Bogucki P., Crabtree P. Ancient Europe 8000 B.C.-A.D. 1000: Encyclopedia of the Barbarian World. Volume 2
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ABOVE: Tomb of Childeric Reconstruction of the gold signet
ring of Childeric’s tomb, fifth century A.D.ASHMOLEAN MUSEUM,
UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. REPRODUCED BY PERMISSION.
RIGHT: Merovingian France Reproduction of the mosaic
from the sixth-century bishop’s palace, part of a complex
Merovingian cathedral group. COURTESY SERVICE CANTONAL
D'ARCHÀOLOGIE, GENEVA. REPRODUCED BY PERMISSION.
BELOW LEFT: Hungary The “victorious sovereign” golden jug
from the Nagyszentmiklós hoard, Romania, seventh–eighth
century A.D. The iconography of an Avar period goldsmith
offers a multitude of historical interpretations. KUNSTHIS-
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AEv2-ci pgs 10,7,03hi.qx4 10/21/03 11:15 AM Page 8
INDEX
Volume numbers precede the colon. Page numbers in boldface refer to extended discussions
of a topic. Page numbers in italics refer to maps, figures, and tables.
■
A
Aachen site, 2:591, 592
Abbeville site, 1:17
A
˚
berg, Nils, 2:513
Aberlemno site, 2:473
Abora site, 1:186, 187, 188
L’Abri du Pape site, 1:146
Abu Hureyra site, 1:205, 205, 207,
208, 223
Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS),
1:43, 159
Achilleion site, 1:226–229
Acquarossa site, 2:264
La Adam site, 1:366
Adomnán, Life of St. Columba, 2:478
Adriatic coast region, 1:172
Aegina site, 1:116
Aeppli, Johannes, 1:386
Afghanistan, 2:99
Ageröd site, 1:135
Aggersund site, 1:295
Agricola (Tacitus), 2:192
Agriculture. See also Animal
husbandry; Crops; Farming;
specific sites
about data sources for evidence of,
2:371–372
about dates for, 2:372
about mills and milling technology,
2:376–379, 377, 378, 454, 477
Anglo-Saxon culture, 2:491–492
Iron Age, 2:415
Middle Ages, 1:10; 2:371–379,
559, 587
Agris site, 1:117
Ain Ghazal site, 1:207
Ais Yiorkis site, 1:232
Aizpea site, 1:163
Ajvide site, 1:432, 435–438
A
˚
ker site, 2:440
A
˚
kerlund, Agneta, 1:134
A
˚
konge site, 1:297
Akrotiri Aetokremnos site, 1:229, 230
A
˚
land Islands site, 2:278
Albania, 1:172
A
˚
lborg site, 2:547
Alcock, Leslie, 2:483
Alemanni people, 2:591–592, 594–
595
Alexander the Great, 2:310
Alfred of Wessex, 2:493, 535
Alleshave site, 1:38
Almagro, Martín, 1:464
Almizaraque site, 1:459
Alpine/pre-Alpine regions
Mesolithic period, 1:168–170, 202
Neolithic period, 1:385–397
animal husbandry, 1:390, 397
aquatic resources, 1:390, 397
bone industry, 1:396
burials, 1:391, 446–450, 447
crops, 1:390, 397
dates for, 1:386, 395
environments, 1:385, 388, 390,
395, 396
excavations, 1:387–388
fauna, 1:390–391, 396
flora, 1:390, 397
health and disease issues, 1:390
monumental structures, 1:446–
450, 447
political systems, 1:389
pottery industry, 1:389, 395–396
research history, 1:386–387
ritual and ideology, 1:391
settlement patterns, 1:386–387,
389, 395
settlement structures, 1:385, 387,
388, 395, 396
social systems, 1:391
subsistence resources, 1:389–390,
397
tool industries, 1:386, 387, 389,
396
trade and exchange, 1:391
watercraft, 1:391
wheeled vehicles, 1:388
Alsónémedi site, 1:340
Althusser, Louis, 1:91
Alträsket site, 1:139
Ambrosiani, Björn, 2:540
Amfreville site, 1:117; 2:187
Ammerman, A. J., 1:250, 441
Ammianus Marcellinus, 2:180, 391
Analytical methods for artifacts, 1:67–
68
Anatolia, 1:69, 106, 116, 205, 214–
215, 223, 318. See also Turkey;
specific sites
Ancient Europe from the Beginnings of
Agriculture to Classical
615
Antiquity: A Survey (Piggott),
2:3
Andronovo culture, 2:99
Angantyr, 2:325
Angle culture, 2:381–384
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 2:494
Anglo-Saxon culture, 2:489–509
agriculture, 2:491–492
animal husbandry, 2:491–492
burials, 2:490–491, 494, 498–500,
499
Christianity, 2:491
crops, 2:491
economic systems, 2:492
fortifications, 2:492, 493
Germanic culture, 2:490
languages, 2:490
political systems, 2:494–495
population statistics, 2:492
pottery industry, 2:492
ritual and ideology, 2:491, 499
settlement patterns, 2:493
settlement structures, 2:492–493
trade and exchange, 2:493–494
urbanization, 2:493
Anglo-Saxon period, 1:24, 46; 2:181,
489–509
Anguilar de Anguita site, 2:257
Animal husbandry. See also Animal
pulling power/traction; Steppe
herders; specific countries; specific
cultures and people; specific regions
about Childe on, 1:201
about herding, 1:215–216
about nomadic traditions, 2:368–
369
about pastoralism, 1:161, 362;
2:368–369
about types of
cattle, 1:212, 214, 215, 314, 326,
328, 329, 364
goats, 1:212, 213–214
pigs, 1:212, 214–215
sheep, 1:212, 213–214, 314, 326,
327–328, 330
Bronze Age, 1:215, 434; 2:14–15,
25, 59, 112
Iron Age, 2:223, 256, 257, 258
Mesolithic period, 1:278–280
Middle Ages, 2:366–370, 367, 369,
370, 439–440, 491–492, 501,
570–571
Neolithic period
Europe, central, 1:246–247, 330
Europe, eastern, 1:326, 328–329,
336–337, 356–357, 361, 362
Europe, northern, 1:279, 279,
289, 295, 296–297
Europe, northwestern, 1:273–290,
