Bogucki P., Crabtree P. Ancient Europe 8000 B.C.-A.D. 1000: Encyclopedia of the Barbarian World. Volume 2

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Social systems (continued)

Copper Age, 1:343–344, 349–350,

362

Iron Age, 1:62

Europe, central, 1:79–80; 2:156,

159, 181, 241–242, 246, 250,

282

Europe, eastern, 2:304–305, 306

Europe, northern, 2:535, 548

Europe, northwestern, 2:181,

227–228

Europe, western, 2:214, 216, 217

Iberia, 2:255–258, 256, 257, 258

Mediterranean region, 1:73, 75,

76, 87; 2:266, 314

Mesolithic period, 1:62–63, 196

Middle Ages

Europe, central, 2:398, 576, 584,

587–588, 588, 592

Europe, eastern, 2:564, 566

Europe, northern, 2:419

Europe, northwestern, 2:329–330,

386, 471, 481–482, 483–484

Neolithic period, 1:241–243, 337,

436, 460, 461, 464–466

Society of Antiquaries of London,

2:498

⁄

lager site, 1:423

Soman site, 1:168

Somerset Levels site, 1:31

Son Matge site, 1:459

Sopra Fienile Rossino site, 1:170

Sopron site, 2:297

⁄

rensen, Marie Louise Stig, 1:81, 85,

Soroki II site, 1:244, 358

Sotira culture, 1:231, 347

Soudsky´, Bohumil, 1:269, 270

Souﬂi Magoula, 1:205

Soviet Union, origins of prehistory

and, 1:20. See also speciﬁc

countries; speciﬁc sites

Spain. See also speciﬁc sites

about prehistory, origins of, 1:17–18

Bronze Age, 2:5

Copper Age, 1:458, 460, 464–466

Iron Age, 1:117; 2:199–200

Mesolithic period, 1:124, 159, 161–

162

Neolithic period

artworks, 1:458–459

burials, 1:458, 465

crops, 1:208

dates for, 1:398

farming, 1:202

political systems, 1:460–462

pottery industry, 1:257, 459

settlement structures, 1:465

social systems, 1:464–466

subsistance resources, 1:249, 249

Spisˇsky´ S

tvrtok site, 2:31–33, 32

Spong Hill site, 2:383, 490, 496–497

Srendny Stog culture, 1:359–361

Srubnaya culture, 2:99

Staigue Fort site, 1:115

Stanton Drew site, 2:66

Staosnaig site, 1:50, 277

Star Carr site, 1:153–156

artifacts, 1:155

environments and, 1:19, 25, 47–48,

ﬁres, and impacts of use by humans

on, 1:154–155

foraging populations, 1:154

population statistics, 1:154

resource use, 1:154

ritual and ideology, 1:12

ritual behaviors, 1:149

settlement patterns, 1:147–148,

154, 155–156

subsistence resources, 1:147

tool industries, 1:154, 155

Staraya Ladoga site, 2:564, 564, 565–

566, 568–571, 570

Starcˇevo culture, 1:177–178, 237,

238–239

Staré Hradisko site, 2:300–301

Sta˚lmosega˚rd site, 1:298

Stary Kolín site, 2:302

State societies, 2:346–350. See also

Political systems

Stefermark site, 1:118

Stelae artifacts, 1:448–450, 449

Stentinello site, 1:35

Steppe herders, 2:92–100. See also

Herding; Nomadic traditions;

