Boucquey Thierry (General Editor). Encyclopedia Of World Writers. 3 volumes
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“To the Memory of Brave Americans” (Freneau)
97
“To the University of Cambridge, in New
England” (Wheatley) 304–305
Tour thro’ the Whole Island of Great Britain
(Defoe) 70
tragedy 288–289. See also melodramma
The Tragedy of Inês de Castro (Ferreira) 94
The Tragic Queen (La corona trágica; Lope de
Vega) 162
Les Tragiques (d’Aubigné) 11
Travel Gleanings (Kobayashi Issa). See Tabishui
The Traveller Returned (Murray) 200
travel narratives 17, 18–19, 43–44, 46–47, 57–58,
156, 204–205, 242, 273, 284, 289–290, 295
Travels Through North and South Carolina . . . and
the Country of the Chactaws (Bartram) 17
Travels through the Interior Parts of North America
in the Years 1766, 1767, 1768 (Carver) 44
The Treatise (Lessing) 157
The Treatise of Discerning of Spirits 56
Treatise of the Culture of the Tobacco Plant
(Carver) 44
A Treatise on Tolerance (Voltaire) 299
Treatises of Civil Government (Locke) 122
Trees (Poliziano). See Sylvae
Treny: The Laments of Kochanowski
(Kochanowski) 140
The Trials of Persiles and Segismunda (Cervantes)
48
Trifles (Rej) 243
Le Triomphe de l’Aigneau (The Triumph of the
Lamb; Marguerite de Navarre) 173
Triptaka. See Hsuan-Tsang
The Triumph of Love and Death (Peralta). See
Triunfo de amor y muerte
Triumphs (Petrarch) 222
Triunfo de amor y muerte (The Triumph of Love
and Death; Peralta) 220
Troilus and Criseyde (Chaucer) 51, 106, 113, 263
The True-Born Englishman (Defoe) 69
The True History of the Conquest of New Spain
(Díaz del Castillo). See Historia verdadera de la
conquista de la Nueva España
A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents
of Note as Happened in Virginia (Smith) 273
Truth Can’t Be Trusted or the Liar (Ruiz de
Alarcón) 254
The Truth of the Sacred Scriptures (Wycliffe) 311
The Truth Suspect (Ruiz de Alarcón). See La
verdad sospechosa
Tsuchi Jihei 131–132
Tully 178
Turgot, Anne-Robert-Jacques 83
Turkish Embassy Letters (Montagu) 289
Turley, Hans 70
Turnbull, Elizabeth 163
Turner, Elizabeth 227
Twain, Mark 50
Twelfth Night (Shakespeare) 266
The Twelve Beguines (Ruusbroec) 255
Twelve To w ers (Li Yu). See Shi-er Lou
The Two Friends (Beaumarchais) 19
Tyard, Pontus de 225
typology 290–291
U
Uemura Bunrakuken 34
Ujpán, Ignacio Bizarro 181
unities 292–293
The Universal Monarchy (Montesquieu)
194
Unofficial History of the Literati (Wu Jingzi). See
Bulin Waishi
Urban VIII (pope) 100
Usk, Thomas 50
Utopia (More) 197, 238, 244, 293
Utopianism (Kumar) 293
utopias 293
V
Vacca, Nicola 185
Vaez de Torres, Luis 230
Valdez, Luis 239
Van Dyck, Sir Anthony 301
Various Songs (Brandt) 30
Vassa, Gustavus. See Equiano, Olaudah
La vega del Parnaso (Lope de Vega) 162
Veláquez, Diego 64
Verdadera historia (Díaz del Catillo) 164
La verdad sospechosa (The Truth Suspect; Ruiz de
Alarcón) 254
Verdeyen, Paul 255
Vergerio, Pier Paolo 115
Vergne, Marie-Madeleine Pioche de la. See
Lafayette, Madame de
Verne, Jules 290
Vesalius, Andreas 62, 294
Vespucci, Amerigo 226, 289, 293, 295, 302
Vespucci, Mario 226
Vespucci, Simonetta 226–227
Vico, Giambattista 296
Victoria (Rowson) 253
La victoría de Junín (The Victory of Junín;
Olmedo) 210
La vida es sueño (Calderón de la Barca) 36–37
Vie privée de Voltaire et de Mme du Châtelet
(Graffigny) 107
Vietnamese literature 204
villancicos 66
Villey, Pierre 193
Villon, François 211, 296–297, 297
Villon, Guillaume de 296
Virgil
influence of 23, 48, 50, 71, 148, 178, 217,
221, 227–228, 270, 282
literary criticism on 86, 87, 277
translations of 177, 263