279
Europe, southeastern, 1:330, 336,
337
Europe, upland central and
southern, 1:390
Europe, western, 1:163
Iberia, 1:163
Mediterranean region, 1:204, 213–
215, 231–231, 253–258, 274–
276, 279, 443; 2:121
Near East, 1:211–217, 327
Animal pulling power/traction, 1:314,
327–329, 331–332; 2:14, 15,
26, 46. See also specific countries
Annagassan site, 2:454
Annales school, 2:343
The Annals of Clonmacnoise, 2:458
Anta Grande do Zambujeiro site,
1:460
Antiquary Society, 1:387
Antiquity of Man (Lyell), 1:17
Antrea site, 1:184
Anundshög site, 2:535, 538
Anza site, 1:320, 337
Aðalstraeði site, 2:437
Apel, Jan, 1:92
Apennine chain, northern, 1:170
Apple Down site, 2:490
Apulian site, 1:443
Aquatic resources
Holocene era, 1:152
Iron Age, 2:276
Mesolithic period
Europe, eastern, 1:184, 186
Europe, northwestern, 1:146–147,
273, 274, 288, 289, 436
Europe, upland central and
southern, 1:171, 176, 179–180
Europe, western, 1:162
Iberia, 1:158, 159, 160, 162, 164
Neolithic period
Europe, northern, 1:288, 432
Europe, northwestern, 1:288
Europe, upland central and
southern, 1:178, 390, 397
Mediterranean region, 1:257
A
˚
rupgard site, 1:403
Arbon-Bleiche 3 site, 1:387, 391,
395–397
Arbor Low site, 2:66
Archaeobotany, 1:387
Archaeological Institute of the
Slovakian Academy of Science,
2:31
Archaeology. See also Dating methods
and chronology; History, field of;
Prehistory, origins of; specific sites
artifacts and, 1:22–23, 31–32, 67–
68, 91–92, 94, 99–100
of Barbarian Europe, 1:5–6
church archaeology, 2:516–518
data and, 1:22–28, 68, 68–69,
107–108
ecofacts, 1:24
environments and, 1:47–54
features, 1:23–24
fieldwork, 1:14–21, 29–39, 35,
387–388
funerary archaeology, 2:511–514
gender, and evidence in, 1:81–89
history, and role of, 2:341–345
and Indo-European language,
origins of, 1:107–108
interpretation of, 1:25–26
landscape use and, 1:55–64
language and, 1:101–109
origins and growth of, 1:14–21, 15,
72–73
processual, 1:20
settlement patterns and, 1:55–64;
2:514–516
sites, 1:25
social systems and, 1:72–80
and state societies, study of, 2:347
trade and exchange, 1:65–71
underwater, 1:142
urban archaeology, 2:514, 516–518,
517
Archaeozoology, 1:387
Architecture. See also specific sites
about types of
church architecture, 2:476–477,
479, 485–487
nuraghi, 2:50–53, 52
palace architecture, 2:118–125
temple architecture, 2:265
towers, 2:50–53, 52
Bronze Age, 2:50–53, 52, 118–125
Megalithic period, 1:410–411
Middle Ages, 2:476–477, 479, 485–
487
Neolithic period, 1:452
Archiv für Anthropologie, 1:18
Ardcloyne site, 2:377
Arene Candid site, 1:202, 249, 249,
253–255, 442, 443
El Argar culture, 2:5, 45–48
Argissa site, 1:205, 206, 209
Arnesano site, 1:446
Arnold, Bettina, 1:87; 2:251
Arribas, Antonio, 1:464
Artashat site, 2:310
Artawazd II, 2:310–311
INDEX
616
ANCIENT EUROPE
Artaxias (Artashes), 2:310
Artifacts
analytical methods for evaluation of,
1:67–68
archaeology and, 1:22–23, 31–32
bog deposits, 1:298, 305, 315;
2:270, 397
burials and, 1:22–23
deposits of, 1:76, 315; 2:26
and provenance studies, principles
of, 1:67
Artisans. See also Artworks; specific
countries
about jewelry, 2:426–429, 427
Iron Age, 2:196
Europe, central, 2:210, 300
Europe, eastern, 2:293
Europe, northern, 2:539
Europe, northwestern, 2:225
Iberia, 2:256
Mediterranean region, 2:263, 266
Middle Ages
Europe, central, 2:573–574, 575,
576–577, 578, 580, 587, 590
Europe, northern, 2:327–329,
426–429, 427
Europe, northwestern, 2:381–383,
405, 472, 477, 478
Viking Age, 2:539, 550
Artworks. See also Artisans; Figurines;
Stone carvings; specific countries;
specific sites
about types of
beads, 1:181, 318, 361
jewelry, 2:426–429, 427
neck rings, 2:269
rock art, 1:18, 85, 188–189, 193,
446, 459; 2:5
Situla art, 1:72
Turoe stone, 2:234, 235
Bronze Age, 1:85, 86; 2:5
Iron Age
Europe, central, 1:117–118;
2:186–187, 245, 248, 249, 297,
297–298, 301
Europe, eastern, 2:305
Europe, northern, 2:269, 270,
278, 539
Europe, northwestern, 2:188, 188–
190; 2:189, 234–235, 235
Europe, western, 2:184, 185, 185,
186, 187; 2:215, 216
Mediterranean region, 1:117–118;
2:312, 313, 316–317
Mesolithic period, 1:124
Europe, central, 1:176–177, 179
Europe, northwestern, 1:149
Europe, upland central and
southern, 1:179, 181
Iberia, 1:159, 162
Middle Ages, 2:426–429, 427
Europe, central, 2:412, 421, 578,
586, 589
Europe, eastern, 2:412
Europe, northern, 2:417, 418
Europe, northwestern, 1:46;
2:388, 453, 453–454, 454, 464–
465
Europe, western, 2:520, 520–521,
521, 586, 589
Neolithic period, 1:361, 445–446,
458–459
Ashgrove site, 2:180
Asikli site, 1:205, 206, 223
Assendelver Polders site, 2:372
Association Française d’Archéologie
Mérovingienne (A.F.A.M.;
French Association of
Merovingian Archaeology), 2:514
Aston, Michael, 1:60
Asturuan culture, 1:159–160
Aszód site, 1:377
Atalayeula site, 1:460
Ateas, 2:413
Æthelbald of Wessex, 2:505
Æthelwold, 2:506
Atlantic Trading Estate site, 2:485
Attila the Hun, 2:392, 575
Aubrey, John, 1:14
Augustus, 2:247
Aunjetitz site. See Úneˇtice culture