Pastoralism

burials, 2:93, 94, 95–96, 97

dates for, 2:92–93

horses, domestication of, 2:93

Indo-Iranian languages and, 2:99–

100

kurgan burials, 2:94–97

metallurgy industries, 2:94, 96–97

pottery industry, 2:96, 99

ritual and ideology, 2:99

settlement patterns, 2:93, 93–94,

95–96

settlement structures, 2:98

social systems, 2:93

wheeled vehicles, 2:94–95, 98

wool industry, 2:94

Sticˇna site, 2:297

Stockbridge Down site, 2:491

Stoffel, Eugène, 2:220

Stokes, Paul, 2:372

Stolpe, Hjalmar, 2:540

Stone Age, 1:433; 2:533. See also

Mesolithic period; Neolithic

period

Stone carvings. See also speciﬁc

countries; speciﬁc sites

about rock art, 1:18, 85, 188–189,

193, 446, 459; 2:5

Europe, northern, 2:542, 544, 545

Europe, northwestern, 2:405, 453,

472–473, 476–478, 480, 510

Stone industry, 2:225. See also Stone

carvings; speciﬁc countries; speciﬁc

sites

Stone tool industries

about lithic industry, 1:441

Copper Age, 1:361

Iron Age, 2:225

Mesolithic period

Europe, eastern, 1:184–185, 186

Europe, northern, 1:144, 145, 185

Europe, northwestern, 1:144–145,

145, 151, 153, 155, 294–295

Iberia, 1:158–163, 165, 167, 168

Mediterranean region, 1:144, 145

Neolithic period

Europe, eastern, 1:369

Europe, northern, 1:289, 290, 432

Europe, northwestern, 1:150, 274,

287, 289, 290

Europe, upland central and

southern, 1:171, 172, 441, 452

Iberia, 1:459

Mediterranean region, 1:249, 274,

275, 441, 452; 2:121

Palaeolithic era, 1:144, 145, 179

Stonehenge site, 2:61–67, 63

burials, 2:62

construction sequence, 2:62–64, 63

dates for, 2:62–64

environments, 2:65

landscape use, 1:3, 25, 128, 315;