Virtue Triumphant (Murray) 200
Virues, Cristobal de 161
Visconti, Valentina 210
The Vision of Piers Plowman (Langland)
149–150
Vita (Life; Alfieri) 5
Vivaldi, Antonio 104
Vladimir (Prokopovitch) 232
Vogel, Henriette 137
Voice of One Crying (Gower). See Vox Clamantis
Vo lk 114
Volksgeist 252
Volpone, or the Fox (Jonson) 127
Voltaire 297–300
contemporaries of 28, 46, 107, 251, 283
Encyclopedia and 76, 82, 85
Enlightenment and 4, 85, 102, 242, 243,
258
influences of/on 39, 40, 121, 154, 241
life of 2, 251
literary criticism by/on 75–76, 77, 82, 104,
175, 202, 228, 299–300
Voltaire (Frame) 299
Volume of poems in the national tongue (Nguyen
Trai). See Quoc Am Thi Tap
Vondel, Joost van den 31, 300–301
Von deutscher Art und Kunst (On German
Character and Art; Herder) 113–114
Von deutscher Baukunst (Goethe) 102
Vox Clamantis (Voice of One Crying; Gower) 106
Voyage to Parnassus (Cervantes) 48
W
Waingrow, Marshall 28
Wakefield cycle 66
Wakefield Master 66
Waldman, Bryna 10
Waldseemüller, Martin 295, 302–303
Waley, Arthur 309
Walker, Hallam 191
Wallenstein (Schiller) 260
The Walls Have Ears (Ruiz de Alarcón). See Las
paredes oyen
Walpole, Horace 247
Wandang. See Kim Jung Hee
Wang Fanggang 136
Warens, Madame de 250
Warner, Maria 225
Warren, James 303
Warren, Mercy Otis 303–304
Wars of Religion (1562-1598) 11
Washington, George 213, 303
Washington, Martha 303
“The Waterfall” (Derzhavin) 72
Water Margin (Shi Naian and Luo Guanzhong).
See Shuihuzhuan
Watling, Thomas 304
Watt, Ian 70, 246
Watzenrode, Lucas 61
The Way of Perfection (Teresa of Avila) 285
The Way of the World (Congreve) 59
The Way to Wealth (Franklin) 95
A Weighty Consideration (Erasmus) 89
Weimar court theater 260
Welde, Thomas 82
Welker, Glen 70
Wenscelas (duke of Brabant) 97
Wheatley, Phillis 304–305
Wheelock, Eleazar 209
“Whither Dede Korkut?” (Asgharzadeh) 26
The Whole Booke of Psalmes Faithfully Translated
into English Metre (Eliot) 82
Wieland; or, The Transformation (Brown) 31
Wife of Bath’s Tale (Chaucer) 51–52
Wigglesworth, Michael 305–306
Wild Boar Forest (Shi Naian and Luo
Guanzhong). See Shuihuzhuan
Wilde, Martha 245
Wilde, Oscar 59
“The Wild Honeysuckle” (Freneau) 97
Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship (Goethe)
103
Wilhelm Tell (Schiller) 260
Williams, Roger 306, 307
Wilson, John 82
The Wind-Cloud Meeting of the Sung Founder
(Luo Guanzhong). See Song Taizong longhu
fengyun hui
Windsor Forest (Pope) 228
A Winter Piece (Hammon) 111
The Winter’s Tale (Shakespeare) 267
Winthrop, John 306, 306–307
The Wisdom of Life (Schopenhauer) 262
Wittembergischer Nightingale (Sachs). See
Wittembergisch Nachtigall
Wittembergisch Nachtigall (Wittembergischer
Nightingale; Sachs) 257
Wolsey, Cardinal 272
Index 367
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
WORLD WRITERS
19
TH AND 20TH centuries
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
WORLD WRITERS
19
TH AND 20TH centuries
Dr. Marie Josephine Diamond
GENERAL EDITOR
Department of Comparative English
Rutgers University
Dr. Maria DiBattista
ADVISER
Department of English
Princeton University
Dr. Julian Wolfreys
ADVISER
Department of English
University of Florida
Encyclopedia of World Writers, 19th and 20th Centuries
Copyright © 2005 by BOOK BUILDERS LLC
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or
retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact:
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Encyclopedia of world writers, beginnings to the twentieth century / Thierry Boucquey, general edi-
tor ; Gary Johnson, advisor ; Nina Chordas advisor ; [written and developed by Book Builders LLC].