Aurochs, 1:214. See also cattle
Austria. See also specific sites
about prehistory, origins of, 1:17
Bronze Age, 2:9, 21, 22, 23
Iron Age
artworks, 1:118; 2:186–187, 297
burials, 1:72, 74; 2:242
salt industry, 1:74
social systems, 1:75
warfare and conquest, 1:118
weapons and armor, 2:242
Neolithic period, 1:111, 202, 372,
374, 376–377
Autours site, 1:149
Avar people, 2:574, 576–578, 577,
582
Avebury site, 1:128, 315, 405, 406–
408, 407; 2:66
Avelines Hole site, 1:149
Avesta, 1:102; 2:99–100
Azilian culture, 1:168
Azzolini site, 1:444
Azzura site, 1:171
■
B
Bad Dürkheim site, 2:186
Bad Schussenreid site, 2:90, 90
Baden culture, 1:114, 372, 375, 378
Bailey, Douglass W., 1:321, 345
Baillie, Michael, 1:42, 43, 44, 49
Baiuvarii people, 2:384–386, 593,
596
Balbridie site, 1:277, 398
Bâle-Bernerring site, 2:400
Balkan region. See also specific
countries; specific sites
Bronze Age, 2:17
Copper Age, 1:339
Iron Age, 2:170
Mesolithic period, 1:234–237, 244
Neolithic period
animal husbandry, 1:241, 246,
247, 337
burials, 1:239, 242, 246
copper industry, 1:241, 247, 318
crops, 1:205, 208, 235, 241, 246
farming, 1:202, 234–235, 242–
247
foraging populations, 1:234–235
obsidian artifacts, 1:241
pottery industry, 1:235–237, 242,
244, 246
settlement patterns, 1:239, 241,
314, 335–336
settlement structures, 1:239, 242,
314
social systems, 1:246
trade and exchange, 1:239, 241,
246, 247
Balloy site, 1:274, 306
Balma Abeurador/Hérault site, 1:207,
208
La Balma de la Margineda site, 1:163
Baltic region. See also specific countries;
specific sites
Mesolithic period, 1:185, 189, 196
Middle Ages, 2:349
Neolithic period, 1:202
Viking culture, 2:334, 334–336, 335
Barbarian Europe, 1:3–6, 12
Barca do Xarês site, 1:160
Barkær site, 1:306, 308, 423
Barker, Graeme, 2:36
Barker, Philip, 1:33
Barnenez site, 1:408–413, 409, 410
Barnhouse site, 1:91, 283, 398
Barrett, John, 1:91
Barrière-Flavy, Camille, 2:512
Basatanya site, 1:92
Basketry industry, 1:145; 2:225
Bateson, J. Donal, 2:236
INDEX
617
ANCIENT EUROPE
Battle-Axe culture, 1:373, 471, 471.
Baudot, Henri, 2:512
Bavaria, 1:383; 2:242. See also
Germany
Bayvil site, 2:485
Becker, Bernd, 1:42
Becker, C. J., 1:467
Bedburg-Königshoven site, 1:156
Bede, Venerable
on Anglo-Saxons, 2:499
Ecclesiastical History of the English
People, 2:327, 340, 344, 381,
489, 492, 494, 495
on Redwald, 2:499
Beer production, 2:374, 375
Beg-an-Dorchenn site, 1:275
Beidha site, 1:205
Belgium. See also specific sites
about prehistory, origins of, 1:17
Iron Age, 2:137
Mesolithic period, 1:146, 148
Middle Ages, 2:327, 519–524
Neolithic period, 1:113–114
Bell Beaker culture, 1:476–485
archery set, 1:479–480
burials, 1:446, 478
Carpathian culture, and interaction
with, 1:482–483
Corded Ware culture, and effects on,
1:482–483
dates for, 1:477, 482
Dutch Model, 1:477
effects of, 1:482–483
Europe, eastern, 1:481
Europe, northern, 1:481–482
Europe, southeastern, 1:480–481
Megalithic period and, 1:482–483
metallurgy industries, 1:482
monumental structures, 1:446
political systems, 1:480
pottery industry, 1:479–480
Reflux Model, 1:478
settlement patterns, 1:375, 480–482
social systems, 1:483–484
Spanish Model, 1:476
western Europe, 1:481
Belle-Église site, 2:377
De bello Gallico (Julius Caesar), 1:128;
2:154, 191
De bello Gothico, 2:414
Belorussia, 1:184, 186–187
Belsk site, 2:293
Benac, Alojz, 1:241
Beowulf, 1:12; 2:342, 344, 499
Bercy site, 1:275
Bergschenhoek site, 1: 288, 288, 290
Berinsfield site, 2:490
Berlland Bach site, 2:485
Bernabò Brea, Luigi, 1:254
Besov Nos site, 1:196
Bible, 1:14, 17
Bibliotheca historica (Diodorus
Siculus), 2:180
Bibracte. See Mont Beuvray
Biel, Jörg, 1:76
Bierzo site, 1:170
Bietti, Amilcare, 1:167
Binford, Lewis, 1:147
Birka site, 1:23; 2:325–326, 329,
434, 539, 540
Biskupin site, 1:114; 2:282, 286,
286–288
Bize cave site, 1:17
Bjo
⁄
rnsholm site, 1:136, 295, 299, 423
Black Patch site, 2:58
Black Sea region, 1:73; 2:208–210,
209. See also specific countries;
specific sites
Blytt, Axel, 1:49
Boat-Axe culture, See Battle-Axe
culture
Boats and boatbuilding, 1:417–418;
2:55–56, 270, 430–432. See also
Ships
Bog deposits, 1:298, 305, 315;
2:270, 397
Bog of Cullen site, 2:70–71
Bo
⁄
gebakken site, 1:141, 189, 295,
296, 420
Bogucki, Peter, Origins of Human
Society, 2:14
Bohemia. See also Czech Republic;
specific sites
Bronze Age, 2:22, 29
Iron Age, 2:242
artworks, 2:301
burials, 1:74; 2:299
enclosure complexes, 2:301
hillforts, 2:297
hoards, 2:302
oppida, 2:300
ritual and ideology, 2:299
settlement patterns, 2:299
social systems, 1:73
Middle Ages, 2:584–585
Neolithic period, 1:263, 269–272,
270, 382, 383, 384, 470–471
Böhme, Hörst-Wolfgang, 2:399
Boleslav I, 2:560, 561
Bone industry, 1:389, 396; 2:329
Bonnet, Charles, 2:516
Book of Durrow, 2:451
Book of Kells, 2:451
Borg-in-Nadur site, 1:451
Borgarfjörður site, 2:440
Boritov site, 2:301
Borˇivoj (prince), 2:584
Bornholm site, 1:423, 427
Borremose site, 1:27
Borum Esho
⁄
j site, 1:18; 2:75, 76, 80,
81
Bosch-Gimpera, Pedro, 1:476
Bosnia, 1:241–243, 335–336, 337.