2:65

monumental structures, 1:315, 405

ritual and ideology, 2:62, 65

social systems, 1:46

stone materials for, 2:64

Stones of Stenness site, 1:283

Stöng site, 1:49

Stonyford site, 2:236

Stora Förvar site, 1:134–135, 436

Stora Köpinge site, 2:271

Store A

mose site, 1:422, 425

Storebælt site, 1:52

Strabo, 2:220, 290, 294, 374

Strachotín site, 2:301

Stradonice site, 2:300

Strandtved site, 2:75, 76

Struve, K. W., 1:467

turms, Eduard, 2:390

INDEX

654

ANCIENT EUROPE

Stuiver, Minze, 1:42

Stukeley, William, 1:14

Stumble site, 1:276

Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt site, 1:268,

269

Subsistence resources. See also speciﬁc

countries; speciﬁc cultures and

people; speciﬁc sites

Bronze Age, 2:89, 99, 112

Copper Age, 1:356, 358, 361, 365

Europe, central, 1:394

Iron Age, 2:222–223

Mesolithic period

Europe, eastern, 1:124, 184, 186,

187

Europe, northwestern, 1:50, 52,

145–147, 277–288, 436

Europe, upland central and

southern, 1:176

Europe, western, 1:147

Iberia, 1:159, 160, 161, 162, 163

Middle Ages, 2:418, 440–441, 448

Neolithic period

Europe, central, 1:365, 394

Europe, eastern, 1:336–337, 365

Europe, northern, 1:289, 313,

432–433, 436

Europe, northwestern, 1:276, 283,

285, 289, 398

Europe, upland central and

southern, 1:178, 180, 202, 388–

389, 397, 454

Europe, western, 1:285, 394

Iberia, 1:459–460

Mediterranean region, 1:454

Suffolk County Council, 2:498

Suomusjärvi site, 1:184, 185

Surrey site, 1:276

Sutton Hoo site, 1:24; 2:181, 342,

344, 490, 491, 498–500, 499

Svobodnoe site, 2:94

Svodín site, 1:374, 376, 377, 383

Sweden. See also speciﬁc cultures and

people; speciﬁc sites

about prehistory, origins of, 1:19

Bronze Age, 2:75, 76, 78, 84

Iron Age, 2:534–535, 537, 537–

538, 539

Megalithic period, 1:401–402

Mesolithic period, 1:124, 132–141,

156

burials, 1:124, 140–141, 196

foraging populations, 1:185

gender roles and relationships,

1:83

landscape use, 1:129

and prehistory, origins of, 1:14

rock art, 1:189

stone tool industries, 1:185

Middle Ages, 1:23; 2:325–326, 326,

427, 434

Neolithic period, 1:435–438, 471

animal husbandry, 1:436

burials, 1:428

crops, 1:436

environments, 1:435–436

foraging populations, 1:432

settlement patterns, 1:372, 436

stone tool industries, 1:426

subsistence resources, 1:313, 436

trade and exchange, 1:432

Viking Age, 2:537–541

artisans, 2:539

burials, 2:538–539

Christianity, 2:540

economic systems, 2:539–540

hoards, 2:535, 535, 538, 538

settlement structures, 2:534–535,

537–538

subsistence resources, 2:534–535,

537–538

trade and exchange, 2:540

urbanization, 2:539–540

Sweet, Ray, 1:416

Swein Forkbeard, 2:506

Swiderian culture, 1:184

Swifterbant site, 1:288

Swithun (bishop), 2:505

Switzerland. See also speciﬁc sites

about prehistory, origins of, 1:17

Bronze Age, 1:115; 2:21, 22, 25

Iron Age, 2:186, 187, 242

Neolithic period, 1:395–397

burials, 1:391

copper artifacts, evidence of,

1:315, 389, 392, 392–395, 393

environments, 1:47, 51, 52

health and disease issues, 1:394

pottery industry, 1:391

settlement structures, 1:202

stone tool industries, 1:441

subsistence resources, 1:394

tool industries, 1:386, 387, 393

trade and exchange, 1:391

S’yezzhe site, 1:366

Syria, 1:206, 208, 223

Szazhalombatta site, 2:18

Szigetszentmárton site, 1:331

Szwajcer (Schweitzer), Walenty, 2:286

■

Tacitus, 2:151, 192, 279, 388, 396,

398, 542, 545

Táin Bó Cúailnge, 2:237

Talheim site, 1:111, 264

Tandderwen site, 2:485

Tankardstown site, 1:280

Taplow site, 2:491

Tara site, 2:69, 239, 240, 454, 454

Ta˚gerup site, 1:135, 136

Tarbat Historic Trust, 2:476

Tarbat sites, 2:476–478

Tardenoisian culture, 1:145, 145, 168

Tarquinia, 2:260

Tartaruga site, 1:171

Tarxien site, 1:451, 452, 453, 454

Taurus Mountains, 1:206, 207; 2:8

Tayac site, 1:76

Technologies, 2:224–225, 248. See

also speciﬁc industries

Teishebai URU site, 2:307, 308

Tell Aswad site, 1:205, 206, 207

La Tène culture, 2:146–148, 245–

247

about, 2:140, 144, 192

artworks, 2:184–190, 216, 234,

235, 298

burials, 2:147–148, 216–217, 245

coinage, 2:216

dates for, 2:138, 144, 147, 148

farming, 2:142

feasting, 2:181

fortiﬁcations, 2:141–142, 158, 158–

159

metallurgy industries, 2:216

oppida, 2:142, 148, 158, 158–159

political systems, 2:142, 217

pottery industry, 2:216

settlement patterns, 2:142, 147,

212, 217–218, 245

settlement structures, 2:216

social systems, 2:216

state societies, 2:348

trade and exchange, 2:216

Viereckschanzen, 2:177

warfare and conquest, 1:117, 118;

2:217, 246

Tèpe site, 2:574, 577

Te˘sˇetice-Kyjovice site, 1:374, 382,

383

Téviec site, 1:141, 147, 148, 274–

275, 309, 400

Textile industry, 1:143; 2:225, 248,

329, 375, 397, 433–435, 434.

