Bogucki P., Crabtree P. Ancient Europe 8000 B.C.-A.D. 1000: Encyclopedia of the Barbarian World. Volume 2

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Middle Ages (continued)

farming, 2:329, 439–440, 448

foraging populations, 2:409–410,

570–571

fortiﬁcations

Europe, central, 2:384, 385, 580,

582, 584–585, 588, 593–594,

597

Europe, eastern, 2:566, 580

Europe, northwestern, 2:452,

460–461, 471–472, 480, 481–

482, 492–493

gender roles and relationships,

2:361–365

gold industry, 2:328

hillforts, 2:480

historical evidence, 2:406–408, 563,

590–591, 593–594

hoards, 2:334, 404, 535, 535, 538,

538, 573

inscribed stones, 2:480–481, 485–

486

ironworking, 2:328, 397, 416

jewelry, 2:426–429, 427

landscape use, 2:557

languages, 2:386, 490

linguistic evidence, 2:406–408, 447

literacy, role of, 2:340–341

metalworking, 2:453–454, 454, 472,

570, 570

mills and milling technology, 2:376–

379, 377, 378, 454, 477

nomadic tradition, 2:368–369

pastoralism, 2:368–369, 369

political systems

Europe, central, 2:327, 385, 398–

403, 556–561, 574, 582–585,

592–594, 595–597

Europe, eastern, 2:412–413, 556–

561, 564, 566, 576

Europe, northern, 2:418–419,

437–438, 443, 589

Europe, northwestern, 2:388,

494–495

population statistics, 2:492, 530–

532

pottery industry, 2:328, 332, 333,

381, 452–453, 472, 492, 496–

497

raths and cashels, 2:460–465, 463

ringforts, 2:451–452, 460–465, 463

ritual and ideology, 2:401, 410,

554, 587–588, 588

Europe, northern, 2:438, 442, 444

Europe, northwestern, 2:448,

450–451, 455–459, 473–474,

476, 480, 486–487, 491

settlement patterns

Europe, central, 2:384–385, 554–

556, 560, 586, 587, 589, 591–

592, 594–595

Europe, eastern, 2:564–565, 569

Europe, northern, 2:418, 437–

438, 438–439, 440–441, 589

Europe, northwestern, 2:332, 333,

451–452, 471–472, 481–482,

493, 500, 501–506

Europe, western, 2:514–516

settlement structures

Europe, central, 2:397, 415, 552,

552, 556, 587, 590

Europe, northern, 2:404, 418,

443–444

Europe, northwestern, 2:381, 462–

465, 463, 492–493, 500–501,

509, 509

Europe, western, 2:515

ship burials, 2:534

silver industry, 2:328

slavery, 2:474

social systems

Europe, central, 2:398, 576, 584,

587–588, 592

Europe, eastern, 2:564, 566

Europe, northern, 2:418, 419

Europe, northwestern, 2:329–330,

386, 464, 471, 481–482

state societies, 2:347–349, 350

stone carvings, 2:405, 453, 472–

473, 476–478, 480, 510

subsistence resources, 2:418, 440–

441, 448

textile industry, 2:329, 397, 433,

433–435, 434

trade and exchange, 2:322–323,

324–336, 352–355, 433

Europe, central, 2:406–408, 407,

419–420, 557–558, 588, 591

Europe, eastern, 2:563, 565–566

Europe, northern, 2:326, 418,

433, 589

Europe, northwestern, 2:333–334,

493–494

Iberia, 2:530–532

Near East, 2:433

transportation routes, 2:387

urbanization

Europe, central, 2:587, 590

Europe, eastern, 2:563, 564, 565

Europe, northwestern, 2:455,

456–459, 457, 466–468, 493,

501–507, 503, 516–518

Europe, western, 2:514, 516–518,

517

warfare and conquest

Europe, central, 2:391–393, 399–

400, 414–417, 419–421, 554–

555, 559, 574–576, 578–579

Europe, northern, 2:417, 534,

586

Europe, northwestern, 2:330, 387–

388, 388

weapons and armor, 2:522, 588

woodworking industry, 2:454

writing, 2:405, 419, 586, 589

Middle Dnieper culture, 1:472

Mieszko I, 2:554–555, 559, 560, 561

Migration patterns, 1:224–225;

2:208. See also Settlement

patterns

Migration period, 2:270, 338–339,

380–422, 572–579

Mikhailovka site, 1:361

Mikłaszewska-Balcer, Ha D. Róza,

2:287

Mikulcˇice site, 2:580

Milazzese site, 2:38, 39

Milek, Karen, 2:443

Los Millares site, 1:458, 459, 464–

466

Mills and milling technology, 2:376–

379, 377, 378, 454, 477

Mining industry, 2:258

Minoan culture, 2:5, 116–125, 117

Mittleberg site, 2:27

Mnaijdra site, 1:454

Modderman, P. J. R., 1:287

Moel Trigarn site, 2:481

Moita do Sebasti˜ao site, 1:164–166,

165

Mojmír I, 2:582

Mokrin site, 1:86

Moldavia, 1:92, 94

Moldova, 1:340

Molène Island site, 1:276

Molin Nuovo site, 1:171

Molina, Fernando, 1:464

Molino de Gasparín site, 1:159

Molise site, 2:374

⁄

llegabet site, 1:37, 138

Mölln site, 1:295

Mondeville site, 2:515

Mont Bego site, 1:95, 446

Mont Beuvray, 2:154–155, 156

Montelius, Oscar, 1:19, 425; 2:72

Montenegro, 1:172

Monteval de Sora (San Vito di

Cadore) site, 1:170

Monumental structures

Bell Beaker culture, 1:446

Bronze Age, 1:95, 96, 315; 2:61–67

Copper Age, 1:95

Iron Age, 1:96

INDEX

644

ANCIENT EUROPE

Megalithic period, 1:95, 298, 302,

304–310, 439–440, 445

Neolithic period, 1:276, 305–310,

315, 446, 450–455, 459, 460,

463

Viking Age, 2:542, 544, 545

Moravia. See also Czech Republic;