See also Yugoslavia; specific sites
Bosporan kingdom, 2:292–293
Botai site, 1:366–367
Boucher de Crèvecoeur de Perthes,
Jacques, Celtic and Antediluvian
Antiquities, 1:17
Bougon site, 1:401
Bourges site, 2:216
Boyne Valley sites, 1:402, 413–415,
414
Bradley, J., 2:458
Bradley, Richard, 1:92, 95; 2:60
Braeroddach Loch site, 1:129
Braidwood, Robert, 1:201
Bray site, 2:236
Brea, Luigi Bernabò, 2:40
Breasted, James Henry, 1:223
Brebières site, 2:515
Brecknockshire site, 2:483
Bredarör site, 2:84
Breg site, 1:171
Breuil, Henri, 1:18, 165
Britannia (Camden), 1:14
British Broadcasting Corporation,
2:498
Brochtorff Circle site, 1:450, 452,
454
Bro
⁄
drene Gram site, 2:77, 78
Bronocice site, 1:374
Bronze Age. See also Secondary
Products Revolution; Viking Age;
specific countries; specific cultures
and people; specific sites
about barrow burials, 2:4, 23, 57–
58, 65
about coffin burials, 2:5, 75, 80–82
about regions and
Europe, central, 2:20–33
Europe, northern, 2:72–85, 533
Europe, northwestern, 2:54–71
Iberia, 2:45–50
Mediterranean region, 2:34–44,
45–53, 108–115, 109
about tholos burials, 2:125, 316
animal husbandry, 1:330
Europe, central, 2:25
Europe, northern, 1:434; 2:59
Europe, northwestern, 2:59
Europe, southeastern, 1:215; 2:14–
15
Mediterranean region, 2:112
animal pulling power/traction, 2:14,
15, 26, 46
INDEX
618
ANCIENT EUROPE
architecture, 2:50–53, 52, 118
Mediterranean region, 2:50–53, 52
bronze industry, 1:118–120; 2:4,
10–11, 74
burials, 1:93–94
Europe, central, 2:22–23
Europe, eastern, 2:105
Europe, northern, 2:74–76, 80–
91, 87–88
Europe, northwestern, 2:4, 56–58,
65–66
Europe, southeastern, 1:18; 2:17
Europe, upland central and
southern, 2:22
Europe, western, 2:5, 214–215
Iberia, 2:47, 47
Mediterranean region, 2:4, 35, 37,
47, 125
causeways, 2:67–68, 68, 69
clothing, 2:75–76, 81
copper industry, 1:319, 320–321;
2:7, 9, 112
crops, 1:208; 2:14, 25, 46, 59
dairy industry, 2:14, 26
dates for, 1:85
Europe, central, 2:6, 20, 86–87
Europe, northern, 1:434; 2:6, 73
Europe, southeastern, 2:12
Mediterranean region, 2:34, 122
deposits, 2:5, 26
economic systems, 2:117, 123, 214,
231
enclosure complexes, 2:65, 214
environments
Europe, central, 2:20
Europe, eastern, 2:106
Europe, northern, 1:49
Europe, northwestern, 1:50
Europe, southeastern, 2:13–14
Iberia, 2:45
Mediterranean region, 2:42–44,
45, 111
farming
Europe, central, 2:14, 25–26
Europe, northern, 1:434
Europe, southeastern, 2:14
field systems, 2:59–60, 67–69, 214
figurines, 1:84; 2:120, 123
fortifications, 1:114–115, 118–120;
2:31–33, 32, 37, 38, 58, 112
gender roles and relationships, 1:81,
84, 85–86, 86; 2:75–76
gold industry, 2:25, 69–71, 70
hillforts, 2:214, 229–231, 230
hoards, 2:25, 26–27, 33, 35, 40,
60, 70, 71, 214
horses, domestication of, 2:93, 106
landscape use, 1:3, 25, 97, 128,
129, 315; 2:214
lead industry, 2:8, 9
metallurgy industries
Europe, central, 2:23–25, 89–90,
90, 96
Europe, eastern, 2:103–104
Europe, northern, 2:73–74
Europe, northwestern, 2:54–55
Mediterranean region, 2:35, 36,
40, 47
midden sites, 2:58
monumental structures, 1:95, 96,
315; 2:61–67
political systems
Europe, central, 2:15–16, 18
Europe, eastern, 2:18, 104
Europe, northwestern, 2:59–61
Europe, southeastern, 2:15–16, 18
Iberia, 2:47–49
Mediterranean region, 2:5, 40, 47–
49, 109, 111, 112, 113, 124
population statistics, 2:36, 111, 124
pottery industry
Europe, central, 2:21
Europe, eastern, 2:96, 104–105
Europe, southeastern, 2:16–18
Iberia, 2:46
Mediterranean region, 2:37–38,
40–41
resource use, 1:53–54
ritual and ideology
Europe, central, 1:95; 2:26–27, 33
Europe, eastern, 2:26, 99
Europe, northern, 1:93–94, 97;
2:77–78
Europe, northwestern, 2:57–58,
62, 68–69
Europe, upland central and
southern, 1:450
Iberia, 2:48, 49
Mediterranean region, 2:35, 37,
40, 48, 49, 119–120, 123, 124
rock art, 1:85, 86; 2:5
settlement patterns
Europe, central, 2:15, 21–22, 87,
88–89
Europe, eastern, 2:15, 93, 93–94,
95–96, 103, 104
Europe, northern, 2:72–73,
76–77
Europe, northwestern, 1:129;
2:58–59
Europe, southeastern, 2:17–18
Europe, western, 2:214
Iberia, 2:45–46, 48
Mediterranean region, 2:35–40,
42–46, 48, 111, 113
settlement structures
Europe, central, 1:95; 2:21–22,
88–89, 89
Europe, eastern, 2:103, 104
Europe, northern, 2:77, 78, 79
Europe, northwestern, 2:57–58,
59, 231
Europe, southeastern, 2:18
Europe, upland central and
southern, 2:22
Europe, western, 2:214
silver industry, 2:25
social systems, 1:62–63
Europe, central, 2:5, 29–30, 32,
90–91
Europe, northern, 1:85–86; 2:5,
73–74, 75–76, 84
Europe, northwestern, 1:46; 2:5,