p. cm.
General editor for v. 3: Marie Josephine Diamond; advisors, Maria DiBattista and Julian Wolfreys.
Vol. 3 previously published as: Encyclopedia of 19th- and 20th-century world writers / Marie
Josephine Diamond, general editor.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8160-6143-2 (set : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-8160-5190-9 (v. 1 : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-8160-
5191-7 (v. 2 : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-8160-4675-1 (v. 3 : alk. paper) 1. Authors—Biography—
Dictionaries. 2. Literature—Bio-bibliography—Dictionaries. I. Boucquey, Thierry. II. Diamond,
Marie Josephine. III. Book Builders LLC. IV. Encyclopedia of 19th- and 20th-century world writers.
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Preface vii
Introduction ix
Authors’ Timeline xvii
Writers Covered, by
Geographical Area xxv
Entries A to Z 1
Selected Bibliography 464
Index 483
Cumulative Index 513
CONTENTS
vii
The Encyclopedia of World Writers, 19th and 20th
Centuries is an engaging survey of the changing
map of world literature during the past 200
years, covering the world outside Great Britain,
Ireland, and the United States. (British writers are
covered in the Encyclopedia of British Writers, 19th
and 20th Centuries, Facts On File, 2003.) Our sur-
vey begins at the turn of the 19th century, a time
of great change in Europe, catalyzed by the
French Revolution of 1789 and the expansion of
colonialism.
Literature in the 19th century, especially the
dissemination of the novel, reflects the profound
social, economic, and political changes that were
taking place throughout Europe. By the end of the
century, when colonialism had changed the map
of the world through occupation and trade, West-
ern literary movements and forms had deeply
affected the ancient and traditional literatures of
Asia and the Middle East and the post-Conquest
literatures of South America and had marginal-
ized the oral traditions of African and indigenous
peoples.
The entries of the 19th century include the
well-known European figures who have domi-
nated the Western canon; lesser-known Euro-
pean writers who, for many reasons, have been
rediscovered; and Asian, Latin American, and
African writers or storytellers celebrated in their
own cultures but often unfamiliar to the Ameri-
can reader. Entries include descriptions of major
European literary movements, such as ROMANTI-
CISM, REALISM, and SYMBOLISM, and their deploy-
ment and transformation, especially toward the
end of the century, in the very different cultural
contexts of Asia, the Middle East, and Latin
America. These entries also show both the con-
tinuation and transformation of traditional gen-
res and the growing importance of the novel in
the context of modernization.
The entries of the 20th century include
avant-garde writers, modernists, social realists,
and writers responding to the traumas of world
wars. They reflect the growing international
importance and recognition of writers from Asia,
the Middle East, Africa, and the Caribbean and of
women writers who have made their voices heard
in the wake of
POSTCOLONIALISM and FEMINISM.