speciﬁc sites

artisans, 2:580

burials, 2:88

Christianity, 2:582

Corded Ware culture, 1:470

enclosure complexes, 1:382, 383,

384

fortiﬁcations, 2:580

Middle Ages, 2:582–584

political systems, 2:582–583, 584

ritual and ideology, 2:298

settlement patterns, 1:374; 2:22,

300–301

social systems, 2:580

Urnﬁeld culture, 2:88

weapons and armor, 1:116

Moreau, Frèderic, 2:512–513

Morella la Villa-Cueva del Roure,

1:117

Morken, burial of, 2:398

Morningthorpe site, 2:490

Morris, Ian, 2:314

Mortillet, Gabriel de, 1:18

Morton site, 1:277

Mosega˚rden site, 1:298, 423

Most na Socˇi site, 2:297

Les Moulins à Saint-Paul-Trois-

Chateaux site, 1:445

Mount Ararat, 1:207

Mount Knocknarea site, 2:236

Mount Lassois, 2:202, 216

Mount Sandel site, 1:146, 147, 149,

151–153, 152

Mountrivers site, 2:60

Mousa site, 1:115

Mout Lassois, 2:200–201

Movius, Hallam, 1:151

Moynagh Lough site, 2:452

Msˇecké Z

ehrovice site, 2:176, 301,

301

Msec site, 2:299

Mucking site, 2:490

Muge shell middens, 1:248, 249

Mulbjerg Man, 2:75, 80

Muldbjerg site, 1:298

Müller-Karpe, Hermann, 2:146

Müller-Wille, Michael, 2:401

Mureybet site, 1:205

Musèe de L’Hisoire du Fer, 2:513

Muzzana del Turgnano site, 1:170

Mycenae site, 1:114; 2:40–41

Mylouthkia site, 1:231, 348–349

Myres, J. N. L., 2:343

Myrtos site, 2:117, 118

■

Naakamäe site, 1:186

Naglier-Zanier, Cordula, 1:77

Nahal Hemar site, 1:205

Namforsen site, 1:189

Napoleon III, Histoire de Jules César,

2:220

Narva-Riigiküla site, 1:186

Narva site, 1:184, 185, 189

Nash-Williams, V. E., 2:486

National Center for Scientiﬁc

Research, University of Rennes,

1:410

National Museum of Sarajevo, 1:241

Navan site, 2:234, 239, 240

Nea Nikomedeia site, 1:220, 221, 222

Neander Valley sites, 1:17

Neanderthal remains, 1:17, 111

Near East, 1:42, 205–207, 208, 211–

217, 223, 327, 367–368; 2:433

Nebel Mose site, 1:27

Nekselo

⁄

site, 1:38

Neman site, 1:185

Neolithic period. See also

Linearbandkeramik (LBK)

(Linear Pottery culture);

Secondary Products Revolution;

Stone Age; speciﬁc countries;

speciﬁc sites

about Pre-Pottery Neolithic period,

1:207, 208, 231

about regions and

Europe, central, 1:96, 180–182,

226–229, 241–243, 269–272

Europe, northern, 1:402, 414,

431–438

Europe, northwestern, 1:273–291

Europe, southeastern, 1:334–346

Europe, western, 1:112, 160, 249,

249, 285

animal husbandry

Europe, central, 1:246–247, 330,

380

Europe, eastern, 1:241, 247, 326,

328–329, 336–337, 362

Europe, northern, 1:277–278,

289, 290, 295, 296–297

Europe, northwestern, 1:279

Europe, southeastern, 1:330, 336,

337

Europe, upland central and

southern, 1:390

Europe, western, 1:163

Mediterranean region, 1:204, 213–

215, 231–231, 253–258, 274–

276, 279, 443; 2:121

Near East, 1:211–217, 327

animal pulling power/traction,

1:328, 329

aquatic resources, 1:178, 257, 288,

289, 390, 397, 432

architecture, 1:452

artisans, 1:227

artworks, 1:361, 445–446, 458–

459

barrow burials, 1:306, 381, 402,

423, 473

bog deposits, 1:298, 315

bone industry, 1:389, 396

burials

Europe, central, 1:267, 360–363,

365–366, 378–382, 381, 408–

413

Europe, eastern, 1:112, 298, 305–

310, 307, 360–363, 365–366,

378–382

Europe, northern, 1:298, 302–

304, 304–310, 433, 436, 437

Europe, northwestern, 1:274, 276,

283, 287, 288, 289, 403–404,

418

Europe, southeastern, 1:338, 345–

346

Europe, upland central and

southern, 1:178, 181, 391, 446–

450, 447, 454

Europe, western, 1:403–404, 465

European, northern, 1:413–415

Iberia, 1:458, 460, 461, 463, 465

chronological sequence and, 1:372–

373, 373

copper artifacts, 1:23, 315, 318,

389, 392–395, 393

copper industry, 1:315, 318, 320,

373–374, 379–380, 389, 441,

459

crops, 1:204, 207, 208, 276, 433

Europe, central, 1:337, 380

Europe, eastern, 1:205, 208, 235,

241, 246, 336–337, 356–357,

361

Europe, northern, 1:289, 290,

295, 433

Europe, northwestern, 1:274–275,

276, 277, 279, 283, 289, 290

Europe, southeastern, 1:336, 337

Europe, upland central and

southern, 1:390, 397

Mediterranean region, 1:204–209,

249, 254, 257, 274–276, 443,

459; 2:121

Near East, 1:205, 205–207, 208

INDEX

645

ANCIENT EUROPE

Neolithic period (continued)