57–58, 60–61, 231
Europe, western, 2:5
Iberia, 2:48–49
Mediterranean region, 2:10–11,
36, 40, 48–49, 113, 123–124
steppe herders, 2:92–100
subsistence resources, 2:89, 99, 112
tin industry, 2:8
tool industries, 2:14
trade and exchange
Europe, central, 2:27–29, 28, 32
Europe, eastern, 1:69; 2:111–113
Europe, northern, 2:78–79
Europe, northwestern, 1:418;
2:55–56
Europe, western, 1:418; 2:214
Mediterranean region, 1:69–70;
2:109–110, 111–113, 122
urnfields, 2:38, 87–88, 214
warfare and conquest, 2:120
watercraft, 2:55–56, 56
waterways, 2:42–44
weapons and armor, 1:116; 2:8, 10
wheeled vehicles, 2:55, 94–95, 98,
106
wool industry, 2:14, 26, 46, 59, 94,
124
writing, 2:112
The Bronze Age (Childe), 2:10
The Bronze Age in Europe (Coles and
Harding), 2:12
Bronze industry, 2:224, 225
about, 2:4, 6, 8
analysis and provenance issues, 2:9
and artifacts, production of, 2:24–
25
and bronzeworkers, status of, 2:10–
11
hoards, 2:25
and resources, procurement of, 2:24
social systems, and effects of, 2:9–10
warfare and conquest, and effects of,
1:112, 114–115
Brown, Basil, 2:498
INDEX
619
ANCIENT EUROPE
Bruce-Mitford, Rupert, 2:498
Bruchenbrücken site, 1:266–269,
267, 268
Brück, Joanna, 1:91
Brugh na Bóinne, 1: 413–415
De Bruin site, 1:147
Brulet, Raymond, 2:522, 523
Bruun, Daniel, 2:442, 443
Brzes´c´ Kujawski site, 1:298, 306, 374,
378–382
Bucˇany site, 1:382
Buckland, William, 1:16–17
Buckquoy site, 2:404
Budakalász site, 1:340
Buddelin site, 1:295
Buddinge site, 2:75
Bug-Dniester culture, 1:244–245
Buiston site, 2:471
Bujna, Jozef, 1:75
Bulgaria
Bronze Age, 1:96; 2:15, 17
Copper Age
burials, 1:341–343
copper industry, 1:69, 320
copper tools, 1:342
dates for, 1:334
gender roles and relationships,
1:343
gold artifacts, 1:321, 342
settlement patterns, 1:320
settlement structures, 1:320, 349–
350
social systems, 1:343–344, 349–
350
tool industries, 1:318
trade and exchange, 1:69
Neolithic period
animal husbandry, 1:326, 328, 329
animal pulling power/traction,
1:328
burials, 1:345–346
dates for, 1:334
farming, 1:235–247
settlement structures, 1:221, 344–
345
social systems, 1:345–346
Burgess, Colin, 1:478–479
Burghal Hidage, 2:493
Burghead site, 2:472
Burial and Ancient Society (Morris),
2:314
Burials. See also specific countries;
specific finds; specific sites
about types of
barrow burials. See specific periods
and ages
bog deposits, 2:270
cairns, 2:57–58, 82–84
cists, 2:105
coffin, 2:5, 75, 80–82
dolmen, 1:445
execution sites, 2:499
Fürstengrab, 1:73, 78; 2:249
kurgan burials, 1:340, 361, 362;
2:94–97, 102, 291, 304–306
Reihengräberfelder, 2:587, 588,
590, 591
ship burials, 2:498–500, 534
tarand, 2:279
tholos, 1:125; 2:118, 316
tumuli mounds, 2:82–84, 83, 291
urnfields, 1:24; 2:38, 87–88, 214,
282, 393
Bronze Age
barrow burials, 2:4, 23, 57–58, 65
Europe, central, 1:22–23
Europe, eastern, 2:17, 93–97, 94,
105, 106
Europe, northern, 2:5, 74–76,
80–91
Europe, northwestern, 2:4, 56–58,
65–66
Europe, southeastern, 1:18; 2:17
Europe, upland central and
southern, 2:22
Europe, western, 2:5, 214–215
Iberia, 2:47, 47
Mediterranean region, 2:4, 35, 37,
47, 47, 125, 316
Copper Age, 1:339–340, 341–343,
348, 458
Iron Age
Europe, central, 1:73–76; 2:281,
282, 299. See also specific
countries; specific sites
Europe, eastern, 2:304–306
Europe, northern, 2:269–270,
279, 282, 551, 551
Europe, northwestern, 2:225–227,
236, 237
Europe, western, 1:75–76, 87,
414–415; 2:205–207, 214–218,
242
Iberia, 2:255–256, 256–257
Mediterranean region, 1:76, 87;
2:255–256, 314
Megalithic period, 1:399–402
Europe, northern, 1:401–402,
423–424, 425–426
Europe, western, 1:408–415, 409,
410, 414
Iberia, 1:401
Mediterranean region, 1:399–400,
445, 450–455
Mesolithic period
Europe, central, 1:83, 187, 188,
189, 196
Europe, eastern, 1:124, 190, 196
Europe, northern, 1:124, 138,
140–141, 148–150, 190, 196,
296, 309
Europe, northwestern, 1:148–150
Europe, upland central and
southern, 1:170
Iberia, 1:159, 161, 162, 163, 165,
165
Mediterranean region, 1:159, 170
Middle Ages, 2:362–364
Europe, central, 2:384–385, 393,
400–401, 573–577, 587–591,
592, 595
Europe, eastern, 2:566, 569
Europe, northern, 2:404–405,
410, 534, 589
Europe, northwestern, 2:333, 382,
474, 476, 484–485, 490–491,
498–500, 499
Europe, western, 2:514–515, 515–
516, 517–518, 519–524, 520,
521
Neolithic period
barrow burials, 1:306, 381, 402,
423, 473
Europe, central, 1:267, 360–363,
365–366, 378–382, 381
Europe, eastern, 1:297, 305–310,
307, 360–363, 365–366, 378–
382
Europe, northern, 1:298, 302–
304, 305–310, 433, 436, 437
Europe, northwestern, 1:274, 276,