See also speciﬁc countries; speciﬁc

sites

Thapsos site, 2:36–37

Theocharis, Dimitrios, 1:229

Theodoric, 2:402–403

Theopetra site, 1:173, 204

Thermal ionization mass spectrometry

(TIMS), 1:68

Thomas, Charles, 2:481

INDEX

655

ANCIENT EUROPE

Thomsen, Christian Jürgensen, 1:15,

25, 137; 2:3, 72

Thule Inuit people, 2:438

Tigranakert site, 2:310

Tigran II, 2:310

Tilley, Christopher, 1:97

Timmendorf-Nordmole site, 1:138

Tin industry, 2:7–8

Tinè, Santo, 1:254

Tiryns site, 1:114

Tischler, Otto, 2:86

Tiszapolgár site, 1:92, 315, 330, 374,

377, 378

Titterstone Clee site, 1:115

Toftum site, 1:403

Tollund Man, 1:19, 26–27, 47; 2:270

Tomb of the Chariots site, 2:263

Tomb of the Five Chairs site, 2:263

Le tombeau de Childéric I (Cochet),

2:519

Tool industries. See also speciﬁc

countries; speciﬁc industries;

speciﬁc sites

Bronze Age, 2:14

Copper Age, 1:315, 318, 339, 393,

441–442

Holocene era, 1:167

Megalithic period, 1:404–405

Neolithic period, 1:386, 387, 389,

393, 396, 432

postglacial period, 1:142, 154, 155

Tools, Weapons, and Ornaments

(Schutz), 2:426

Toppo Daguzzo site, 2:36

Tornow site, 2:588, 592

Torre Spaccata site, 1:442

Toumba Balomenou site, 1:209

Tournal, Paul, 1:17

Towyn site, 2:486

Trackways, 1:415–417

Trade and exchange. See also speciﬁc

countries; speciﬁc sites

about archaeological evidence for,

1:65–71

about emporia, 2:324–336, 325

about luxury and non-luxury

artifacts, 2:354–355

about origins of, 2:351–352

about theories on, 2:352–353

Bronze Age

Europe, central, 2:27–29, 28, 32

Europe, eastern, 2:111–113

Europe, northern, 2:78–79

Europe, northwestern, 2:55–56

Europe, western, 1:418; 2:214

Mediterranean region, 1:69–70;