They also include writers from nations that have
asserted their independence since the collapse of
the Soviet Union and writers responding in vari-
ous ways to economic and cultural globalization
and the revolution in electronic communica-
tions. Finally, in entries such as those on the
ABORIGINAL MOVEMENT of Australia and the
DALIT LITERATURE of India, they include writers
pREFACE
from cultures in the process of reemergence or
redefinition.
Directed to young scholars in high school and
colleges, the entries encourage students to investi-
gate further writers who, for the most part, have
lived lives of passionate engagement with their
craft and with the compelling, often disturbing
historical events of their time. They include bio-
graphical information, descriptions of major
works, cross-referencing, and suggestions for fur-
ther reading and research. Most of the works men-
tioned have been translated into English. Where
practical, titles are also provided in the original
language. (Given the vast number of languages
and alphabets involved, this is not always feasible
or useful.) Definitions of traditions and move-
ments from a wide variety of literatures make it
possible for the American student to situate writ-
ers within the context of their literary cultures. A
general bibliography suggests wider vistas for
exploration.
This encyclopedia opens up worlds. It reveals
how literature has been and continues to be not
only a source of aesthetic pleasure and self-
knowledge but also a means of responding to
tyranny and injustice, to the alienation or sup-
pression of identity, and to the loss of marginal-
ized or indigenous cultures. For many writers in
the last century, literature has been more than a
quest for pleasure, success, or escape from the
everyday. It has often been a matter of life and
death.
We hope that for young researchers coming of
age in the 21st century, a time of dramatic change
on an international scale, the encyclopedia will be
many things: an introduction to literary traditions
from a wide diversity of cultures, an introduction
to aesthetic experience and exploration in the
global context, and an introduction to the
extraordinary writers who have lived through and
responded in their works to the social and politi-
cal challenges of the past two centuries.
viii Encyclopedia of World Writers, 19th and 20th Centuries
ix
World literature is as diverse as it is vast. From the
turn of the 19th century to the present, different
cultures and national literatures have followed
unique and specific forms of development and
change. However, it is possible to discern some
major trends and patterns to suggest a way for
American readers in particular to orient them-
selves among the more than 500 writers, litera-
tures, and literary movements presented here.
The mapping of the world has undergone
many transformations since the beginning of the
19th century, and it continues to be revised at an
accelerated rate. This volume begins with litera-
tures at the turn of the 19th century, a time of
great change. The French Revolution of 1789
marked a watershed in Europe. Subsequently,
many countries of the world were affected by both
the ideals of the European Enlightenment and the
expansion of colonialism.
In the modern age, beginning with the colo-
nization of the Americas, countries of Western
Europe—Spain, Portugal, France, the Nether-
lands, and England—have been the dominant
colonial nations. They have exported their lan-
guages and cultures throughout the Americas,
Africa, Asia, and the Pacific through conquest and
occupation or, as in the case of China and Japan in
the latter half of the 19th century, through trade
wars and the imposition of trade agreements.
During the last 200 years, there have been very
few, if any, nations that have not been affected in
one way or another by the cultures and values of
Western Europe and, especially since World War II
(1939–45), of the United States. With the break-
down of European colonialism after 1945, the lib-
eration from Western influences has been a
rallying cry for contemporary literary movements
in many parts of the world. The map of the world
in the 21st century has already begun to present a
different, as yet undefined, literary landscape.
THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
In Europe, the values of the Enlightenment—free-
dom, scientific progress, the importance of the
individual—expressed the needs of the rising
middle class and the growing capitalist economy.
These ideas challenged the principles of inherited
power and the rule of an aristocratic and ecclesi-
astical elite traditionally dependent on ownership
and exploitation of the land. They found political
expression in the French Revolution of 1789. The
Revolution was greeted as a new dawn by writers,
musicians, and artists throughout Europe and by
oppressed peoples, including many women. How-
ever, as the Revolution turned into the Terror
INTRODUCTION