283, 287, 288, 289, 403–404,
418
Europe, southeastern, 1:338, 345–
346
Europe, upland central and
southern, 1:178, 181, 391, 446–
450, 447, 454
Europe, western, 1:403–404, 465
Iberia, 1:458, 460, 461, 463, 465
Mediterranean region, 1:223, 256–
257, 274, 408–413, 409, 444–
445; 2:121
Palaeolithic period, 1:254
Viking Age, 2:534, 538–539
Burovaya site, 1:364
Burry Holmes site, 2:485
Bush Barrow site, 2:4, 65, 66
Butmir culture, 1:241
Butser Ancient Farm site, 2:224
Buttler, Werner, 1:260
By´cˇí skála site, 2:298
Bygholm No
⁄
rremark site, 1:298, 308,
402
Bylany site, 1:263, 269–272, 270,
382, 383, 384
INDEX
620
ANCIENT EUROPE
■
C
Cabeço da Amoreira site, 1:164–165,
166
Cabeço da Arruda site, 1:164–165,
166
Caer Gybi site, 2:478
Caerloggas site, 2:6
Caerwent site, 2:478
Cafer Hüyük site, 1:205, 205, 206
Caka site, 1:116
Caldeir˜ao site, 1:161, 249, 249, 250,
255–257, 256
Callanish site, 1:405
Cambridge University, 2:498
Camden, William, 1:14, 24
Can Hasan III site, 1:207, 223
Canburg site, 2:582
Los Canes site, 1:159
Cantabrian coast, 1:159–160
Las Canteras site, 1:459
Cape Gelidonya site, 1:69, 70
Capel Eithen site, 2:482, 484, 485
Capel Maelog site, 2:485
Cardial culture, 1:112
Cardini, Luigi, 1:254
Carew site, 2:482, 484
Carmen miserabile (Rogerius), 2:579
Carolingian culture, 2:512, 513, 577–
578
The Carolingian Economy (Verhulst),
2:330
Carolingian period, 2:588–589, 591–
592
Carr, Robert, 2:496
Carrowkeel site, 2:66
Carrowmore site, 1:400; 2:66
Carsac site, 2:214, 215
Carthage site, 2:255, 258
Carver, Martin, 2:498
Casas de Baixo site, 1:459
Castell Henllys site, 2:481
Castelnovian culture, 1:167, 168, 169,
170, 171, 172, 173
Castle Mall site, 2:374
Çatal Hüyük site, 1:214, 223, 318,
364
Catignano site, 1:442
Cattle, 1:212, 214, 215, 314, 326,
328, 329, 364
Caucasia, 1:18; 2:303–311. See also
Transcaucasia
Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi, 1:250
Cayla de Mailhac site, 2:214, 215,
216
Çayönü site, 1:205, 208, 214, 223,
318
Ceèramique Rubanèe, 1:259
Celtic and Antediluvian Antiquities
(Boucher de Perthes), 1:17
Celtic culture, 2:140–143, 217
animal husbandry, 2:366–367, 367
artworks, 1:118; 2:184–190, 367
burials, and evidence of, 1:112
coinage, 2:142
effects of, 2:247
farming, 2:142
feasting, 2:179–183, 192
fortifications, 1:115; 2:142, 152,
154–159
historic depictions of, 2:141
iron industry, 2:142
Julius Caesar on, 2:140
landscape use, 1:128–129, 130
languages and, 2:141, 143
oppida, 2:152, 154–159
political systems, 2:141–142, 142
ritual and ideology, 2:141, 143, 257
Roman conquest and, 2:142–143
settlement patterns, 2:140–141,
142, 149–150
social systems, 2:141–142
state societies, 2:348
trade and exchange, 2:142
warfare and conquest, 1:112, 118;
2:247
weapons and armor, 1:117
writing and, 2:141, 142
Center for Medieval Archaeological
Research (C.R.A.M.), 2:514
Centre de Recherches d’Archéologie
Médiévale of the University of
Caen, 2:400
Cenwealh of Wessex, 2:505
Los Cercados site, 1:459
Cernon-sur-Coole site, 2:187
Cerro de la Encantada site, 2:49
Cerro de la Virgen site, 2:46
Certosa site, 1:118
Chalcolithic period. See Copper Age
Chania site, 2:117, 119
Chapman, Robert, 1:85, 345; 2:47
Charlemagne, 2:326–327, 358, 574,
577, 582, 588, 592
Charnay site, 2:512
Chateauneuf-les-Martiques site,
1:150, 249, 249
Châtelliers-de-Vieil-Auzay site, 1:404
La Chaussé-Tirancourt site, 1:401
Chaves site, 1:163
Cheddar Man, 1:149
Chernykh, E. N., 1:322, 323; 2:97
Chevdar site, 1:238, 240
Chifflet, Jean-Jacques, 2:511–512,
519–521
Childe, V. Gordon
on animal husbandry and crops,
1:201
archaeology excavations and, 1:19
on barrow burials, 1:306
on Bronze Age, 2:9
The Bronze Age, 2:10
Danubian pottery sequence and,
1:259
The Dawn of European Civilization,
2:9
on Neolithic Revolution, 1:330
on settlement structures and
settlement patterns, 1:270
Skara Brae site and, 1:282
on state attributes, 2:346
Childeric, tomb of, 2:519–524
treasure, 520, 521
Chlum site, 2:298
Chojnice-Pien´ki culture, 1:133, 185
Christianity
Europe, central, 2:579, 582, 584,
586–587, 588, 589–590, 591
Europe, eastern, 2:567
Europe, northern, 2:535, 540, 549
Europe, northwestern, 2:450–459,
453, 469, 473–474, 491, 505,
510
Europe, western, 2:516–518
Christy, Henry, 1:18
Cimmerian culture, 2:289–290
Cinead mac Ailpín (Kenneth mac
Alpin), 2:475
Ciumes¸ti site, 2:187
Cividale site, 2:394
Clapton site, 2:431, 431, 432
Clark, Grahame, 1:4, 19, 47, 50, 154
Clarke, David L., 1:478
Clickhimin site, 1:115
Cloghers site, 1:280
Clonmacnoise site, 2:456–459, 457
Clothing, 1:393; 2:75–76, 81, 383–