2:109–110, 111–113, 122

Copper Age, 1:69, 70, 339, 352

Iron Age

Europe, central, 2:138, 159, 210,

242–245, 248–249, 250, 283–

284

Europe, northern, 2:278–279

Europe, northwestern, 2:228, 237

Europe, western, 2:202–204, 215,

216

Iberia, 2:256

Mesolithic period, 1:176, 177, 179,

187

Middle Ages, 2:351–355

Europe, central, 2:406–408, 419–

420, 557–558, 588, 591

Europe, eastern, 2:563, 565–566

Europe, northern, 2:326, 353–

354, 418, 433, 589

Europe, northwestern, 2:333–334,

353–354, 493–494

Iberia, 2:530–532

Neolithic period

Europe, eastern, 1:239, 247, 376

Europe, northern, 1:434

Europe, upland central and

southern, 1:391

Iberia, 1:459–460

Mediterranean region, 1:69–70,

253, 255, 459–460

post-Roman culture, 2:353

Viking Age, 2:540, 542–547

Transcaucasia, 2:101–107, 102. See

also Caucasia

Transdanubia site, 2:576

Transportation. See also

Transportation routes

boats and boatbuilding, 2:430–432,

431, 432

horses, use of, 1:330

ships, 2:423–425, 425

watercraft, 1:124, 202, 417–418,

418

wheeled vehicles, 1:329, 331, 362,

373, 374; 2:15, 106

Transportation routes, 1:415–417,

426; 2:42–44, 67–68, 68, 69,

476. See also Transportation

Transylvania, 1:116

la Trecha, 1:159

Trelleborg site, 2:544

Trethellan Farm site, 2:57

Tribal Hidage, 2:494

Trichterbecher (TRB) culture. See

Funnel Beaker culture

Trieste karst region, 1:171–172

Trindho

⁄

j site, 2:76, 80

Trinity College, 2:451

Tripolye culture, 1:354, 355, 357–

359, 358, 368–370

Tro

⁄

delag site, 2:270

Trofastbacken site, 2:278

Trump, David, 1:453

Trundholm Mose site, 2:77

Tudozero site, 1:190

Tuna site, 2:535, 538

Tuppo dei Sassi site, 1:172

Turkey, 1:69–70, 105, 205–208, 223;

2:8, 111, 112. See also Anatolia

Turkmenistan, 2:99

Turku site, 2:550

Turoe stone, 2:234, 235

Tusa, Sebastiano, 2:37

Tybrind Vig site, 1:23, 37, 137–138,

141–143, 142, 299

■

Ukraine. See also speciﬁc sites

about Proto-Indo-European

language, archaeological data and

origins of, 1:107–108

Bronze Age, 2:95–96, 99

Copper Age, 1:354–370

animal husbandry, 1:358, 361, 362

burials, 1:358, 360–361, 362–363

crops, 1:358, 361

environments, 1:356, 359

fauna, 1:358, 361, 362

ﬁgurines, 1:359

ﬁshing populations, 1:358

ﬂora, 1:358, 361

horses, domestication of, 1:361

kurgan burials, 1:340, 361, 362

population statistics, 1:359

pottery industry, 1:358, 359, 361,

362

ritual and ideology, 1:360, 361,

363

settlement patterns, 1:358–359,

362

settlement structures, 1:358, 359,

360–361, 362

stone tool industries, 1:361

subsistence resources, 1:358, 361

trade and exchange, 1:358

Iron Age, 1:76; 2:289–295

Mesolithic period, 1:184, 185, 364

Neolithic period, 1:245, 354–370

Ulriksen, Jens, 2:335

Uluburun site, 1:69–70; 2:8, 111,

112

UNESCO (United Nations

Educational, Scientiﬁc, and

Cultural Organization), 2:540

Úneˇtice culture, 2:5, 6, 8, 22

INDEX

656

ANCIENT EUROPE

United Nations Educational,

Scientiﬁc, and Cultural

Organization (UNESCO), 2:540

University of California at Los

Angeles, 1:241

University of Frankfurt, 1:261

University of Rennes, 1:410

University of York, 2:476, 498

Uppa˚kra site, 2:539

Uppsala University, 1:363

Upton Lovell site, 2:66

Ural Mountain cultures, 1:107, 108,

184

Urbanization. See also Oppida; speciﬁc

countries; speciﬁc sites

Anglo-Saxon culture, 2:493

Iron Age, 2:138–139, 287, 550

Middle Ages, 2:565

Europe, central, 2:587, 590

Europe, eastern, 2:563, 564, 565

Europe, northwestern, 2:455,

456–459, 457, 466–468, 493,

501–507, 503, 516–518

Europe, western, 2:514, 516–518,

517

Viking Age, 2:539–540

Urﬁrnis ware, 1:181

Urnﬁeld culture, 1:24, 114, 116;