dairy industry, 1:373, 443

dates for

Europe, central, 1:178

Europe, northern, 1:398, 433

Europe, northwestern, 1:398

Europe, southeastern, 1:334

Europe, upland central and

southern, 1:451

Iberia, 1:456–459

Mediterranean region, 1:398, 442

economic systems, 1:375

enclosure complexes

Europe, central, 1:337–338, 380–

381, 382–384, 383

Europe, northern, 1:298, 301–

304, 302, 403

Europe, northwestern, 1:284–286,

285

Europe, southeastern, 1:337–338,

344–345

Europe, western, 1:284–286, 285,

403–404

environments

Europe, eastern, 1:244–245, 356,

357, 359

Europe, northern, 1:286–287, 294,

435–436

Europe, northwestern, 1:281, 283–

284, 286–287

Europe, upland central and

southern, 1:385, 389, 390, 395,

396, 451

Europe, western, 1:283–284

human impacts on, 1:51, 52, 127–

128, 389

Iberia, 1:457–458

Mediterranean region, 1:439;

2:121

farming

about spread of, 1:218–232, 219

crops, 1:204

dates for early, 1:204

Europe, central, 1:259–272, 378–

382

Europe, eastern, 1:185, 202, 223–

225, 234–248, 378–382

Europe, northern, 1:51, 202, 421–

422, 431–432, 436

Europe, northwestern, 1:150,

273–291; 2:498

Europe, upland central and

southern, 1:150, 177–179, 178,

180, 181, 243–248

Europe, western, 1:163, 243–248,

273

Iberia, 1:163, 459

Mediterranean region, 1:201–202,

213, 218, 223, 231–232, 248–

257, 293, 439, 459

fauna

Europe, central, 1:337, 380

Europe, eastern, 1:358, 361, 362

Europe, northern, 1:433

Europe, northwestern, 1:288

Europe, southeastern, 1:337

Europe, upland central and

southern, 1:389, 390–391, 396

Europe, western, 1:443

Iberia, 1:459

Mediterranean region, 1:229, 443,

459

ﬁgurines, 1:85, 227, 228, 446

Europe, central, 1:377–378

Europe, eastern, 1:359, 369

Europe, upland central and

southern, 1:84–85, 452, 454,

454

Mediterranean region, 1:223

ﬁres, use of, 1:10–11, 50–51, 52,

154–155

ﬁshing populations, 1:202, 358, 443

ﬂint industry, 1:376, 389, 424–

425, 441, 444

ﬂora, 1:337, 357, 361, 389, 390,

397

foraging populations

Europe, central, 1:202, 365

Europe, eastern, 1:202, 234–235,

364, 365

Europe, northern, 1:202, 426–

427, 431–432, 433, 434, 436

Europe, northwestern, 1:151

Iberia, 1:459

Mediterranean region, 1:229, 443,

459

fortiﬁcations

Europe, northwestern, 2:160

Europe, western, 1:113–114,

465–466

Iberia, 1:465

Mediterranean region, 1:465

gender roles and relationships, 1:84–

85, 85, 376, 379, 381

gold industries, 1:441

health and disease issues, 1:377,

394, 454

herding, 1:215–216

horses, role of, 1:361, 364, 366,

367–368, 373

human remains, and evidence of

warfare, 1:112

landscape use, 1:118–120

Europe, eastern, 1:129

Europe, northern, 1:60, 61, 62,

289–291

Europe, northwestern, 1:60, 60,

61–64, 62, 288, 315

Europe, western, 1:128, 315, 405,

406–408, 407

Mediterranean region, 1:97, 128–

129

lithic industry, 1:441

metallurgy industries, 1:319, 320,

322–324

migration patterns, 1:224–225

monumental structures

Europe, eastern, 1:305–310

Europe, northern, 1:298, 302,

304–310, 307, 315–316

Europe, northwestern, 1:276, 315

Europe, upland central and

southern, 1:446, 450–455, 453

Europe, western, 1:128, 306, 315,

406–408, 407

Iberia, 1:459

Mediterranean region, 1:439–440,

460

obsidian artifacts, 1:241

pastoralism, 1:161

political systems, 1:389, 432–433,

441–442, 448–450, 449, 451,

460–462

pottery industry

Europe, central, 1:185, 202, 238–

240, 268, 369–370, 373, 374

Europe, eastern, 1:185, 235–237,

238–240, 243, 245, 247, 369–

370, 373

Europe, northern, 1:185, 202,

289, 290, 296–298, 432, 434,

436

Europe, northwestern, 1:185, 273–

277, 279, 280, 287, 289, 290

Europe, upland central and

southern, 1:171, 172, 180, 389,

395–396, 452

Europe, western, 1:257, 391

Iberia, 1:163, 459

Mediterranean region, 1:163, 249,

255–256, 257, 439, 452, 459;

2:121

resource use, 1:52, 53, 84–85

ritual and ideology

Europe, central, 1:92, 377–378,

378–382

Europe, eastern, 1:94, 378–382

Europe, northern, 1:296, 298,

301, 425–426, 432, 433, 437

Europe, northwestern, 1:274, 284–

285

Europe, upland central and

southern, 1:391

Europe, western, 1:284–285

Iberia, 1:460, 463

INDEX

646

ANCIENT EUROPE

Mediterranean region, 1:97, 232,

274; 2:121

rock art, 1:459

salt industry, 1:376

settlement patterns

Europe, central, 1:335–336

Europe, eastern, 1:239, 241, 314,

335–336, 337, 368, 374–375

Europe, northern, 1:289, 372,

421, 432, 436

Europe, upland central and

southern, 1:386–387, 389, 395

Iberia, 1:458

Mediterranean region, 1:35, 439,

458

settlement structures

Europe, eastern, 1:369, 369, 374,

379, 380

Europe, northwestern, 1:273, 274,

279, 281–282, 282, 283, 398,

399

Europe, upland central and

southern, 1:178, 180, 314

Iberia, 1:163, 465

Mediterranean region, 1:220;

