the

genitive, although not found

in its Eng-

lish

equivalent ;

as,

Frophet-of-evils,

pivij

i;a''

ujaUacc,

i.e., prophet-of-í/íe-

curses.

Mouth-of-pity,

beul

\)<\"

cjiuAT5e,

i e., mouth

of the

pity.

SELF-INSTRUCTION IN IRISH.

367

Pillar and

ground

of truth,

bui)

A5UJ*

piléjit

"tja"

^íit^tjue,

Le.,

the truth.

Father

of lies,

ACAi]t

ija"

n7-b|teii5,

i.e.,

father

of the

lies.

Of course,

the

definite article

found in

English

be-

fore the

genitive,

or after

of,"

its

sign, it is

no wonder

that

employed

similarly in Irish

;

as,

Star of

the

sea,

-|teulc

t)a"

rv^V-^.

Man

of the

mountain, peAji

Aij" cr)0]c.

Friend

of the

affections,

CA]iAb

rjA"

s-cun^AT).

From the

text

Observation

just given,

the

learner is

naturally

in-

duced

to ask,

what class

of terms take

the article

at)," the, in

Gaelic,

the

English

equivalents of

vphich dispense with its use ? The

answer

is con-

tained in

page 58

Part I., which see.

VOCABULARY.

l)eo,

adj.,

living,

lively

;

boo,

quickly,

with

life.

bjceAnjpAc,

thief.

CAom,

v.,

to cry

;

cAoineAo,

crying

;

CiSO]t)e, (kueene), lamentation.

eujcAoio

(from

eu5,

death, and

c-\o]D,) crying

very

much.

pAS

Ó,

long

ago

(for

v»^t)

nn,

length

since,

or [o] from,

[rin]

that).

Luce

5AbAlcA,

captors

;

jAbAlcA,

arresting;

gen. case of

5AbAil,

seize,

to arrest.

55nAit),

v., to roar, to bawl.

Cli5eAó, v.,

pass, voice,

past tense,

was

condemned (from

clij,

turn

a scale. When one

con-

demned,

the

scale

in the hands

justice is

turned against

him).

EXERCISE

CXXI.

2ll)

blCeATt}t)AC A5Ur

TT)ACA]|t.

THE THIEF

AND

HIS

MOTHER.

i)o

b] 55Ai)AC, ^Ab

Ai)r),

501b

leAbA|i

ceAtjt)

'r)"

AOf

Ó5

Aiit

A01)

^co]l

leif,

A5uf

cu5

é a

bA^le

ADD

TÍ7ACA|x.

2lt)T) ív]c

A ]*rt7Accu5A6

(chastisc)

|t]iji;e

rboUó.

2lcc

|iéi|t

rt^Ajx b' -^ixy

at)

peA|v

]t|r)t)e

t*e

ve]te

v]oy

luAcrbAjiA

50|b,

311]!

^AbAÓ

(was

arrested) ]ía bé]|te

6 A|]t

-plAb

\vd]\ a

6eAT)iv6,

Ajuf

cl]5eA6

é ADD

b^ij-.

2I15

^^^^

'^'

^l^

'^ c|toccA

65,

cod-

DA^jtc

ye A

rDAéAijt

a^s

|*iubAl lixri

ad c-fluA5A

't)v

6]ai5

A13

caoidoaS

A5ur

A15

eii5CA0]D

rDÓri.

4S'JA]t]t

j-e a]U

luce

3AbAlcA, CeAb

AOD

frOCA^l

ATDAfD

lAbAlJlC

3-cluA|'

368

SELF-INSTRUCTION IN IRISH.

TT)ACATi.

21)3

ceAcc

beo

611156

cunt

a cUiaí*

yiu\y

d-a

beul

con75A|i

2t)ic

tt)U]|iui5

clof.

2lcc

feo

|xii)r)e |'e

a ^jacIa

le^SAT)

c|tuAi6,

bAir)5eAT) A^ft

^3"r

SSATiitAO

6i.

C)o

rsn^ib

pao]

b-peiu,

A5iir

5IAO16

njAC "t)a"

rpAllACC

Al|t.

TT7llceAC

AT)

b]CeArijt}AC

|t|r)t)e

cleA]-

bo]t|iAC

f)t}

a^ji bo

rbACAi|t,

bubAHic

pobAl.

2lcc

|-e At) p|teA3|tA6

CU3

6ó]h:

nr^

ivObAjt

Ai) TÍ7|-ív]6

AT)!)

b-pu]lirp,

ójit

'i)UA]ít

501&

leAbAjt |rAb

f|r),

a5U|*

CU3

nje

cujC] e,

béA|i|íA6

|'ii)accu5a6

njA^c

at)

\ix

rir»

Óaii),

he]6]\)\) a

lATÍ)v\]b

"ai)"

C|tOCAbÓpA

AT)t)

]U6.

Sii)ACcui5

Ai)

leAi)b

lAecib

0156.

The defining

office

of the

article

"the"

(atj,

—

ha,

gen.,

fem.) is

special in

Gaelic

than

in English.

This accounts for

its use before

those

several

classes

of nouns

named

in the first part of the

present Lesson; it

heips

show also

the reason

of its non-use

—as

compared

with English—before

the former

and less

definable term

of the two, as is

seen

the

following

—

Obs.

—

rendering

into

Gaelic

such sentences

as these,

i/ie Lord

of the

world,"

the light of

the sun,"

omit the

article

the"

before the former,

and

retain it with

the

latter

noun; as,

The

Lord

the world,

... 'Cí5eA|tT)A "AI)"

bOTT)AlT).

The light

the sun,

...

foUiy

"i)a"

3T^&p)e.

It is

retained only

the last of even three

geni-

tives

;

as,

The

beauty of the daughter of the king,

2lllt)eAcc

iT)3ir)e

ai)"

|t|5.

Note.

—This

specially

defining use of the article,

and its

non-use

Gaelic,

does not

differ in idiom from

the English

form when the

Saxon genitive

is employed

;

a?,

The sun's light,

...

folur

"i)a"

3|téiT)e.

The

king's

daughter's

beauty,

... álili)eAcé

]i)5ii)e

ai)" |t]5.

The

Saxou and Gaelic genitives

are here alike in their requiring

the

presence of the definite article

;

but the

Norman

(see Obs.

and

Gaelic

are

not, For

instance, in that last sentence,

neither

the term

beauty," no