2:86–91, 90, 241. See also

Hallstatt culture

Urnﬁelds, 1:24; 2:4, 38, 87–88, 214,

282, 393. See also Burials

Ursus, 2:376

Ussher, James, 1:14

■

Václav, 2:585

Vadastra site, 1:320

Vacˇe site, 2:297

Vaiale site, 1:168, 170

Vaihingen site, 1:112

Val Camonica site, 1:446

Vale of Pickering Research Trust,

1:155

Valencina de la Concepción site,

1:458

Valsgärde site, 2:535, 538

Vandal people, 2:574

Vænget Nord site, 1:37

Varikkoniemi site, 2:550

Varna site, 1:321, 340, 341–344, 342

Varsinais Suomi site, 2:278, 278

Vasic´, Miloje, 1:18

Vasiliev, Igor, 1:365

Västerbjers, 1:432, 433

Västmanland site, 2:535, 538

Västra Hoby site, 1:401–402

Vatte di Zambana site, 1:168

Vázquez, Victoria Villoch, 1:96

Vedas, 1:101, 102

Vedbæk site, 1:138, 309, 420

La Vela site, 1:442, 445

Velatice site, 1:112

Velim site, 1:112

Venantius Fortunatus, 2:384

Veretye site, 1:184

Verhulst, Adriaan, The Carolingian

Economy, 2:330

Veselovskii, Nikolai, 1:18

Vesely Kut site, 1:358

Vésteinsson, Orri, 2:437, 442, 443

Vészt-Mágor site, 1:339

Viborg site, 2:506

Viereckschanzen, 2:174–178, 175,

177, 246, 247, 301

Vignely site, 1:274

Viking Age

about regions and

Europe, northern, 2:436–444,

533–541, 544–547, 550

Europe, northwestern, 2:445–449,

446, 454–456, 466–468, 469,

474–475

artisans, 2:539, 550

burials, 2:534, 538–539

Christianity, 2:540, 549

coinage, 2:549, 550

dates for, 2:548

economic systems, 2:539–540,

542–547

fortiﬁcations, 2:544, 546, 546–547

hoards, 2:535, 535, 538, 538, 549

inscribed stones, 2:542, 544, 545

monumental structures, 2:542, 544,

545

political systems, 2:541–542, 544–

545, 546

settlement structures, 2:534–535,

537–538

state societies, 2:349

stone carvings, 2:542, 544, 545

subsistence resources, 2:534–535,

537–538

trade and exchange, 2:540, 542–

549

urbanization, 2:539–540

Viking culture

about Wales and, 2:487

emporia, 2:334–336, 335

gender roles and relationships, 1:87

harbors, 2:334–336, 335

hoards, 2:334, 334, 359

jewelry, 2:427

settlement patterns, 1:53–54

settlement structures, 1:53–54

ships, 2:423–425, 425

state societies, 2:350

trade and exchange, 2:334–336,

335

warfare and conquest, 2:331

Vikletice site, 1:470

Ville-neuve-Tolosane site, 1:443, 445

Villeneuve-la-Guyard site, 1:274, 445

Villey-Saint-Etienne site, 2:513

Vincˇa culture, 1:85, 320, 323

Vincˇa site, 1:18, 336, 339

Visborg site, 1:422

Visigoth culture, 2:419–422, 420,

421, 514

Vita Sancti Severini (Eugippius),

2:384

Vitelli, Karen D., 1:91

Vix site, 1:75, 76, 87; 2:201, 205,

205–207, 216

Vladar, J., 2:31

Vladimirovka site, 1:368

Vlasac site, 1:124, 175–176, 176, 177

Volterra site, 2:262, 262, 264, 267

Von Sacken, Baron, 2:144

Voytek, Barbara, 1:320

Vucˇedol site, 1:320, 339

Vukovar site, 1:320

Vulci site, 2:266

Vykhvatintsy site, 1:358

■

Waals, Johannes D. van der, 1:470,

476

Wade-Martins, Peter, 2:496

Wagons, 2:55, 98, 106, 270

Wainwright, Frederick T., The Problem

of the Picts, 2:404

Wales, 2:480, 480–484, 481

Wallace, Patrick, 2:455, 466

Walsh, Clare, 2:466

Wangels site, 1:295, 296

Waremme-Longchamps site, 1:113

Warendorf site, 2:587, 588, 590, 592

Warfare and conquest, 1:110–120.