2:121

social systems, 1:241–243, 263, 337,

460

steppe region, 1:243–248

stone tool industries

Europe, eastern, 1:369

Europe, northern, 1:287, 290,

426, 432

Europe, northwestern, 1:150, 274,

287, 289, 290

Europe, upland central and

southern, 1:171, 172, 441, 452

Iberia, 1:459

Mediterranean region, 1:249, 274,

275, 452, 459; 2:121

subsistence resources

Europe, central, 1:365, 394

Europe, eastern, 1:336–337, 365

Europe, northern, 1:289, 313,

431–432, 432–433, 436

Europe, northwestern, 1:276, 283,

285, 289, 398

Europe, upland central and

southern, 1:178, 180, 202, 389–

390, 397, 454

Europe, western, 1:285, 394

Mediterranean region, 1:454, 459–

460

tool industries, 1:386, 387, 389,

393, 396, 432

trackways, 1:416–417; 2:55

trade and exchange, 1:69–70, 239,

241, 253, 255, 376, 391, 459–

460

warfare and conquest, 1:111–112,

113–114, 367–368, 376–377,

460

wheeled vehicles, 1:388

wool industry, 1:314, 327–328,

330, 390, 426

Nerja cave site, 1:162

Netherlands, The. See also speciﬁc

cultures and people; speciﬁc sites

Bronze Age, 1:49; 2:4, 88

Iron Age, 1:61; 2:372

Megalithic period, 1:401

Mesolithic period, 1:144, 147, 149–

150

Middle Ages

burials, 2:589

economic systems, 2:592

emporia, 2:324, 325, 328, 329,

330

landscape use, 1:62

political systems, 2:589

ritual and ideology, 2:588

settlement patterns, 2:589

trade and exchange, 2:589

warfare and conquest, 2:586

Neolithic period

animal husbandry, 1:288–289, 290

aquatic resources, 1:288, 289

barrow burials, 1:402

burials, 1:287, 288, 289

crops, 1:289, 290

environments, 1:286–287

fauna, 1:288

landscape use, 1:60, 62, 288

pottery industry, 1:185, 289, 290

settlement patterns, 1:289

stone tool industries, 1:287, 289,

290

subsistence resources, 1:289

Neutron activation analysis (NAA),

1:68

Nevali Cari site, 1:205

Newark site, 2:490

Newgrange site, 1:46, 402, 414, 414–

415; 2:62

Newton, Isaac, 1:40

Niederzier site, 1:76

Nikolskoye site, 1:358

Nilsson, Sven, 1:306, 426

Ninth International Congress of

Anthropology and Prehistoric

Archeology, 1:164

Njál’s Saga, 2:447

Noah’s Flood (Ryan and Pitman),

1:126

Nomadic traditions, 2:368–369. See

also Herding; Pastoralism; Steppe

herders

Norforlk Museums Service, 2:496

Normanton Down site, 2:65

Norsminde site, 1:295, 423

North Mains site, 2:180

Northey site, 2:67–69

Northumbrian culture, 2:471

Norway, 1:471; 2:533. See also speciﬁc

cultures and people; speciﬁc sites

burials, 1:87

Christianity, 2:535

environments, human impacts on,

1:51

farming, 2:371

ﬁres, use of, 1:10–11

ﬁshing populations, 2:535

gender roles and relationships, 1:87

Mesolithic period, 1:139

political systems, 2:534

settlement patterns, 1:372

social systems, 2:535

textile industry, 2:434

trade and exchange, 2:326

Viking Age, 2:534–535

warfare and conquest, 2:534

Nové Kosˇariská site, 2:297

Novgorod site, 2:564, 566–567

Novye Rusesˇty site, 1:370

Nowa Huta site, 1:374

Noyen-sur-Seine site, 1:274, 275

Nunnaminster, 2:506

Nuragic culture, 2:50–53, 52

■

Obałki site, 1:306

Ober-Hörgern site, 1:264

Obermeilen site, 1:387

Obre site, 1:240–242, 337

O’Brien, William, 1:97

Obsidian industry, 1:45, 68–69, 179,

223, 228–229, 241, 441, 444

Ocean levels, and effects on

environments, 1:8, 9, 48, 124,

146, 171–172, 180

Öcsöd-Kováshalom site, 1:338

Odmut site, 1:172

Odyssey (Homer), 2:10, 289, 316

Offa, king of Mercia, 2:326–327

Ofnet Cave site, 1:111

Ohalo II site, 1:205, 205–206

O⁄ lby Lyng site, 1:295

Oldest Irish Tradition: A Window on

the Iron Age (Jackson), 2:237

Oleg (prince), 2:563, 569

Oleneostrovskii Mogilnik (Olenii

Ostrov) site, 1:141, 187, 188,

189, 192–198, 193, 194

Oleslyst site, 1:53

INDEX

647

ANCIENT EUROPE

Oliveira, Paul e, 1:165

Olsen, Olaf, 2:442, 443

On the Fall of Britain (Gildas), 2:489

On the Origin of Species by Means of

Natural Selection (Darwin), 1:17,

40, 102

Opovo site, 1:95

Oppida

Celtic culture, 2:152, 154–159

Europe, central, 2:154–159, 158,

246, 247–249, 300

Europe, northwestern, 2:157, 224,

228

Europe, western, 2:154–157, 212,

218, 219–221

Iberia, 2:256–257

La Tène culture, 2:142, 148, 158,

158–159