384, 433–435, 434
Cnut, 2:506. See also Knut
Cocherel site, 1:14
Cochet (abbé), 2:512, 513, 519
Cocina site, 1:163
Las Cogotas site, 2:256
Coinage
about gold, 2:170–171, 373
about silver, 2:170, 171, 358, 358–
359, 359
Celtic culture, 2:142
Iron Age, 2:159, 169, 171, 171–
172, 172, 216, 300, 373
Middle Ages, 2:357–358, 358–359
Viking Age, 2:549, 550
Colardelle, Michel, 2:514
Colchis site, 2:309–310
INDEX
621
ANCIENT EUROPE
Cold Knap site, 2:478
Coles, Bryony, 1:416
Coles, John, 1:416; 2:12
El Collado site, 1:162
Collins, Pat, 1:151
Cologne site, 2:587
Columba, 2:478
Commission des Monuments
Historiques (Historical
Monuments Commission), 2:516
Coneybury Henge, 2:65
La Conquette site, 1:443
Coolcrans site, 2:452
Cooney, Gabriel, 1:280, 315
Copper Age. See also Secondary
Products Revolution; Viking Age;
specific countries; specific cultures
and people; specific sites
about, 1:313, 334
animal husbandry, 1:357, 358, 361,
362
artifacts, 1:23, 69, 70, 315, 341–
343, 389, 392–395
artworks, 1:335
bead artifacts, 1:318, 335, 361
burials, 1:85
Europe, eastern, 1:341–343, 358,
360–361, 362–363, 365–366;
2:94–97, 102
Europe, southeastern, 1:339–340,
341–343, 348
Iberia, 1:458
Mediterranean region, 1:445
copper industry, 1:315, 317–322,
339
crops, 1:357, 358, 361
dates for, 1:334, 456–459
enclosure complexes, 1:348
environments, 1:319, 356, 359,
457–458
fauna, 1:358, 361, 362
figurines, 1:84, 348–349, 351–352,
359
fishing populations, 1:358
flora, 1:358, 361
foraging populations, 1:364, 365
gender roles and relationships, 1:85,
343
gold artifacts, 1:321, 341–342, 342
health and disease issues, 1:394
horses, domestication of, 1:361
human remains, and evidence of
warfare, 1:112
metallurgy industries, 1:67
political systems, 1:460
population statistics, 1:359
pottery industry, 1:358, 359, 361,
362
ritual and ideology, 1:92, 93, 95,
360, 361, 363, 365–366
settlement patterns, 1:320, 338–
339, 358–359, 362, 458
settlement structures, 1:320, 349–
350, 351, 351, 358, 359, 360–
361, 362
social systems, 1:343–344, 349–
350, 362
stone tool industries, 1:361
subsistence resources, 1:358, 361,
365, 394
tool industries, 1:315, 318, 339,
341–342, 393, 441
trade and exchange, 1:69, 70, 334–
346, 339, 352, 354–355, 358
warfare and conquest, 1:460, 462,
464–466
Copper industry
arsenical copper industry alloy and,
2:6–7
artifacts, 1:315, 318, 320–321, 334
Bronze Age and, 1:319, 320–321;
2:7, 9, 112
Copper Age and, 1:315, 317–322,
339
environments for, 1:319
mines and, 1:320
oxhide ingot findspots, 2:352
production and, 1:318–320, 323
Renfrew on, 1:318
sources for copper and, 2:352
tools and, 1:315, 318
Middle Ages and, 2:328
Neolithic period and, 1:315, 318,
320, 379–380, 389, 441, 459
Coppicing industry, 1:52–53, 53
Corded Ware culture, 1:467–475. See
also Single Grave culture; specific
countries; specific sites
animal husbandry, 1:473
burials, 1:375, 378, 426–427, 470,
472–473
dates for, 1:468–469
differentiation and, 1:469–472
Fatianovo culture, 1:472
gender roles and relationships, 1:473
Indo-European influences on, 1:474
Małopolska Corded Ware, 1:471
origins of, 1:473–474
political systems, 1:426–427, 470
pottery industry, 1:389
ritual and ideology, 1:378, 473
settlement patterns, 1:373, 375,
468–469, 472
settlement structures, 1:375, 470–
471, 472, 473
social systems, 1:426–427, 473
subsistence resources, 1:375, 473
tool industries, 1:470
warfare and conquest, 1:376–377
Córdoba site, 2:528, 528, 529
Corlea-1 site, 1:417
Corno-Ripudio site, 1:171
Correia, António Augusto Mendes,
1:165
Corsica, 1:69, 440
Cosmograph of Ravenna, 2:416
Cosmology. See Ritual and ideology
Cotswold-Severn site, 1:402
County Cork site, 2:60
Cova de la Pastora site, 1:463
Cova de l’Or site, 1:249, 249, 250,
257
Crabtree, Pam, 2:238
C.R.A.M. (Center for Medieval
Archaeological Research), 2:514
Crete, 1:215; 2:5, 116–125, 117
Criado Boado, Felipe, 1:96
Crickley Hill site, 1:404
Cris¸ culture
animal husbandry, 1:243, 245
burials, 1:239
cereal crops, 1:243, 245
farming, 1:237, 243–244
horses for subsistence, 1:365
Indo-European language and, 1:107
pottery industry, 1:238–239, 243,
245
settlement patterns, 1:243
subsistence resources, 1:243, 245,
365
Croatia, 1:320, 335–336, 339; 2:242
Cronica Polonorum (Gallus
Anonymus), 2:554, 558
Crops. See also specific cultures and
people
about Childe on, 1:201
about fiber and oil, 2:372–373
about Levant and, 1:205
about processing, 2:372, 374, 375
about trade and exchange, 2:373
about types of
barley, 1:206, 206–207
bitter vetch, 1:208
cereal, 1:204–209; 2:372, 373
