Білецька Л.В., Білецький О.В., Савич В.І. Економічна теорія: політекономія, мікроекономіка, макроекономіка

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*N!%%= #0" (1921) —  2005    +# >

 #% &   «   D 

  #  &  ». B 

     # %  

 % #  & < .  % >

 #& #      

-

,  L    . ", L  , D

# % < /     , 

&&%  #  %,   /  . >,

 & ,  , D % < /% #-

   & %   

.

= , D #    -

 ,    . C% ,  -

   <  #. ', +# >

   %     -

& , D  ,   &%  -

.

L 

# /

   & . ;    

%     & <&   

, D <       #.

" L —    ($L>). =-

% %   ).

N*#3 '

(1873—1959) — % .

N# 1; %#& (1766—1835) — % , -

.

*N'%2/ !#1# %2+0 (1902—1998) —  % -

, / <&  % / 

,  # , D &%. L% # 

#% & %  &% . Y & #&

#  , D < &   %%

 /  & , D  & -

&    .

N'0*!! H#!3 %#9 (1883—1950) — % . "-

 D L /    :

—   —     . $&

% %  «*  » (1954);

—   —    — #/ 

 «! » (1939);

—   —  %    

«:,   » (1942).

: <  

&

  /%  

 L % , #,  

.

S0 !&1 (1711—1776) — %   , %-

 %   ,  , % -

%  . >  &     ,  -

#   / / # 

  — « U».

581

+ /  B

2008 Paul Krugman  :

2007 Leonid Hurvits, Erick Maskin, Rodger

Mayerson

B G, ! , +/ <

2006 Edmund Felps ! (

2005 Robert Aumann, Thomas Shelling +# >, " L

2004 Finn E. Kydland, Edward C. Prescott ( :, ! 

2003 Robert F. Engle, Clive W. J. Granger +# !, : )/

2002 Daniel Kahneman, Vernon Smith = :, ; $

2001 George A. Akerlof, Michael Spence, Joseph

E. Stiglitz

=// >,  $, =/ $

2000 James J. Heckman, Daniel I. MacFadden =/ G, = 

1999 Robert A. Mundell +# 

1998 Amartya Sen > $

1997 Robert C. Merton, Myron S. Scholes +# ,  $

1996 James A. Mirrlees, William Vickrey =/ , A% ;

1995 Robert E. Lucas Jr. +# B

1994 John C. Harsanyi, John F. Nash Jr.,

Reinhard Selten

=/ G, =/ , + '

1993 Robert W. Fogel, Douglass C. North +# (%, = 

1992 Gary S. Becker ) C

582

1991 Ronald H. Coase +% :

1990 Harry M. Markowitz, Merton H. Miller,

William F. Sharpe

) ,  , A% L

1989 Trygve Haavelmo "& G%

1988 Maurice Allais  >

1987 Robert M. Solow +# $

1986 James M. Buchanan Jr. =/ C%&

1985 Franco Modigliani ( %

1984 Richard Stone + $

1983 Gerard Debreu H =#X

1982 George J. Stigler =// $

1981 James Tobin =/ "#

Lawrence R. Klein B :

1979 Theodore W. Schultz, Sir Arthur Lewis " L%, > B%&

1978 Herbert A. Simon )# $

1977 Bertil Ohlin, James E.Meade C% A (), =/ 

1976 Milton Friedman  (

1975 Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich, Tjalling

C. Koopmans

B ; :, "% :-



1974 Gunnar Myrdal, Friedrich August von

Hayek

) &%, (  G

1973 Wassily Leontief ;% B%<

1972 John R. Hicks, Kenneth J. Arrow =/ G, : !

1971 Simon Kuznets $ :

1970 Paul A. Samuelson  $%

1969 Ragnar Frisch, Jan Tinbergen + (, V "#

583

AC average costs  

AD aggregate demand  

AFC average fixed costs   

AR average revenue  

AS aggregate supply  

ATC average total costs   

C 1. costs 

2. consumption /

3. constant ,  

D demand 

DI disposable income  

E equilibrium 

FC fixed costs  

G government ,  

584

GNP gross national product  % 

I 1. income 

2. investment 

IS investment-saving -D/

i interest 

L labour 

LM liquidity-money %-

LAC long average costs   

LMC long marginal costs   

M money, money supply ,  

MC marginal costs  

MOC marginal opportunity of costs    /

MP marginal product  

MPC marginal propensity to consume  %%  /

MPK marginal product of capital   

MPL marginal product of labour   

MPS marginal propensity to save  %%  D/%

MR marginal revenue  

MRC marginal resource costs      

MRS marginal rate of substitution   D  # 

MU marginal utility  %

585

NI national income % 

NNP net national product  % 

P price 

PI personal income # 

Q quantity %%

R 1. revenue , 

2. rent 

3. rate ,  ,  ,  -

 

S 1. supply 

2. saving D/

TC total costs  (%) 

TR total revenue  (%) 

TU total utility % %

U 1. utility %

2. unemployment ##

VC variable costs  

Vp present value  % (#%  )

W wage # 

Y %   #%  <% & Y,       # -

% ,    , D  <%     

586



ability-to-pay principle of taxation

—

   /&

above-normal profit or excess profit

—

#

above-the-line promotion

—

  

absenteeism

—

#

absolute advantage

—

#& 

accelerator

—



acceptance

—



accepting house

—

 #

account period

—

 

accounts

—

 %

acquisition

—



587

activity rate or participation rate

—

  

actual gross national product (GNP)

—

  %  (;)

actuary

—



adaptive-expectations (of inflation)

—

  ()

«adjustable peg»-exchange rate system

—

  % & 

adjustment mechanism

—

 

adjustment speed

—

% 

administered price

—

 

administrator

—



advance

—

. loan 

—



advertising

—



advertising agency

—

 

dvertising standards authority (ASA)

—

  

Advisory, conciliation and arbitration service

(ACAS)

—

:%  #/ /#

after-sales service

—

/ #

agent

—



aggregate demand or aggregate expenditure

—

    

equilibrium level of national income

—

/ % % 

588

aggregate demand schedule

—

  

aggregate supply

—

 

aggregate supply schedule

—

  

aggregated rebate

—

/   #

agricultural policy

—

 

aid, economic aid

—

,  

allocative efficiency

—

 %

amalgamation

—



annual general meeting (AGM)

—

 % #

annualized percentage rate

—

   

annual report and accounts

—

   %

annuity

—



anticipated inflation

—

 

anticompetitive practice

—

 

antimonopoly policy

—

% 

applied economics

—

 

appreciation

—

%

a priori

—



arbitrage

—

#/

arbitration

—

% 

589

arc elasticity

—

 %

articles of association

—

  

ASA — Advertising Standards Authority

—

A  

asset

—



asset-growth maximization

—

  poc 

asset-stripper

—

-»#/»

asset-value theory (of exchange-rate determination)

—

   (&& & )

associated company

—

 

Association of british insurers

—

> #% %

Association of futures brokers and dealers (AFBD)

—

. The Securities association

assurance

—



auction

—



audit

—



Austrian school

—

>% 

authorized or registered or nominal share capital

—

  

automatic (built-in) stabilizers

—

 (#) #

automatic vending

—

 /

automation

—



autonomous consumption

—

 /

autonomous investment

—

 

590