Or site, 1:162

Orientius, 2:376

Origin and Deeds of the Goths

(Jordanes), 2:575

Origins of Human Society (Bogucki),

2:14

Orkney Islands sites, 1:92, 94, 278,

281–283, 282; 2:404, 445–449

Orkneyinga Saga, 2:446

Ornehus site, 1:298

Oronsay sites, 1:52, 148, 149, 277

Oseberg site, 2:423, 434

Osłonki site, 1:315, 374

Oss site, 1:60, 61, 62, 63

Östenberg, Carl Eric, 2:36

O⁄ sterbo

⁄

lle site, 2:374

Ostrogoth culture, 2:402, 402–403,

593, 596

Otto III, 2:561

Otzaki Magoula site, 1:206, 208

Ötzi. See Iceman

Ovcharovo site, 1:338, 344–346, 345

Ozero site, 1:358

■

Pactus Alamannorum, 2:376

Padina site, 1:124, 175, 178

El Pajarillo de Huelma site, 2:255

Palaeolithic period, 1:8, 111, 144,

145, 179, 208, 254

Palheiro˜es do Alegra site, 1:160

Parekklisha Shillourokambos site,

1:231

Paris Basin, 1:273–275, 279, 306

Parow site, 1:295

Pas de Julié site, 1:445

Passek, T. S., 1:370

Passo della Comunella site, 1:170

Passo di Cova site, 1:249, 250, 446

Passy-sur-Yonne site, 1:274, 306,

307, 401

Pastoralism, 1:161, 362; 2:368–369.

See also Archaeology; History,

ﬁeld of

Pre-Pottery Neolithic period, 1:207,

208, 231

Predmost site, 1:111

Prehistoric Times (Lubbock), 1:18

Presteigne site, 2:485

Pretty, Edith May, 2:498

Primitive Social Organization

(Service), 2:15

Principles of Archaeological

Stratigraphy (Harris), 1:33

Principles of Geology (Lyell), 1:17

Prítluky site, 1:114

The Problem of the Picts (Wainwright),

2:404

Procopius, 2:381, 394, 414, 415

INDEX

649

ANCIENT EUROPE

Proton-induced x-ray and gamma-ray

emission, 1:67–68

Protruding Foot Beaker culture,

1:470

Ptolemy, 2:381

Ptolemy, Geographica, 2:388

Publius Quintilius Varus, 2:247

Puglisi, Salvatore M., 2:36

Pupicina site, 1:171

Pylos site, 1:114

Pyramids of Egypt, 1:40, 44

■

Quadi people, 2:573–574

Quanterness site, 1:283

Quentovic site, 2:324

■

Raczky, Pál, The Late Neolithic of the

Tisza Region, 1:335

Radovanovicˇ, Ivana, The Iron Gates

Mesolithic, 1:176

Radovesice site, 2:299

Raevskoe site, 2:294

Rainsborough site, 1:115

Rajewski, Zdsisław, 2:286

Ramad site, 1:208

Ramsauer, Johann Georg, 1:17; 2:144

Randsborg, Klavs, 1:100

Rassokhovatka site, 1:370

Rath of the Synods site, 2:237

Rathlin Island site, 1:404

Rathtinaun site, 2:234

Redwald, 2:499

Rega, Elizabeth, 1:86

Regensburg site, 2:385, 593, 596

Reim, Hartmann, 2:251

Reinecke, Paul, 2:86, 147

Remedello site, 1:445

Remigius, 2:376

Rendswühren Man, 1:27

Renfrew, Colin

“The Autonomy of the South-East

European Copper Age,” 1:318

on calibration and dating methods,

1:45

on copper industry, 1:318, 319

on Indo-European inﬂuences, 1:340

on megalithic tombs, 1:400

on populations based on hypogea,

1:454

on radiocarbon dating, 1:41

on ritual, evidence of, 1:91

and study of shrines, 1:90

Rerum gestarum libri (Ammianus

Marcellinus), 2:180

Resource use. See also speciﬁc countries;

speciﬁc sites

about environments and, 1:52–53

Bronze Age, 1:53–54

Holocene era, 1:170

Iron Age, 1:53–54

Mesolithic period, 1:52, 142, 154

Neolithic period, 1:52, 53, 84–85

postglacial period, 1:142, 154

Rhetor Priscus, 2:391

Rhine and Meuse Valleys, 1:286–291

Ribe site, 2:325, 328, 358, 546

Ribeiro, Carlos, 1:164

Rickett, Robert, 2:496

Riek, Gustav, 2:250

Rig Veda, 1:101, 102; 2:99–100

Rijckholt site, 1:404

Rijswijk site, 2:589

Ring of Brodgar site, 1:283

Ringkloster site, 1:135, 295

Rinyo site, 1:283

Ríordáin, A. B. ó, 2:467

Riparo Gabon site, 1:168

Ripiceni-Izvor site, 1:172

Ripoli site, 1:442, 444

Risch, Roberto, 2:47

Ritual and ideology, 1:170. See also

speciﬁc countries; speciﬁc cultures

and people; speciﬁc sites

about artifacts, and evidence of,

1:91–92

about human sacriﬁces, 2:270

about Renfrew on evidence of, 1:91

Bronze Age

Europe, central, 1:95, 96; 2:26–

27, 33

Europe, eastern, 2:26, 32, 99

Europe, northern, 2:77–78

Europe, northwestern, 2:57–58,

62, 68–69

Europe, upland central and

southern, 1:450

Iberia, 2:48, 49

Mediterranean region, 2:35, 37,

40, 119–120, 123, 124

Copper Age, 1:92, 93, 95, 360, 361,

363, 365–366

Iron Age

Europe, central, 2:250, 282, 298,

299, 301–302

Europe, northern, 1:93, 99–100;