chickpeas, 1:208; 2:372
einkorn wheat, 1:205, 206; 2:372
emmer wheat, 1:205–206, 206;
2:372
flax, 1:208; 2:372
legumes, 1:207–209
lentils, 1:207; 2:372
millet, 2:372
naked wheat, 1:206
oats, 2:372
orchard, 2:372
poppy, 1:208; 2:375
INDEX
622
ANCIENT EUROPE
pulses, 2:372
rye, 1:207; 2:372
vetches, 1:208; 2:372
wheat, 1:205–206, 206; 2:372
Copper Age, 1:358, 361
Bronze Age, 1:208; 2:14, 25, 46, 59
Iron Age, 2:223, 248, 257
Mesolithic period, 1:207, 208
Middle Ages, 2:373, 374, 375, 448,
491, 500
Neolithic period
Europe, central, 1:337, 380
Europe, eastern, 1:205, 208, 235,
241, 246, 336–337, 356–357,
361
Europe, northern, 1:296, 433
Europe, northwestern, 1:274–275,
276, 277, 279, 283, 289, 290
Europe, southeastern, 1:336, 337
Europe, upland central and
southern, 1:390, 397
Europe, western, 1:257
Mediterranean region, 1:204–209,
249, 254, 276, 443, 459; 2:121
Near East, 1:205, 1:205–207, 208
Palaeolithic era, 1:208
Crvena Stijena site, 1:172
Cucuteni culture, 1:92, 93, 94, 354,
355, 355, 358
Cucuteni-Tripolye culture, 1:245,
357–359, 358–359
Cuiry-les-Chaudardes site, 1:274
Cummins, Vicki, 1:96
Curraghmore-16 site, 1:417
Cyprus
Bronze Age, 2:108–115, 109
Copper Age, 1:347–353
burials, 1:348
copper artifacts, 1:69, 70
enclosure complexes, 1:348
figurines, 1:348–349, 351–352
settlement structures, 1:349–350,
351, 351
social systems, 1:349–350
trade and exchange, 1:69–70, 352
Neolithic period, 1:231–232
Czech Republic. See also Moravia
Bronze Age, 2:6, 8, 21
Iron Age, 2:171
Middle Ages, 2:155, 155
Neolithic period, 1:112, 372, 374,
376–377
■
D
Da¸bki site, 1:135–136
Dál Riata culture, 2:386–388, 387,
469, 471, 475
Dalkey Island site, 2:324
Dalmatia, 1:172
Danebury site, 2:162, 227, 229–231,
230
Danish National Museum for History,
1:15
Darion site, 1:113, 114
Darius I, 2:291
Dark, Petra, 1:154
Dark Age, 2:312–318, 338
Dark Age Economics (Hodges), 2:324,
327, 330
Dartmoor site, 1:129
Darwin, Charles, On the Origin of
Species by Means of Natural
Selection, 1:17, 40, 102
Dating methods and chronology,
1:40–46
calibration issues, 1:43–44, 45
dendrochronology, 1:42–43, 43
metallurgy industries, 1:66
obsidian used for, 1:45, 68–69
optical stimulation luminescence
(OSL), 1:45–46
petrographic analysis of artifacts,
1:68
pollen used for, 1:127, 130, 186
pottery used for, 1:66
radiocarbon dating, 1:41–42, 43,
159
stone tools used for, 1:66
thermoluminescence (TL), 1:45–46
Davies, Wendy, 2:486
The Dawn of European Civilization
(Childe), 2:9
Deer Island site. See Oleneostrovskii
Mogilnik (Olenii Ostrov) site
Deer Park Farms site, 2:452, 462–
465, 463
Déisi culture, 2:481
Dendra site, 1:116
Denmark. See also specific cultures and
people; specific sites
about prehistory, origins of, 1:15–
16, 19, 25
Bronze Age
burials, 2:75–76, 80–82, 81
clothing, 2:75–76, 81
coffin burials, 2:5, 80–82
hoards, 2:27
ritual and ideology, 2:77, 78
settlement patterns, 2:76, 77
settlement structures, 2:77, 78, 79
social structures, 2:75–76
social systems, 2:5, 75–76
weapons and armor, 2:10
Iron Age, 2:542–547, 546
artworks, 1:118
feasting, 2:182, 182
human remains, 1:26–28, 47;
2:270
political systems, 2:542–547
ritual and ideology, 1:99–100
settlement patterns, 1:77
social systems, 1:77
warfare and conquest, 1:118
Megalithic period, 1:401
Mesolithic period, 1:23, 52, 124,
138, 189, 196
Middle Ages, 2:324, 374
Neolithic period, 1:52, 298, 301–
304, 306, 402, 403, 404
Viking Age, 2:542–547
Department of the Environment
(Northern Ireland), 2:462
Deposits of artifacts, 1:76, 315; 2:5,
26. See also Bog deposits
Dereivka site, 1:359, 360–361
Derevenski, Joanna Sofaer, 1:92
Díaz-Andreu, Margarita, Excavating
Women: A History of Women in
European Archaeology, 1:81
Dijon site, 2:376
Dimini site, 1:336, 337
Dinas Powys site, 2:483–484
Diodorus Siculus, 1:113, 118; 2:180
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 2:150
Discovery Programme, 2:452
Disease and health issues, 1:377, 394,
454
Divostin site, 1:337
Dja’de site, 1:205
Dnieper-Donets culture, 1:245–247,
356–357
Domesday Book, 2:493, 510
Domesticated animals. See Animal
husbandry
The Domestication of Europe: Structure
and Contingency in Neolithic
Societies (Hodder), 1:84
Doon Hill site, 2:471
Dordogne site, 1:17–18
Dorestad site, 2:324, 325, 328, 329,
330, 357, 592
Dorsey site, 2:235
Douglass, A. E., 1:42
Dowris site, 2:60
Dowth site, 1:414
La Draga site, 1:163, 249, 249, 250
Dragsholm site, 1:298, 426
Dreuil-lès-Amiens site, 1:274
Dublin site, 2:454, 455, 466–468
Duchcov site, 2:299
Dún Ailinne site, 1:25
Dun Troddan site, 1:115
INDEX
623
ANCIENT EUROPE