2:181–183, 270, 551

Europe, northwestern, 2:225–227,

237–238

Iberia, 2:254–258, 256, 257

Megalithic period, 1:95, 97, 411–

412

Mesolithic period

Europe, central, 1:189

Europe, eastern, 1:187, 188–190,

196

Europe, northwestern, 1:12, 149–

151

Europe, upland central and

southern, 1:170, 177

Iberia, 1:159, 165

Mediterranean region, 1:170

Middle Ages

Europe, central, 2:401, 554, 587–

588

Europe, northern, 2:410, 588

Europe, northwestern, 2:448,

450–451, 453, 456–459, 473–

474, 478, 486–487, 491

Migration period, 2:270

Neolithic period

Europe, central, 1:92, 377–378

Europe, eastern, 1:94, 378–382

Europe, northern, 1:296, 298,

301, 425–426, 432, 433, 437

Europe, northwestern, 1:274, 284–

285

Europe, upland central and

southern, 1:391

Europe, western, 1:284–285

Iberia, 1:460, 463

Mediterranean region, 1:97, 232,

274, 460, 463; 2:121

Rive d’Arcano site, 1:171

Roaix site, 1:112

Robb, John, 1:97

Roberts, Howell, 2:437

Robin Hood’s Ball site, 2:65

Rocca di Rivoli site, 1:442

Roche, Jean, 1:165

Rock art, 1:18, 85, 188–189, 193,

446, 459; 2:5. See also stone

carvings; speciﬁc countries; speciﬁc

sites

Rogerius, Carmen miserabile, 2:579

Rogerson, Andrew, 2:496

Romagnano site, 1:168

Roman culture, 2:142–143, 228–

229, 236–237, 247, 257, 294–

295

Roman period

about, 1:3, 12, 15, 47, 87

Europe, central, 2:573–574, 586–

590

Europe, northern, 1:62

Europe, northwestern, 2:501–504,

508–510

Romanellian culture, 1:172

INDEX

650

ANCIENT EUROPE

Romania. See also speciﬁc sites

Bronze Age, 2:15, 17, 18, 21, 22

Copper Age, 1:92, 94, 339, 364

Iron Age, 1:115; 2:187, 375

Mesolithic period, 1:124, 172, 175,

177

Neolithic period, 1:238–239, 245,

335–336, 366

Rondeneto site, 1:170

Rosenhof site, 1:295, 296

Rössen culture, 1:287–290, 371–375,

377

Rossmore Park site, 2:69

Roth, Helmut, From Attila to

Charlemagne, 2:426

Roum Girl, 1:27

Rowlands, Michael, 1:78; 2:10

Rowley-Conwy, Peter, 1:154; 2:372

Royal sites, 2:239–240

Rudbeck, Olof, 1:14

Runes, 2:589

Runnymede Bridge site, 2:180

Runnymede site, 1:276; 2:61

Rurik Gorodishche site, 2:564, 566

Rurik site, 2:563, 564

Rus culture, 2:406–408, 407

Russia. See also Soviet Union; speciﬁc

cultures and people; speciﬁc sites

Bronze Age

burials, 2:93–97

copper industry, 2:9

dates for, 2:92–93

horses, domestication of, 2:93

Indo-Iranian languages, 2:99–100

Indo-Iranian languages, inﬂuences

of, 2:99–100

metallurgy industries, 2:94, 96–97

pottery industry, 2:96, 99

ritual and ideology, 2:99

settlement patterns, 2:93, 93–94,

95–96

settlement structures, 2:98

social systems, 2:93

steppe herders, 2:92–100

wheeled vehicles, 2:94–95

Copper Age, 2:94–97, 102

Iron Age, 2:166, 289–295

Middle Ages, 2:563–571, 564

animal husbandry, 2:570–571

archaeological evidence, 2:563–564

burials, 2:566, 569

economic systems, 2:563–567,

569–571

ethnic identities, 2:563, 564, 565,

566, 571

foraging populations, 2:570–571

fortiﬁcations, 2:566

historical evidence, 2:563

metalworking, 2:570, 570

political systems, 2:564, 566

settlement patterns, 2:564–565,

569

social systems, 2:564, 566

trade and exchange, 2:563, 565–

566

urbanization, 2:563, 564, 565

Russian Primary Chronicle, 2:563,

565

Rütimeyer, Ludwig, 1:387

Ryan, William B. F., 1:126, 244

Rzucewo culture, 1:471–472

■

Saami culture, 2:279, 408–410, 535

Sachsenwald site, 1:307

Sahlins, Marshall, 1:337

Saint-Germain-des-Prés site, 2:376

Saint Michel du Touch site, 1:443,

445

Saint Patrick, 2:181, 464–465

St. Methodius, 2:554, 558

St. Ninian’s Isle site, 2:404

Sakarovka I site, 1:243

Saleux site, 2:515

Salin, Bernhard, 2:539

Salin, Édouard, 2:400, 513–514

Salt industry, 1:74, 376; 2:223

Saltbæk Vig site, 1:36–39

Saltmade site, 1:37

Samo, 2:582

San Giorgio de Nogaro site, 1:170

San Juan ante Portam Latinam site,

1:460

San Vincenzo al Volturno site, 2:395

Sandagerga˚rd site, 2:78

Sandarna site, 1:185

Sangmeister, Edward, 1:478

Sant Gregori de Falset site, 1:163

Santa Maria site, 1:442

Santimamiñe cave site, 1:160

Santorini eruption, 1:43–44

Sardinia, 1:68–69, 70, 114, 440, 454;

2:50–53, 52. See also speciﬁc sites

Sarmatian people, 2:573–574

Sarnate site, 1:434

Sarnowo site, 1:297, 305–310, 307

Sarre site, 1:445

Sarup on Fyn site, 1:301–304, 303,

403

Sautuola, Marcelino Sanz de, 1:18

Sauvterrian culture, 1:145, 145, 167–

170, 169, 173

Sauvterrian-la-Lémance site, 1:167

Sawyer, Peter, Kings and Vikings,

2:417

Saxo-Thuringia site, 2:23

Saxon culture, 2:381–384

Scandinavia. See also speciﬁc countries;

speciﬁc sites

about prehistory, origins of, 1:18

Bronze Age, 2:72–85, 84

bronze industry, 2:74

burials, 2:5, 74–76, 76, 80–91, 81

clothing, 2:75–76, 81

cofﬁn burials, 2:5, 75, 80–82

dates for, 2:73

gender roles and relationships,

1:81, 85–86, 86; 2:75–76

hoards, 2:27

metallurgy industries, 2:73–74

ritual and ideology, 2:77–78

rock art, 2:5

settlement patterns, 2:72–73,

76–77

settlement structures, 2:77, 78, 79

social structures, 2:75–76

social systems, 2:73–74, 75–76

trade and exchange, 2:78–79

Copper Age, 1:92, 93, 422–427

Holocene era, 1:49

Iron Age, 1:75, 117

artworks, 2:269, 270

burials, 2:269–270, 279

cairn ﬁelds, 2:273–274

environments, 2:272–273

farming, 2:273–274

fortiﬁcations, 2:138

hoards, 2:270

human sacriﬁces, 2:270

iron industry, 2:269

landscape use, 2:270–272

population statistics, 2:270–271

ritual and ideology, 2:270

Saami culture, 2:279, 409

settlement patterns, 2:270–273

settlement structures, 2:273

warfare and conquest, 2:269–270

watercraft, 2:270

weapons and armor, 2:270

wheeled vehicles, 2:270

Megalithic period, 1:399, 402, 403

Mesolithic period

burials, 1:149, 196

environments, 1:183

farming, 1:202

foraging populations, 1:184, 185

gender roles and relationships,

1:83

pottery industry, 1:185

stone tool industries, 1:144, 145

Middle Ages

artworks, 2:417, 418

Christianity, 2:535

clothing, 2:433–435, 434

INDEX

651

ANCIENT EUROPE

Scandinavia (continued)

coinage, 2:358

political systems, 2:418–419

Saami culture, 2:408–410

settlement patterns, 2:418

settlement structures, 2:418

social systems, 2:418, 419

state societies, 2:348–349

subsistence resources, 2:418

textile industry, 2:433–435, 434

trade and exchange, 2:418

warfare and conquest, 2:417

writing, 2:419

Migration period, 2:270

Neolithic period, 1:431–438

aquatic resources, 1:432

barrow burials, 1:402, 423

burials, 1:433

crops, 1:433

dates for, 1:398, 433

farming, 1:421–422

foraging populations, 1:433, 434

landscape use, 1:129

political systems, 1:432–433

pottery industry, 1:185, 432, 434

ritual and ideology, 1:432, 433

settlement patterns, 1:421, 432

stone tool industries, 1:432

subsistence resources, 1:432–433

trade and exchange, 1:434

Pleistocene era, 1:183–184

postglacial period, 1:24

Stone Age, 1:433

Viking Age, 2:417, 417–419, 423–

425, 425, 549

Scania. See Scandinavia; Sweden

Schadla-Hall, Tim, 1:155

Schela Cladovei site, 1:175, 176, 177,

177, 178

Schlammersdorf site, 1:295

Schletz-Asparn site, 1:111, 264

Schliemann, Heinrich, 1:18; 2:249

Schmerling, Philippe-Charles, 1:17

Schmidt, Robert, 1:83

Schnabelkannen, 2:245

Schutz, Herbert, Tools, Weapons, and

Ornaments, 2:426

Schwab, Friedrich, 2:147

Schwarz, Klaus, 2:177

Scoglio del Tonno site, 1:444

Scotland. See also speciﬁc cultures and

people; speciﬁc sites

about prehistory, origins of, 1:17

Iron Age, 1:115; 2:180, 223

Megalithic period, 1:398, 403

Mesolithic period, 1:50, 52, 148,

149–150, 277, 277–278

Middle Ages

artisans, 2:472, 477, 478

artworks, 2:388

burials, 2:474, 476, 478

Christianity, spread of, 2:469,

473–474

church architecture, 2:476–477

fortiﬁcations, 2:472

hoards, 2:404

metalwork, 2:472

mills and milling technology,

2:477

political systems, 2:388

post-Roman period, 2:469–470

pottery industry, 2:472

ritual and ideology, 2:448, 473–

474, 476, 478

settlement patterns, 2:471–472

slavery, 2:474

social systems, 2:386, 471

stone carvings, 2:472–473, 473,

476–478

transportation routes, 2:387

warfare and conquest, 2:387–388,

388

Neolithic period, 1:129, 277–278,

398

Viking Age, 2:445–449, 446, 469,

473–474

Scythian culture, 2:282, 290–291,

294–295, 368, 369, 411–414

ebrn Abri site, 1:171

Secondary Products Revolution. See

also speciﬁc countries; speciﬁc sites

about effects of, 1:339; 2:109

animal pulling power/traction,

1:314, 327–329; 2:14, 15, 26,

artifacts associated with, 1:328

artifacts for, 1:327

dairy industry, 1:314, 325–327,

373, 425; 2:14, 26, 46

wool industry, 1:314, 327–328,

330, 390, 425; 2:14, 26, 46

Selevac site, 1:320

Selzen site, 2:512

Semibratnoe site, 2:294

Semnones people, 2:592, 595

Sennacherib, 2:290

Serbia

about prehistory, origins of, 1:18

Bronze Age, 1:95; 2:9, 17, 18, 22

Copper Age, 1:320, 339

Iron Age, 2:301

Mesolithic period, 1:124, 175, 176–

177, 178, 179, 202

Neolithic period, 1:94, 178, 235–

237, 238–239, 318, 335–336,

337

Sered site, 1:173

Sernander, R., 1:49

Serra d’Alto site, 1:444

Service, Elman, 1:78

Service, Elman, Primitive Social

Organization, 2:15

Sesklo site, 1:208, 209, 220, 337

Sestieri, Anna Maria Bietti, 2:38

Settlement patterns. See also

Fortiﬁcations; Migration patterns;

speciﬁc countries; speciﬁc cultures

and people; speciﬁc sites

about archaeology and, 1:55–64

about emporia, 2:324–336

about ﬁeld systems, 2:59–60, 214,

222

Bronze Age

Europe, central, 2:15, 21–22, 87,

88–89

Europe, eastern, 2:15, 72–73, 76–

77, 93, 93–94, 95–96, 103, 104

Europe, northwestern, 1:129;

2:58–59

Europe, southeastern, 2:17–18

Europe, western, 2:214

Iberia, 2:45–46, 48

Mediterranean region, 2:35–40,

42–44, 45–46, 48, 111, 113

Copper Age, 1:320, 338–339, 358–

359, 362, 458

Iron Age

Europe, central, 1:77; 2:208–209,

299, 300–301

Europe, eastern, 2:291–292, 293–

294, 304–306, 307

Europe, northern, 1:77; 2:270–

273, 278–279, 548

Europe, northwestern, 1:77;

2:501–502

Europe, western, 2:212–213, 213,

215, 217–218

Iberia, 2:255, 256–257, 258

Mediterranean region, 2:255, 258,

314–315, 317–318

Mesolithic period

Europe, eastern, 1:184–185, 187

Europe, northern, 1:147–148

Europe, northwestern, 1:148,

153–156

Europe, upland central and

southern, 1:202

Europe, western, 1:157–158

Iberia, 1:157–158, 159, 160, 161,

162

Mediterranean region, 1:124

Middle Ages

Europe, central, 2:384–385, 554–

556, 560, 586, 587, 589, 591–

592, 594–595

Europe, eastern, 2:564–565, 569

INDEX

652

ANCIENT EUROPE

Europe, northern, 2:418, 438–

439, 440–441, 589

Europe, northwestern, 2:332, 333,

451–452, 471–472, 481–482,

483–484, 492–493, 500, 501–

506

Europe, western, 2:514–516

Neolithic period

Europe, central, 1:335–336, 374–

375

Europe, eastern, 1:239, 241, 314,

335–336, 337, 368, 374–375

Europe, northern, 1:289, 314,

372, 421, 432, 436

Europe, northwestern, 1:226–227,

275, 289, 314–315, 398

Europe, upland central and

southern, 1:314–315, 335–336,

386–387, 389, 395

Europe, western, 1:257, 314

Iberia, 1:458

Mediterranean region, 1:35, 253–

254, 275, 439, 458

post-Roman period, 2:504–505

Roman period, 2:501–504

Settlement structures. See also speciﬁc

countries; speciﬁc sites

Bronze Age

Europe, central, 2:21–22, 88–89,

Europe, eastern, 2:103, 104

Europe, northern, 2:77, 78, 79

Europe, northwestern, 2:57–58,

59, 231

Europe, southeastern, 2:18

Europe, upland central and

southern, 2:22

Europe, western, 2:214

Copper Age, 1:320, 349–350, 351,

351

Iron Age

Europe, central, 1:87; 2:209–210

Europe, eastern, 2:292

Europe, northern, 2:273, 534–

535, 537–538

Europe, northwestern, 2:223–224,

224

Europe, western, 1:75, 76, 87;

2:216, 218–219

Iberia, 2:257, 258

Mediterranean region, 2:316

Megalithic period, 1:399

Mesolithic period

Europe, eastern, 1:187

Europe, northwestern, 1:148–149,

152, 153

Europe, upland central and

southern, 1:175, 176, 178, 179

Iberia, 1:160, 165–166

Middle Ages

Europe, central, 2:397, 415, 552,

552, 556, 587, 590

Europe, northern, 2:418, 443–444

Europe, northwestern, 2:381, 404,

462–465, 463, 492–493, 500–

501, 509, 509

Europe, western, 2:515

Neolithic period, 1:222

Europe, central, 1:369, 369, 374

Europe, eastern, 1:369, 369, 374,

379, 380

Europe, northern, 1:314, 436–437

Europe, northwestern, 1:273, 274,

281–282, 282, 283, 398, 399

Europe, upland central and

southern, 1:178, 180, 314

Europe, western, 1:314

Iberia, 1:163, 465

Mediterranean region, 1:202, 220,

232, 250, 257, 398; 2:121

Viking Age, 2:534–535, 537–538

Seuss, H. E., 1:42

Sezegnin site, 2:514, 517

Shapwick site, 1:60, 60

Sheep, 1:212, 213–214, 314, 326,

327–328, 330

Sherman, Stephen, 2:10

Sherratt, Andrew, 1:330, 331, 332,

479; 2:14

Shetland sites, 2:445–449, 446

Ships, 2:423–425, 425, 498–500,

534. See also Boats and

boatbuilding

Shramko, Boris Andreevich, 2:293

Siberia, 1:189

Sicily, 1:114. See also speciﬁc sites

Sigersdal Mose site, 1:298, 404

Siggeneben-Süd site, 1:295, 297

Silbury Hill site, 1:128, 405

Silkeborg site, 2:270

Silver industry, 1:441; 2:25, 170,

171, 328, 358, 358–359, 359.